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DC 100: Understanding & Presenting Data DC100: Understanding and Presenting Data - Textbook DC 100: Understanding & Presenting Data The essential course for understanding, analyzing, and presenting data THE DATA CORNER https://thedatacorner.com/school/ DC 100 Understanding and Presenting Data Course The Data Corner Register now - it’s Free School of Data - The Data Corner DC 100 Understanding and Presenting Data Course The Data Corner This textbook was organized by The Data Corner Textbook Content Source: Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study Developed by Rice University (Lead Developer), University of Houston Clear Lake, and Tufts University This work is in the public domain. Therefore, it can be copied and reproduced without limitation. However, we would appreciate a citation where possible. Please cite as: Online Statistics Education: A Multimedia Course of Study. Project Leader: David M. Lane, Rice University. Contributors Georgette Baghdady Alyssa Koomas Evan Brott David Lane Katie Bruton Joan Lu Madeline Campbell Hanqi Luo Patrick Connell Daniel Osherson Tina Galante Lauren Pemberton Paul Giguere Camille Peres Rudy Guerra Anikó Sándor Daniel Hatfield David Scott Mikki Hebl Alex Shabad Robert F. Houser Zhihua Tang W. Sloane Hoyle Sebastian Thomas Jo Jardina Katherine Vasser Andrew Kennedy Heidi Ziemer Jennifer E. Konick Emily Zitek Partial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation's Division of Undergraduate Education through grants DUE- 9751307, DUE-0089435, and DUE-0919818. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 2007 Merlot Classic Award in Statistics for the Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics The Math Forum @ Drexel maintains an Internet Mathematics Library chose this site to feature as their Hot Spot for the month of October 2008. 1 DC 100 Understanding and Presenting Data Course The Data Corner Table of Contents 1. Variables ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 I. Independent and dependent variables ............................................................................................................ 5 Levels of an Independent Variable .................................................................................................................... 5 II. Qualitative and Quantitative Variables .......................................................................................................... 6 Discrete and Continuous Variables .................................................................................................................... 6 2. Measurement Levels of Data ......................................................................................................................... 7 I. Types of Scales .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Nominal scales ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Ordinal scales ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Interval scales .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Ratio scales ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 II. What level of measurement is used for psychological variables? .................................................................. 9 Consequences of level of measurement ........................................................................................................... 10 3. Examples of Data Collection ....................................................................................................................... 11 I. Measurement Examples ............................................................................................................................... 12 Example #1: How much information should I record? .................................................................................... 12 Example #2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 4. What Are Statistics ............................................................................................................................................. 13 I. Importance of Statistics ............................................................................................................................ 14 II. Descriptive Statistics ........................................................................................................................... 16 III. Inferential Statistics .............................................................................................................................. 19 Populations and samples .................................................................................................................................. 19 Simple Random Sampling ............................................................................................................................... 21 Sample size matters ......................................................................................................................................... 21 More complex sampling .................................................................................................................................. 22 Random assignment ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Stratified Sampling .......................................................................................................................................... 22 5. Percentiles ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 I. Two Simple Definitions of Percentile .......................................................................................................... 23 II. Third Definition ........................................................................................................................................... 23 6. Distributions ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 I. Distributions of Discrete Variables .............................................................................................................. 29 Continuous Variables ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Histogram......................................................................................................................................................... 32 Probability Densities ........................................................................................................................................ 32 2 DC 100 Understanding and Presenting Data Course The Data Corner Normal Distribution ......................................................................................................................................... 33 Shapes of Distributions .................................................................................................................................... 33 7. What is Central Tendency? ............................................................................................................................. 36 Definitions of Center ....................................................................................................................................... 37 Balance Scale ................................................................................................................................................... 37 Smallest Absolute Deviation............................................................................................................................ 39 Smallest Squared Deviation ............................................................................................................................. 40 8. Measures of Central Tendency ....................................................................................................................... 41 Arithmetic Mean .............................................................................................................................................. 41 Median ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Mode ................................................................................................................................................................ 42 Median and Mean ........................................................................................................................................... 43 9. Data Display .......................................................................................................................................................
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