FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BRADBURY’S SHORT STORIES (THE VELDT, THE LAKE, and DARK THEY WERE AND GOLDEN EYED)

Anisa Yunita sari*)

**) Yulmiati and ***) Lili Perpisa Staf Pengajar Program Studi Bahasa Inggris

STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat)

ABSTRAK

Majas atau Peribahasa (Figurative Language) merupakan ungkapan yang menggunakan perbandingan secara tidak langsung dan bermakna kias. Majas ini banyak digunakan dalam karya sastra yang salah satunya adalah cerita pendek atau cerpen. Cerpen yang banyak menggunakan majas adalah cerpen karya Ray Bradbury. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat jenis majas apa saja yang ditemukan dan menganalisa makna yang terdapat dalam majas tersebut didalam tiga cerpen karya Bradbury yang berjudul “The Veldt”, “The Lake”, dan “Dark They Were and Golden Eyed”. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif yakni metode yang secara nyata dan natural menggambarkan ungkapan-ungkapan majas yang terdapat dalam cerpen. Data diperoleh dari ungkapan-ungkapan majas yang ditemukan didalam tiga cerpen tersebut. Berdasarkan analisis data yang dilakukan, maka ditemukan dari sepuluh jenis majas, ada lima jenis majas yang ditemukan yaitu: simile, personification, imagery, metaphor, dan hyperbole. Data simile sebanyak 30 data, personification sebanyak 25 data, imagery sebanyak 13 data, metaphor sebanyak 4 data dan 2 data untuk jenis majas hyperbole. Data makna dari masing-masing majas ditentukan berdasarkan teori pragmatic yang merupakan satu keseluruhan konteks yang terdapat dalam cerpen tersebut.

Kata Kunci: Short story, Figurative Language.

*) Peneliti

**) Pembimbing I

***) Pembimbing II

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INRODUCTION Furthermore, Parker in Nadar (2009:4) states that pragmatics is the study of how Figurative language is form of language is used for communication. It means language that has meaning not only in literal that science which is learned about language meaning but also in connotative meaning. that is used for communication among people. Commonly, it is used by people who work in Thus, it will need another element that is used literary term such as the writers of poetry, in communication that should be learned by novel, short story, poem, etc. the researcher people through analyzed the phenomena. found that many college students who From those definitions of pragmatics understand about English has difficulties in about, the researcher conclude that pragmatics understand the sentences in figurative is the study of the way language is used to language form. When the researcher asks express real intention in particular situation or some of college students who understand context. Where the context is usually influence English about figurative language, most of the meaning of the information that will be them have difficult to understanding the delivered to the listeners. Not only that, sentences because figurative language not only context is become important aspect in has the literal meaning but also has the communicative because context affect the connotative meaning of the sentences. Thus, it choice of words and another elements in makes confused in analyzing the meaning of communicative like states in SPEAKING the sentence of figurative language. Figurative model by Hymes. language often found in literary work such as 2. Figurative language short story. There are two purposes of this a. Basic Concept of Figurative Language study. The first one was to find out the types According to Honeck in Carroll of figurative language found in Bradbury‟s (2008: 141), figurative language is short stories. Then to find out the meaning of language that means one thing literally figurative language that have found. but is taken to mean something different. It means that sentence in REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE form of figurative language has another meaning besides the literal 1. Study of Contextual Meaning meaning. Expressing the meaning by using In addition, Angel (2009: 87) language cannot be separated from the states that figurative language is the situation. It is impossible to discusses creative use of language to convey language meaning without discuss the context meaning beyond the literal sense. It of language itself because the context will refers to the use of language to give reveal the meaning of the language that is information vividly in another way to used. Moreover, Hymes in Thouesny and the listeners softly. Linda (2011: 56) makes SPEAKING model to Furthermore; Smith (2009:69) determine the situational context. The states about figurative language is SPEAKING model acronym into S: setting / language that contains figures of Scene, P: participants, E: Ends, A: Act speech. In order to understand it, you sequence, K: key, I: Instrumentalities, N: must use your imagination. It means Norms, G: Genre. Each element in that when the readers read or hear SPEAKING model has relation with others. language that contains of figures of There is one of study that deal with speech, they must use her imagination the language and the context that is called as to understand it. pragmatics. According to Mey (2001: 6), From those definitions about pragmatics studies the use of language in figurative language above, the human communication as determined by researcher concludes that figurative condition of society. language is the language which has

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meaning not only literal meaning but 3) Allegory also connotative meaning According to Rivers b. Types of Figurative Language (2005: 159), allegory is associated 1) Metaphor. with general terms like myth, According to Smith symbol, parable and fable, and on (2008:69), metaphor is direct the other with more restricted comparison between two unlike term like metaphor, conceit and things. It means that in the emblem. sentence consist of two unlike Then, Tarigan (2009: 12) things that will be compared by states that allegory is the story the writers directly. Those two which is using the symbols. It things are actually not balance to means that the symbol in the story compare because it is not refers to the characters in the story appropriate in context and the and the characters in the story factual situation. give model to the readers about Then, Tarigan (2009:12), bad habit and good habit he states that metaphor is the In summary; Allegory is language style which is compare figures of speech which display two unlike things brevity. There the characters thorough symbols. are two ideas in the sentence, one It purposes is to preach the some is the real and the others is the kinds of moral lesson. comparison. It means that the 4) Antithesis language style used directly refers According to Myers to the characteristic of the object (2008:174), Antithesis is a that talking about balance of contrasting terms with From all of the parallel grammatical structure. It explanations about metaphor by means that language style which the experts above, the researcher has two different situations in a concludes that metaphor is the sentence with stay abreast the figures of speech that compare grammatical structure. two unlike things which has Furthermore, Ducrot & similarity that can be related Todorov in Tarigan (2009:26) between them. explains that antithesis is the 2) Personification language style which is compare According to Inagaki and two antonym which have opposite Hatano (2002: 44), personification meaning. means the extension and The researcher concludes application of human properties that Antithesis is types of and behaviors to any nonhuman. figurative language which Then, Smith (2008: 69) compare two sides of different states personification. It gives situation or opposite condition of human qualities to inanimate the object that is talking about. object. It means that the writers This language style makes clear make inanimate object can do comparison between the activity like human conditions of object. In conclusion, 5) Redundancy and tautology personification is figures of According to speech which make inanimate Poerwadarminta in tarigan object as if become alive and can (2009:28), redundancy is the do anything like human. using a lot of words that not needed. Then tautology is

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repetition the same idea in another of the future or reaction toward word. something that will happen. In addition, 8) Hyperbole Wiarda (2014: 93) states that According to Schalley and tautology involves the repetition Drew (2007: 195), hyperbole is of the same idea in different word. the speaker overstating or In short, Redundancy and understanding the magnitude of tautology is figures of speech something. It means that speaker which contains of a lot of words expresses something become a that not necessary in a sentence. larger of the real condition or Basically, those words can be make the situation become replace into one word only that dramatic than the real condition. will not change the meaning of the Moreover, Evan Carter sentence (2014: 277) states that hyperbole 6) Periphrasis is exaggeration for literary effect. According to Lass (2006: In conclusion; hyperbole 240), periphrasis is a marker of is figurative language which argumentative expression which giving dramatic effect of real aims at influencing the audience‟s situation. The writer is view and opinion exaggeration of something that In addition, Hunt (2008: actually to make a point. 25) states that periphrasis defines 9) Imagery thus when a description is used According to Mandler instead of a name going round (2002: 95), imagery is about a thing. When this is done representation in the mind that to avoid what may be indelicate or gives rise to the experience of unseemly seeing, in the absence of the Clearly, periphrasis is the appropriate visual stimulation types of figurative language which from the eyes use a lot of words that Then, Smith (2008: 69) unnecessary to avoid what may be states that imagery appeals to the indelicate or unseemly for five sense of sight, touch, sound, listeners. taste and smell. Each sense helps 7) Anticipation or prolepsis paint a picture with words. Keller at al (2002: 309) Indeed; imagery is states that prolepsis is the language style which makes the representation of the future act or reader imagine the situation that is development as being presently telling. And give new experience existing. to the readers as if the readers are explanation about in the situation that talking about. Prolepsis is from Currie (2013: 10) Simile 507), he states that Prolepsis According to Smith might be thought of as the (2008: 69), simile is a type of opposite of surprise. It is one of metaphor that uses “like”, ”as”, or those anachronies, the one that “as if” to compare two unlike reveal the future out of turn and things. Furthermore, Angel (2009: because in life future cannot be 88) explains that simile is very revealed out of turn. similar to a metaphor in that it In conclusion, anticipation also makes a comparison between or prolepsis is the representation two entities to create descriptive image. In summary; simile is

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figures of speech which compared ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS two unlike things. It almost same with metaphor but simile use The purpose of this research was to find word “like, as, or as if” to out the types of figurative language in compared those things Bradbury‟s short stories then analyze the 3. Short story meaning of figurative language found. The According to Lyon (2004:39), researcher found five types of figurative short story is complete onto itself even language in three short stories of Bradbury those as long as ten thousand words, the with title The Veldt, The Lake, and Dark They „outer limit‟ short stories feature one were and Golden Eyed. Those types are central conflict. Then, Baiz (2007:3) states simile, personification, imagery, metaphor and that short story is brief and is hyperbole. The researcher found 29 data of concentrated. It aims to present a specific types of figurative language of simile. Then, aspect of life or of a conduct by using a 24 data of figurative language of single plot, few characters and generally, a personification, the researcher found the data short period of time and quick ending. of imagery as much as 13 data, the data of From those definition by the experts about metaphor is 4 data and the last data of short stories above, the researcher hyperbole are 2 data. conclude that short story is a short a piece of fiction which concerned with single From the finding above, it can be seen that conflict that will face by one or two from five types of figurative language, simile characters in the story then the conflict is the most dominant type appearing in the usually rises in dramatic intensity, leading short stories. Because the writer want to to single crisis and the climax until get describes something vividly by comparing two resolution or conclusion unlike things. Furthermore, the second dominant types are personification, then METHOD OF THE RESEARCH Imagery, metaphor and the last is hyperbole.

This research was descriptive research. CONLUSION Because it was going to find data about types of figurative language found in Bradbury‟s Figurative language is one of language short stories then the researcher analyze the style which has two meaning both literal meaning of sentences in form of figurative meaning and connotative meaning. From the itself. the source of data in this research were result of the research, the researcher concluded the document or artifact analysis. The data that five types of figurative language found in was Bradbury‟s short stories with title “the Bradbury‟s short stories with title “The Lake”, veldt, the lake and dark they were and golden “The Veldt”, and “Dark They were and eyed”. The researcher passed some steps in Golden Eyed” those five types of figurative analyzing the data, according to Miles and language are (1)simile, (2)personification, Huberman (2014:31) which consist of three (3)imagery, (4)metaphor, and (5)hyperbole flows of activity: data condensation, data from the data it can be seen that the dominant display and drawing and verification types of figurative language was simile, then conclusion then the researcher used Oxford is followed by personification, metaphor, Advanced learner‟s Dictionary to avoid the imagery and the last is hyperbole. misunderstanding about the meaning of figurative language found in the short stories. The researcher only research about the Then the researcher also use SPEAKING types of figurative language and the meaning Model by Hymes in Linda and Thouesny of the sentence of figurative language from (2011:56) to find the context of meaning. short stories by Bradbury. This research is not perfect yet, therefore, the researcher suggest to others to conduct the relevant studies about

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