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STATE BUILDING AND CHALLENGES OF FRAGMENTATION: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH SUDAN BY ACHUOTH PHILIP DENG RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (IDIS) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN DIPLOMACY UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DECEMBER, 2012 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any other college, institution or university for an academic credit. Signed................................................ Date............................................. Achuoth Philip Deng DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the appointed lecturer. Signed.................................................... Date.................................... i DEDICATION This research project is dedicated to everyone who taught me the values of life, knowledge, respect, integrity, hard work, and self-improvement and to those who taught me to simply stand up when I fall, to be all good to people, and always encouraged me to dream and work hard towards my dreams. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, it is an opportunity to thank God for according me a possibility to have been part of the candidate in the masters’ programme in the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, University of Nairobi. This study was made possible by the help of some very important people. I am heartily grateful to the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, University of Nairobi for giving me a suitable environment to study Master of Diplomacy. Special thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Ibrahim Farah, whose encouragement, guidance and support throughout the research enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. Johan Brosche of Uppsala University gave me intellectual support. Many thanks to them. For my knowledge in research, I am indebted hugely to late Prof. Nyunya for making me understand tools of analysis in social science research, which I applied in this study. I am very grateful to the entire staff at IDIS for granting me favors including giving me private phone numbers of those I needed to contact for help. I give much appreciation to various scholars who have published widely on “the state building and nation building” and the “nation-state building”. Such authors including but not limited to Dr. Jok Madut Jok, Francis Fukuyama, Robert I. Rotberg, James F. Dobbin, Sylvia Wally, Maxym Alexandrov, Hilde F. Johnson and Paul F. Hartley. Their findings and discussions are thought provoking. Moreover, the scope of their work, context and dimensions provided a researchable gap to this study. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY .................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................... 5 1.3 General Objective ............................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 8 1.5.1 Complex Issues of State Building in South Sudan ....................................................... 9 1.5.1.1 Ethnic Questions .................................................................................................. 10 1.5.1.2 National Integration ............................................................................................. 10 1.5.1.3 Traditional vs. Modern Society ........................................................................... 11 1.5.1.4 Cultural Groups ................................................................................................... 12 1.5.1.5 Peace Building ..................................................................................................... 13 1.5.2 Challenges and Dilemmas that Face Post-Conflict South Sudan ............................... 14 1.5.2.1 Limits of Iinstitutional Engineering .................................................................... 14 1.5.2.2 South Sudan State Building ................................................................................. 16 1.5.2.3 The Challenges of South Sudan Fragmentations ................................................. 18 1.6 Justification of the Study .................................................................................................. 20 1.7 Hypothesis/ Working Assumptions .................................................................................. 21 1.8 Theoretical Framework of the Study ................................................................................ 21 1.9 Research Methodology ..................................................................................................... 26 1.10 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 27 iv CHAPTER TWO: STATE BUILDING AND CHALLENGES OF FRAGMENTATIONS .......................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Historical Background of South Sudan............................................................................. 31 2.2.1 British Colonial Rule .................................................................................................. 31 2.2.2 Arab North Activities in South Sudan ....................................................................... 33 2.3 Key Role of International Community ............................................................................. 36 2.3.1 The Right to Self-Determination for the South Sudanese .......................................... 36 2.3.2 Justification and Implication of South Sudan Secession ............................................ 41 2.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER THREE: SOUTH SUDAN’S CASE STUDY ................................................. 45 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 45 3.2 South Sudan State Building Strategy ................................................................................ 46 3.2.1 The SPLM Policy Agenda.......................................................................................... 46 3.2.2 Basis and Criticism of South Sudan State Building ................................................... 51 3.3 South Sudan Post Secession Critical Issues ...................................................................... 59 3.3.1 Citizenship .................................................................................................................. 59 3.3.2 Abyei .......................................................................................................................... 61 3.3.3 Border Areas in Dispute ............................................................................................. 64 3.4 South Sudan Governance Challenges ............................................................................... 65 3.4.1 The Political Settlement ............................................................................................. 68 3.5 South Sudan’s External Vulnerabilities ............................................................................ 70 3.5.1 Social Expectations of South Sudanese Citizens ....................................................... 72 3.5.2 Government and Civil Society Relations ................................................................... 74 3.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 75 CHAPTER FOUR: REAL ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS OF STATE BUILDING .. 78 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 78 4.2 Real Issues in South Sudan State Consolidation............................................................... 81 v 4.2.1 Addressing the Root Causes ....................................................................................... 81 4.2.2 Peace Building, State Building, Recovery and Service Delivery .............................. 81 4.2.3 Local Government Reform and the Overall Peace Dynamics ................................... 83
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