CEM417-Week 3

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

CEM417-Week 3 18/01/2011 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY & maintenance CEM 417 WEEK 3 Stages for construction 1. Building 2. Retaining walls, Drainage 3. Road, Highway, Bridges 4. Airports, Offshore/Marine structure ROADS, HIGHWAYS & BRIDGES 1 18/01/2011 WEEK 3 At the end of week 3 lectures, student will be able to : - Identify the different types of roads, highways and bridges and their respective functions. (CO1; CO3) flash.lakeheadu.ca/.../Highway%20Design%20- %20Class%20notes%202%20- %20Functional%20classification.ppt HIGHWAY Development Process and Functional Classification OVERVIEW OF THE HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm 2 18/01/2011 HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Highway design is only one element of the overall development process Five stages of highway development process: planning, project development, final design, right-of-way, and construction Different activities with overlap in terms of coordination Flexibility available for highway design during the detailed design phase is limited by decisions on early stages http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm PLANNING Initial definition of the need for any highway or bridge improvement project takes place in this phase Problems identified fall into these categories: Existing physical structure needs major repair/replacement Existing or projected future travel demands exceed available capacity, and access to transportation and mobility need to be increased (capacity). The route is experiencing an inordinate number of safety and accident problems that can only be resolved through physical, geometric changes (safety). Developmental pressures along the route make a reexamination of the number, location, and physical design of access points necessary (access). 3 18/01/2011 PLANNING (CONTD.) Once problem is identified, it is important that all parties agree that the problem exists and that it should be fixed Consider potential impacts of project: How will the proposed transportation improvement affect the general physical character of the area surrounding the project? Does the area to be affected have unique historic or scenic characteristics? What are the safety, capacity, and cost concerns of the community? Answers on this phase FACTORS IN PLANNING http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Environmental analysis intensifies Includes a description of the location and major design features of the recommended project Try to avoid, minimize and mitigate environmental impacts Basic steps: Refinement of purpose and need Development of a range of alternatives (including the "no-build" and traffic management system) Evaluation of alternatives and their impact on the natural and built environments Development of appropriate mitigation 4 18/01/2011 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT (CONTD.) Assess area Consider context and physical location Data collection effort Identify constraints http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm Consider factors and select preferred alternative FINAL DESIGN After a preferred alternative is selected and the project description agreed on upon as stated in the environmental document, the final design occurs The product of this phase is a complete set of plans, specifications, and estimates (PS&Es) of required quantities of materials ready for the solicitation of construction bids and subsequent construction Depending on the scale and complexity, this phase may take from a few months to several years FINAL DESIGN (CONTD.) Need to employ imagination, ingenuity and flexibility Be aware of commitment of previous phases Ability of making minor changes to original concept Design considerations Developing a concept Considering scale Detailing the design 5 18/01/2011 RIGHT-OF-WAY, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE During the right-of-way acquisition and construction phases, minor adjustments in the design may be necessary Construction may be simple or complex and may require a few months to several years Maintenance is very important to keep the character of the road Functional Classification FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION Is the process by which streets and highways are grouped into classes, or systems, according to the character of traffic service that they are intended to provide Streets and highways classification Orderly grouping roads based on service Assist in geometric design features In accordance with operational needs Establishes hierarchy of roads Efficient and safe if road serve their purpose 6 18/01/2011 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION (CONTD.) Assessment of operating conditions Comparison between actual and intended purpose Chance to sort data based on type of road Collision data not yet available Three functional classifications: arterials Collector local roads ROADWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASSES Determined by characteristics: function access density traffic demands trip length expected speed http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm ROADWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASSES (CONTD.) Arterial: highest level of service, high mobility, low access, long trips, fast speeds Collector: less highly developed level of service, lower speed for shorter trips, collects traffic from local roads and connecting them with arterials Local: all roads not defined as arterials or collectors, provides access to land with littler or not through traffic, low speed 7 18/01/2011 SERVICE FUNCTION SOURCE: TAC GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDE FOR CANADIAN ROADS FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION IN THE DESIGN PROCESS The first step in the design process is to define the function that the facility is to serve. The level of service required to fulfill this function provides the basis for design speed and geometric criteria within the range of values available to the designer Functional classification decisions are made before the design phase, but there is flexibility in the major controlling factor of design speed DESIGN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Source: TAC Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads Classification system (differences in) Traffic and land service Design features Operational needs (adjacent land use) For all areas in Canada Rural (R) Urban (U) Lane Local (L) Local (L) Collector (C) Collector (C) Arterial (A) Arterial (A) Expressway (E) Freeway (F) Freeway (F) 8 18/01/2011 DESIGN CLASSIFICATION (CONTD.) Ten primary divisions Design subdivisions Divided (D) or undivided (U) Design speed (value) Example (See Table 1.3.2.1, next slide) RAD (90) UCU (80) Comments Number of classes: 63 Design speed increases from local to freeways All locals street are undivided All freeways are divided RURAL DESIGN CLASSIFICATION SOURCE: TAC GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDE FOR CANADIAN ROADS FACTORS CONSIDERED IN CLASSIFICATION Adjacent Land Use: Urban vs. rural classification Service Function: Access to land. Ex: local Service to traffic. Ex: freeways both Traffic Volume: Freeways: high volume Collectors and locals: low volume Flow Characteristics: Freeways: uninterrupted facility Locals; interrupted facility 9 18/01/2011 FACTORS CONSIDERED IN CLASSIFICATION (CONTD.) Running Speed: Generally increase from locals to collectors to arterials to freeways Vehicle Type: Proportion of passenger cars, buses, large trucks Connections: Normal for roads to connect to the same classification or one higher or one lower See Table 1.3.3.1 For Characteristics of Rural Roads See Table 1.3.4.1 For Characteristics of Urban Roads See Table 1.3.4.2 ROAD CONNECTIONS COMMENTS Comments: Rural and urban roads are the same in terms of service function, and land service Volumes are higher on urban roads than on rural roads Design speeds on urban roads are lower than in rural roads Vehicles types are different, especially for local streets Government agency responsible for each type of road: Municipal government -urban: local, collectors Provincial government –rural - freeways Similar roads have similar designs, construction, maintenance and operation Similar roads: similar costs 10 18/01/2011 BRIDGES Development Process and Functional Classification HTTP://WWW.BUZZLE.COM/ARTICLES/TYPES-OF- BRIDGES.HTML Top 20 Most Popular Bridges in the World Other than the above given names, here are some more names of the most famous bridges of the world. Kintai Bridge, Japan . Chengyang Bridge, China . Chain Bridge, Hungary . Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan . Ponte Vecchio, Italy . Alcántara Bridge, Spain . Pont des Arts, France . Millau Bridge, France . Bosphorus Bridge, Turkey . Chapel Bridge, Switzerland . Charles Bridge, Czech Republic . Galata Bridge, Turkey . Rialto Bridge, Italy . Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong . Jacques Cartier Bridge, Canada . Banpo Bridge, South Korea . Stari Most, Bosnia and . Magdeburg Water Bridge, Herzegovina Germany . Great Belt Bridge, Denmark . Howrah Bridge, India Bridge is not a construction but it is a concept, the concept of crossing over large spans of land or huge masses of water. The idea behind a bridge is to connect two far-off points eventually reducing the distance between them. Apart from this poetic aspect of ‘bridges’, there is a technical aspect to them that classifies bridges on the basis of the techniques of their construction 11 18/01/2011 Beam Bridge: A beam bridge was derived from the log bridge. It is built from shallow steel beams, box girders and concrete. Highway overpasses, flyovers or walkways are often beam bridges. A horizontal beam supported at its ends comprises the structure of a beam bridge. The construction of a beam bridge is the simplest of all the
Recommended publications
  • Truss Bridge - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Truss bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge Truss bridge From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Truss bridge A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by nineteenth and early twentieth century engineers. A truss bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials. Truss bridge for a single track railway, converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support Ancestor Beam bridge Contents Related NONE 1 Design Descendant Cantilever bridge, truss arch 2 History in the United States bridge, transporter bridge, lattice 3 Roadbed types bridge 4 Truss types used in bridges Carries Pedestrians, pipelines, 4.1 Allan truss 4.2 Bailey bridge automobiles, trucks, light rail, 4.3 Baltimore truss heavy rail 4.4 Bollman truss Span range Short to medium - Not very long 4.5 Bowstring arch truss (Tied arch bridge) unless it's continuous 4.6 Brown truss 4.7 Brunel Truss Material Timber, iron, steel, reinforced 4.8 Burr Arch Truss concrete, prestressed concrete 4.9 Cantilevered truss Movable May be movable - see movable 4.10 Fink truss 4.11 Howe truss bridge 4.12 K truss Design effort Medium 4.13 Kingpost truss 4.14 Lattice truss (Town's lattice truss) Falsework Depends upon length, materials, 4.15
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Bridges Multiple Property Documentation Form
    NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. _______ New Submission ____X____ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Metal Truss, Masonry and Concrete Bridges of Vermont, 1820-1978 B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) I. Metal Truss, Masonry, and Concrete Bridges in Vermont: 1820-1940 (Rudge 1989) II. Bridge Construction in Vermont: 1940-1978 III. Vermont Bridge Engineers C. Form Prepared by: 1990 Document: name/title: Heather Rudge organization: Vermont Division for Historic Preservation street & number c/o Pavilion Office Building Post Office city or town Montpelier state Vermont zip code 05602 e-mail n/a telephone 802-828-3226 date: December 15, 1989 2018 Document: name/title Steven Bedford, Camilla Deiber, and Lauren Hoopes organization Louis Berger U.S., Inc. street & number 20 Corporate Woods Boulevard city or town Albany state New York zip code 12211 e-mail [email protected] telephone 518.514.9312 date April 9, 2018 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic Interaction Between High-Speed Trains and a Steel-Truss Arch Bridge
    Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the dynamic interaction between high-speed trains and a steel-truss arch bridge *Qing Zeng1), Elias G. Dimitrakopoulos2) and Cheuk Him LO3) 1), 2), 3) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 1) [email protected] ABSTRACT The present paper studies the dynamic interaction between high-speed trains and a steel-truss arch bridge with the proposed vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) model. The train vehicle is treated as a 3D multibody assembly, consisting of one car body, two bogies and four wheelsets. The bridge is simulated with the finite element method (FEM). Particularly, the bridge deck is modeled with shell elements. The contact forces between wheels and rails are derived based on a kinematical constraint on the acceleration level. Key feature of the proposed scheme is the matrix character of the formulation, which results in a set of condensed equations of motion for the VBI system. Track irregularities and wind loading are taken as the excitation to the VBI system. 1. INTRODUCTION To meet the increasing economic and social demands for safer and more efficient transportation, an increased number of high-speed railways (HSR’s) have been built throughout the world, and especially in China. Compared with the conventional railway lines, HSR’s utilize a higher percentage of bridges (Xia, Zhang et al. 2012), mainly for reasons of preventing track settlements and reducing interruptions by surroundings. As a reference, 1059 km of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR line (1318 km long) is on (244) bridges, accounting for a ratio of 80.5%.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamic Performance of Long Span Steel Truss Bridges in Indonesia
    MATEC Web of Conferences 195, 02032 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819502032 ICRMCE 2018 Aerodynamic performance of long span steel truss bridges in Indonesia 1,* 2 Suangga Made and Irpanni Herry 1Civil Engineering Department, Bina Nusantara University, Jl. K. H. Syahdan No. 9 Jakarta Indonesia 2Ministry of Public Work and Housing, Jl. Pattimura No. 20 Jakarta Indonesia. Abstract. Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago with many major rivers in the big islands of Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Java. As part of its road network, major bridges are constructed to cross these rivers. Considering the span of the bridges and its aesthetic point of view, the application of Long Span Steel Truss Bridges in Indonesia is very popular among others. Its span varies from 70 to 270 meters in length. For long span bridges, aerodynamics is an important aspect for the design and construction of the bridges. In order to ensure the stability of the bridges against the aerodynamic effect of the wind, wind tunnel study and test has been conducted for most of the bridges. This paper presents the parameter and characteristic of several Long Span Steel Truss Bridges in Indonesia, i.e. Tayan Kapuas Bridge, Musi VI Bridge, New Kutai Kartanegara Bridges and Teluk Mesjid Bridge. The bridges will be assessed against BD 49/01. Parameters and assessment results are then compared with wind tunnel results. 1 Introduction Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago country. The main islands are Java, Kalimantan, Sumatera, Sulawesi, and Papua. Indonesia has many rivers and the majority of Indonesia’s population lives near water, both on the coast or along rivers and lake shores.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridges in China Bao-Chun Chen1 and Ton-Lo Wang, M.ASCE2
    Overview of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridges in China Bao-Chun Chen1 and Ton-Lo Wang, M.ASCE2 Abstract: This paper briefly introduces the present situation of concrete filled steel tube ͑CFST͒ arch bridges in China. More than 200 CFST arch bridges were investigated and analyzed based on the factors of type, span, erection method, geometric parameters, and material. Some key issues in design calculation were presented, such as check of strength, calculation of section stiffness, and joint fatigue strength. It will provide a comprehensive reference of CFST arch bridges for the bridge designers and builders. DOI: 10.1061/͑ASCE͒1084-0680͑2009͒14:2͑70͒ CE Database subject headings: Steel; Tubes; Design; Construction; Bridges, arch; China. Introduction arch, through rigid-frame tied arch, and fly-bird-type arch ͑half- through tied rigid-frame arch͒͑Fig. 1͒. It should be noted that for Concrete filled steel tube ͑CFST͒ arches surpass steel tubular the deck and half-through arch with thrust, the span is clear span; arches and reinforced concrete arches. The filled-in concrete de- where as for the no-thrust arch, the span is from the center line of lays local buckling of the steel tube. The steel tube reinforces the pier to pier. concrete to resist tension stresses and improve its compression strength and ductility. Moreover, in construction, the tube also acts as a formwork for the concrete. With the rapid development Deck Arch Bridge of the economy in China, CFST arch bridges become a good In deck bridge, the arch ribs can be several vertical dumbbell ͑two alternative to reinforced concrete ͑RC͒ arch bridges or steel arch tubes͒ shaped CFST ribs in medium span bridges or two vertical bridges ͑Chen 2005͒.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Concrete and CFST Arch Bridges in China
    An overview of concrete and CFST arch bridges in China B. Chen College off Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University ABSTRACT: The general information on stone, steel, concrete and concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridges in China has been introduced. An investigation on concrete and CFST arch bridges in China is carried out. The survey has shown that there are more than 151 concrete arch bridges and more than 130 CFST arch bridges with a span equal or longer than 100m built or under construction in China. General information of span, structural types, construction method and some key parameters in structure are analyzed based on statistical data from the investigation. At last, the development of arch bridges in China is prospected. 1 INTRODUCTION Arch bridge is a main bridge type in China. Stone arch bridge has long history and achieved high prestige, such as the Chaw-Zhou Bridge, completed in 605 A.D. with a span of 37.4m, which is still in service today. Stone arch bridges are adopted widely in highways in 1950-1970s. Even at present, they are also used in hilly or mountainous areas. New Danhe Bridge, opened to traffic in 2000, is a stone arch bridge with a span of 146m and deck width of 24.8m. It ranks as the world’s longest span stone arch bridge (Chen 2005). It is well known that reinforced concrete (RC) can be used economically in arch bridges ranging from 35 to 200m. Many RC arch bridges have been built in China. The statistics shows that around 70% of highway bridges are arch bridges until 1990s (Xiang 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Bridge Engineering Handbook
    Li, G., Xiao, R. "Bridge Design Practice in China." Bridge Engineering Handbook. Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000 Section VII Worldwide Practice © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 63 Bridge Design Practice in China 63.1 Introduction Historical Evolution • Bridge Design Techniques • Experimental Research of Dynamic and Seismic Loads • Wind Tunnel Test Techniques • Bridge Construction Techniques 63.2 Beam Bridges General Description • Examples of Beam Bridges 63.3 Arch Bridges General Description • Examples of Masonry Arch Bridge • Examples of Prestressed Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, and Arch Bridges 63.4 T-Type and Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges General Description • Examples of T-Type Rigid Frame Bridge • Examples of Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges 63.5 Steel Bridges General Description • Examples of Steel Bridges 63.6 Cable-Stayed Bridges General Description • Examples of Guohao Li Cable-Stayed Bridges Tongji University 63.7 Suspension Bridges Rucheng Xiao General Description • Examples of Tongji University Suspension Bridges 63.1 Introduction 63.1.1 Historical Evolution With a recorded history of about 5000 years, China has a vast territory, topographically higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. Networked with rivers, China has the well-known valleys of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Pearl River, which are the cradle of the Chinese nation and culture. Throughout history, the Chinese nation erected thousands of bridges, which form an important part of Chinese culture. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC FIGURE 63.1 Anji Bridge. Ancient Chinese bridges are universally acknowledged and have enjoyed high prestige in world bridge history. They can be classified into four categories: beam, arch, cable suspension, and pontoon bridges.
    [Show full text]
  • Congress “Bridges in the World Heritage” IMPRINT
    2017 HEADING FOR A SERIAL UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE Congress “Bridges in the World Heritage” IMPRINT LEGAL NOTICE: The editors refuse any responsibility for the material which was provided by the author of the report for publishing in this volume. These reports may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form without permission. Editors: michael kloos.planning and heritage consultancy Baharak Seyedashrafi | Architect and Cultural Heritage Specialist M.A. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Kloos | Architect and Urban Planner AKNW / SRL Lothringerstraße 95 | 52070 Aachen, Germany Tel. +49 (0) 241 199 288 0 [email protected] www.michaelkloos.de Büro für Industriearchäologie Dipl.-Ing. Rolf Höhmann Annastraße 26A | 64285 Darmstadt, Germany Tel. +49 (0) 6151 - 25975 [email protected] Project Management „Serial Transnational World Heritage“ Müngsten Bridge: Dipl.-Ing. Bauassessor Carsten Zimmermann Klingenstadt Solingen Büro Oberbürgermeister Abteilungsleiter Strategische Planung Tel. +49 (0) 212 290 - 3407 E-Mail: [email protected] Conception: Klingenstadt Solingen Büro Oberbürgermeister Abteilung Strategische Planung Rathausplatz 1, 42651 Solingen Co-organizers: International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH) Layout: Klingenstadt Solingen, Mediengestaltung Rathausplatz 1, 42651 Solingen Print: TABLE OF CONTENT WELCOMING WORDS Preface of the three German mayors .............................................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]