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Sheboygan River Area of Concern 1989 Remedial Action Plan

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Sheboygan River Area of Concern 1989 Remedial Action Plan THE SHEBOYGAN R_fVElJJl}l .. ,. - ' REMEDIAL ACTION PI.ANiI, ..,., Wisconsin Department o(1i'Jatff,:m,i Resources Southeast District Headquarters iX,F - I \ I Milwaukee, Wiscon~in -¥'.: July 1, 1989 PUBL-WR-211-88 -' -~ ~t' ·.v. '\;'.1.,.-=;- Wisconsin Department of Natural· Resources Board '.'.-b::~v.,:_ ,.: Thomas D. Lawin, Chair Herb .Behnke Stanton P. Helland, Vice-Chair Neal Schneider Donald C. O'Melia, Secretary Collins Ferris Helen M. Jacobs Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources'·· C. D. Besadny; 'Secretary . i Gloria Mccutcheon, Director Bruce B. Braun; Deputy Secretary Southeast District Ron Kazmierczak, Asst. Director Linda H. Bochert; Executive Assistant Southeast District e Jeff Bode, Water Resources Supv. Lyman F. Wible; Division ;k~tpisti;,~toii; · Division of Environmental Standards Charles Ledin, Chief, Policy and Planning Section Bruce Baker; Director, Bureau of Water Resources Man~g~m~i;it ' Plan Authors: Laura Maack (Primary Author) Jeff Bode Neal O'Reilly Dave Meyer Lynn Persson Steve Skavroneck State of Wisconsin \ DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Calloit D. Besc..,,,'r:_'.'.. ""~s'. Dox li ...... r Madlaon, Wl1con11i_-1 537.-,? TELEFAX NO. 608-2S7•357P TDD NO. 608-267-6897 July 31, 1989 IN REPLY REFER TO: 8250 To the Citizens of the Sheboygan Area: I am pleased to approve the Sheboygan River Remedial Action Plan as part of Wisconsin's Water Quality Management Plan. The plan is an important contribution to Great Lakes cleanup. It is also an important step in the long-term effort of the communities, industries, and citizens of the area to restore and protect this valuable state resource. The Wisponsin Department of Natural Resources in conjunction with the International Joint Commission and the United States Environmental Protection Agency have targeted the Lower Sheboygan River and Harbor and nears.bore Lake Michigan as one of 42 Great Lakes Areas of Concern. Within the Area of Concern, impairment of the beneficial uses of the water resources has occurred as a consequence of the introduction of pollutants. ) These pollutants include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and other chlorinated organic compounds, heavy metals, phosphorus, nitrogen, suspended solids, and fecal coliform. Examples of impaired uses that have resulted include waterfowl and.fish assumption advisories, degradation and loss of habitat, dredging restrictions, -reduced swimming opportunities, and accelerated eutrophication. The International Joint Commission requested the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources to prepare a Remedial Action Plan which would identify specific management strategies to control existing sources of pollution, abate environmental contamination already present, and restore the beneficial uses in the Area of Concern. The Remedial Action Plan is one of several efforts underway to correct water quality problems in the Sheboygan Basin. Other projects include the Sheboygan River Basin Water Quality Management Plan, Nonpoint Source Priority Watershed Projects on both the Onion and Sheboygan Rivers, and two Superfund projects. During the past two years, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources worked cooperatively with other agencies, researchers, and the citizens of the Sheboygan area to develop a remedial action plan for the Sheboygan River and ) . i Harbor. All of these groups worked together to identify management goals for the harbor and river for the year 2000, The plan's goals call for: 1) I Providing a fishery and ecosystem that is free from the effects of toxic contamination, 2) maintaining diverse communities of aquatic and terrestrial life, 3) controlling eutrophication, and 4) enhancing recreational uses of the harbor. The attainment of these goals is a worthwhile endeavor. Judging by the response at the public hearing and the commitment of those that contributed to the preparation of the plan, there is great opportunity to achieve the water quality goals laid out in the plan. The plan incorporates the updating requirements of Public Law 92-500 as amended by Public Law 95-217 and as outlined in Federal Regulations 40 CFR, Part 35. This planning document is governed by the process for adoption of areawide water quality management plans as set forth in NR 121.0B(l)(a) and (b). Sincerely, ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Open Letter . i List of Figures iv List of Tables V Acknowledgements vi I. Summary 1 II. Introduction 3 Background 3 Purpose 5 Intended Use 6 III. Environmental Setting 7 Location .... 7 Natural Features 7 Land Uses 11 Water Uses ... 13 Water Quality Objectives 17 IV. Definition of the Problem 24 Impaired Uses 24 Major Pollutants of Concern 32 V. Sources of Pollution 44 Primary Sources 44 Secondary Sources 47 VI. Pollutant Transport Mechanisms and Loadings 50 Transport Mechanisms 50 Pollutant Loads so VII. Historical Record of Management Actions 52 iii Table of Contents (coni) VIII. Goals and Objectives for the Sheboygan Area of Conr . Ecosystem 62 Ecosystem Goals and Objectives for Restoration of Water Uses 62 Water Use._ and Quality Objectives . 63 "How Clean is Clean?" and Sediment Quality Criteria 64 IX. Recommended Remedial Actions 69 Goal 1 69 Goal 2 83 Goal 3 89 Goal 4 90 All Ecosystem Goals 93 X. Programs, Participants, and Implementability 96 Applicable Programs 96 Public Involvement . 101 Implementation Strategy 101 XI. References 106 XII. Glossary. 112 Appendices * A. Fish and Wildlife Data * B. Water Quality Data .. * C. Sediment Quality Data * D. Harbor Shipping Data * E. Point Source Data * F. Public Participation. * G. Sheboygan River and Harbor. PCB Dechlorination Study * + Printed separately iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page II .1 The Sheboygan River Area of Concern 4 III. l The Sheboygan River Basin 8 III.2 The Sheboygan Harbor 10 VII.l Great Lakes Areas of Concern 59 ) V LIST OF TABLES III. l Wisconsin Air Pollution Standards 12 III. 2 Land Uses in Sheboygan Township (1980) 13 III. 3 Public Water Supply - 1986 Uses and Amounts 3 (gallons xl0 ) for the Cities of Sheboygan, Sheboygan Falls, and the Village of Kohler . 16 III.4 Water Quality Criteria for Full Fish and Aquatic Life and Recreation Use Classifications . 18 III. 5 Water Quality Criteria for Toxic Substances: Wild and Domestic Animal Criteria and Acute and Chronic Toxicity Criteria 20 III. 6 Water Quality Criteria for Toxic Substances: Human Cancer Criteria . 21 III. 7 Water Quality Criteria for Toxic Substances: Human Threshold Criteria. ... 23 IV.l A Comparison Between Monitored Data and Water Quality Criteria for the Sheboygan AOC 25 IV.2 Water Quality and Related Problems Associated with Eutrophication in the Sheboygan Area of Concern 30 VII. l Management Actions in the Sheboygan AOC: 1967-1987 52 IX.l Cost Comparisons of Confined Disposal Facilities and Landfills ............... 73 IX.2 Unit Cost Estimates for Steps Involved in Treatment and Disposal of PCB-Contaminated Sediment 75 IX.3 Screening of PCB Treatment Processes 76 IX.4 Treatment Process Assessments 78 iX. 5 Treatment Process Cost Comparisons 79 X.l Remedial Action Plan Recommendations: Implementation Responsibilities, Costs, and Schedule 103 vi ACKNOWLF.HGEMENTS Many people have contributed information and comments in the development of this Remedial Action Plan. Among those that have contributed to this effort are the Sheboygan Water Quality Task Force, the Shoboygan River and Harbor Interagency Technical Advisory Committee, and the WDNR Workgroup for the Sheboygan River Project. We appreciate their contribution on the plan and welcome further input from these and other groups during the implementation phase of the plan. Sheboygan River Task Force: James Gilligan John P . Repphun Barbara Ebenreiter Neil Schwarz Tom Felde Roy Sebald Robert Koenig Scott C. Wilson Werner W. Krause State Representative Wilfred Turba Gene Hoye Frank Trcka Richard J. Schneider John Stauss The Sheboygan River and Harbor lnteragency Technical Advisory Committee William Lehman - Department of Administration John Olson - Department of Health & Social Services ) Ken Stromberg - U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service .William Willis - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Paul Bertram - U.S. EPA, Great Lakes Program Office Bonnie Eleder - U.S. EPA, Region V, Office of Superfund WDNR Work Group for the Sheboygan River Project Paul Schultz - Bureau of Fisheries Management Dale Katsma - Bureau of Wildlife Management Frank Schultz - Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Vic Pappas - Bureau of Water Regulation and Zoning Mark Sesing - Bureau of Water Resources Management Greg Pilarski - Bureau of Water Supply Frank Trcka - Bureau of Environmental Analysis and Review Mark Giesfeldt - Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Sally Kefer - Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Chuck Ledin - Bureau of Water Resources Management Lynn Persson - Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Review comments and information were also provided for the draft Plan by Tecumseh Products, Inc.; Foley and Lardner; Lake Michigan Federation; the Kohler Company; and the following WDNR staff: Jim Bachhuber, Lee Kernen, Julian Chazin, Linda Talbot, Jack Sullivan, Chuck Ledin, Steve Skavroneck, Scott Hausmann, Carl Blabaum, Patty Hanz. Other Contributions: Special thanks to Diane Barman and Maureen Spaeni for final typing of the document. vii ~ Il. INTRODUCTION I BACKGROUND The State of Wisconsin's Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) in conjunction with the International Joint Commission (IJC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) have targeted the Lower Sheboygan
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