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KENNEDY SECONDARY SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT TR. MUGERWA GODFREY (0757231972/0781852477), Email: [email protected] S.6 WORK FOR WEEK TWO (30TH MARCH- 04TH APRIL 2020) INSTRUCTIONS. - This work is meant for this week. Please copy it in your note book. -Attempt the questions at the end of the topic. GEOGRAPHY P250/2 TOPIC. INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE WORLD. This work is meant for a week. Please copy it and put it in your note book. At the end of the topic there are revision questions aimed to help you understand the content. INDUSTRIALIZATION Industrialization is a process which involves the converting of raw materials into producer and consumer goods using capital and labour. TYPES OF INDUSTIRES The process of industrialization is classified into three types. (a) Primary /Extractive industries. (b) Secondary industries. (c) Tertiary industries. Primary industries are concerned with the production of raw materials to be used in the secondary industries. For example mining, agriculture, fishing and forestry. Primary industries are a characteristic of developing countries due to limited capital, low levels of technological advancement and low purchasing capacity. These countries have remained producers and exporters of raw materials. At the same time, importers of manufactured goods from developed countries. Secondary industries: These are concerned with the processing and manufacturing of goods for consumption. Secondary industries convert raw materials produced by primary industries into consumable goods. These industries are in form of; 1 Heavy Industries and Light industries. Heavy Industries are industries which deal in heavy /bulky raw materials and heavy capital investments. They include; Engineering, Ship building and repair, motor vehicle assembling and heavy chemical industries, cement processing industries, aerospace industries Light Industries. These use light raw materials and produce light and small articles. These include; plastics, cosmetics, cigarettes, textiles and confectionaries pharmaceutical industries. Tertiary industries: These produce services to primary and secondary industries. They include banking, transport, insurance, tourism and education. Factors which influence industrial growth in a country. -Presence of raw materials, such as coal, iron ore, oil etc which are used in industries or sold and obtain capital. Countries such as USA, China, German, and South Africa with abundant mineral deposits are heavily industrialized. -Level of technology which enhances conversion of raw materials into acceptable and high quality consumer goods. High technological development leads to the use of skilled labour force Robots and automated machines. Countries like USA, Japan, Germany, China and France posses high level of technology which has enabled them to effectively utilize their available raw materials. -Presence of ready market for manufactured goods. Market depends on the purchasing capacity of people caused by level of income, size of the market resulting from population size. -Availability of power and energy to be used in the industries to run the machines such as coal, petroleum and HEP. Countries like USA, Britain and German depended initially on coal for their heavy industrialization. Countries which lack such minerals have laged behind in terms of industrial growth. -The effect of transport network. Heavy industrial establishment depends on a highly modernized transport network in form of railways net work and water ways for easy transportation of bulky raw materials and manufactured goods to final consumers. -Government policy towards industrial developments. Governments influence industrial growth through heavy industrial investment, modernizing the industrial infrastructure like railways and electricity and protecting their young 2 industries against outside completion and looking for market on behalf of local industrialists. -Availability of cheap labour both, semi-skilled and skilled labour to be employed in the established industries. These work as engineers, technicians, industrial fashion designers, transported etc. -Availability of capital resources for industrial establishments. It is used to purchase industrial equipment, hire skilled labour force and purchase needed raw materials. -Political stability of a country which encourages effective planning and encourages industrial investors in a country. Availability of water resources used in some industries like drinks as a raw material and for cooling processing machinery. This is why most processing plants tend to be located near water bodies like rivers and lakes. -Availability of a large and cheap land for industrial establishment and expansion. -Relief of an area for example gently sloping landscape for easy construction of industrial establishments and accessibility by roads and railway. -The effect of industrial inertia which is the situation where some industries are attracted to particular areas due to availability of power, possibilities of easy sharing of skilled and unskilled labour and sharing the improved required infrastructure. Economic importance of industrial growth -Industrialization leads to export of manufactured goods hence earning foreign exchange used to develop the economy. -Industrialization is a source of employment opportunities to people hence improving their standard of living. -Industrialization diversifies the economy hence increase in employment opportunities and helps a country to be self reliant in terms of the required manufactured goods. -Industrial growth leads to a realization of political and economic independence hence reducing overdependence on foreign aid and policies of other countries, USA, Canada, Japan, German and China have achieved this through full scale industrial growth. -Rapid industrial growth stimulates the development of infrastructure such as transport network, social services and recreational facilities. -Industrial growth accelerates urbanization because industries act as a pull- factor. Such towns provide commercial and accommodation facilities to people. -Industrialization leads to a change in population distribution from rural areas to industrial towns looking for employment opportunities. -Industrial growth leads to agricultural modernization because industries provide market for agricultural products produced. Industrial workers also consume agricultural products and provide agricultural inputs like fertilizers and machinery. 3 -Improvement in the standard of living of people working in industries and those living within the surrounding areas. -Large scale industrial growth leads to development of technology due to innovations, and research studies undertaken aimed to improve efficiency and productivity. -Industrial growth leads to international respect. This is why USA, Japan, Germany, France, Britain and S. Africa are very important worldwide. Problems associated with rapid industrial growth -Environmental pollution in terms of air water and land which affect human life leading to diseases like lung infections and heart diseases due to poor waste disposal and burning of large quantities of fuels causing a lot of carbondioxide in the atmosphere. -Environmental degradation especially when the industry gets a lot of raw materials from the surrounding e.g Tea processing which require a lot of wood for bio mass hence forest degradation. Tiles, bricks and clay products also cause great environmental degradation. -Industrialization results into unemployment and poverty. This is because industrial centres attract large numbers of migrant workers who sometimes fail to get adequate jobs, or as a result of a decline in industrial production due to change in market structure. -Industrial growth leads to rural-urban migration hence straining social services in towns like roads and schools. It also deprives the villages of cheap labour to work in agricultural sector. -Industrialization leads into income inequality between industrial workers and their counterparts in the rural areas. -Industrialization results into regional economic imbalance in terms of infrastructural development like roads, hospitals and electricity. Factors which hinder industrial development and growth in the third world countries -Limited capital resources to invest into industrial enterprises. Developing countries end up depending on donor funds which are string-attached and carry high re-payment interests. -Limited market for industrial products due to low income and low purchasing power. -Limited skilled labour force due to low levels technological development. This results into hiring of skilled labour from developed countries which is costly and expensive to maintain. -Limited resources that would boast large scale industrial establishment for example minerals like oil, iron ore, coal and others are missing /under exploited which support growth of heavy industries. Their importation for example petroleum increase the production costs. 4 -Underdeveloped transport systems. The ones available are poorly funded and maintained. Poor transport net work increases the total production costs. Raw materials delay on transit and finished products also take long to reach the final consumers. -Stiff competition from already industrialized countries like China and USA. This results into “dumping” which kills young industries. Therefore majority of LDCs prefer importing manufactured goods than producing them at home. -L.D.Cs are challenged with a high population growth rate hence straining their governments expenditure