Fafich Departamento De Ciência Política Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Política

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Fafich Departamento De Ciência Política Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Política UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS - FAFICH DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA LARISSA PEIXOTO VALE GOMES WHAT, HOW, AND WHO: the substantive representation of women in Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Sweden BELO HORIZONTE 2019 LARISSA PEIXOTO VALE GOMES WHAT, HOW, AND WHO: the substantive representation of women in Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Sweden Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciência Política. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Bruno Pinheiro Wanderley Reis Linha de pesquisa: Instituições Políticas e Política Internacional Belo Horizonte 2019 Para todas as mulheres que tentaram e foram humilhadas, atacadas e mortas. To all the women who have tried and were abused, attacked, and killed. It is not too much to ask that you should help, Father, for it was all your fault right from the beginning. Do you remember how you used to play the piano and sing Bellman’s songs to us children and how, at least twice every winter, you would let us read Tegnér and Runeberg and Andersen? It was then that I first fell into debt. Father, how shall I ever repay them for teaching me to love fairy tales and sagas of heroes, the land we live in and all of our human life, in all its wretchedness and glory? (…) Remember all who have helped me, Father! I shall say. Think of my faithful friend, Esselde, who tried to open doors for me when no one dared to believe in me. Think of others who have cared for and protected my work! Think of my good friend and travelling companion, who not only took me south and showed me all the glories of art but made life itself happier and lighter for me. All the love that has come to me, the honours, the distinctions! Do you not understand now that I had to come to you to ask how such debts can be paid?1 Selma Lagerlöf AGRADECIMENTOS Meus pais, Marco Antônio e Eliza, pelo apoio moral, financeiro e intelectual. Quando escolhi o caminho menos conhecido, mais demorado, mais custoso, só vi carinho e orgulho. Meus pais sempre me ensinaram a buscar mais, a querer mais sem nunca perder minha bússola moral. “Livro nunca é gasto, é investimento”. Deram-me um lar e um porto seguro. E minha melhor amiga, desde que nasci, minha irmã Letícia, que nunca me abandonou. E durante esses quatro anos e meio, sempre me incentivou e sempre esteve ali, me lembrando de beber água e com alguma diversão pronta para um descanso. Eu não sou ninguém sem esses três. Eu sou privilegiada em ter uma família extensa. Todos merecem meu muito obrigado e os represento na figura daqueles que puderam estar mais presentes. Jamerson, Nívea, Marilene, Paulinho (in memoriam), Betânia, Mauro, Alisson, Gleice, Tininha, Dênio, Júlia, Carlinho, Fernando. Vocês estiveram sempre ao meu lado, seja com o carinho mais sincero, o incentivo 1 “Det är inte för mycket, att du hjälper mig,” säger jag, “för det är nog ditt fel från början. Kommer du ihåg hur du brukade sitta vid klaveret och sjunga Bellman för oss barn, och minns du hur du lät oss läsa Tegnér och Runeberg och Andersen ett par gånger hvar vinter? På det sättet var det, som jag råkade i min första stora skuld. Far, hur skall jag kunna vedergälla dem för att de lärde mig att älska sagorna och hjältedåden och fosterjorden och människolifvet i all sin storhet och i all sin skröplighet?” (…) “Kom ihåg alla, som ha hjälpt mig, far!” säger jag. “Tänk på min trogna vän Esselde, som sökte öppna en väg för mig, då ännu ingen annan vågade tro på mig! Kom ihåg de många, som ha värnat om min diktning och skyddat mitt arbete! Och kom ihåg min goda vän och reskamrat, som inte bara förde mig till södern och visade mig all konstens härlighet, utan också gjorde hela lifvet ljusare och rikare. Och tänk på all kärlek, som har mött mig, tänk på all heder och utmärkelse! Kan du inte förstå, att jag behöfver komma till dig för att få veta hur man betalar sådana här skulder?” mais caloroso, a preocupação mais amiga. Alguns me receberam em suas casas, outros me ouviram incessantemente, deram conselhos, abraços, foram exemplos. Eu espero poder retribuir. Os que já se foram, por existirem em mim e me darem força. Minha família adotiva, o que seria de mim sem vocês? É até difícil por em palavras todos os modos em que me ajudaram e como amo vocês. Lígia Garcia e Cleber Rebuitti, que estiveram do meu lado no meu pior, eu não estaria aqui sem vocês. Tatiana, Teodoro e Heitor Goulart, obrigada pelo amoroso lar que fizeram para mim e por me fazerem parte da sua família. Clarisse Paradis e Helga Almeida, praticamente co-orientadoras, amigas para toda hora, parceiras em viagens e artigos. Johanna Monagreda e Débora Almeida, irmãs forjadas no fogo do doutorado, que nunca faltaram com um necessário “mas você já leu isso?”, e me deram sobrinhos maravilhosos e os exemplos mais lindos de maternidade acadêmica. Juliana Rezende, sem você não haveria trabalho de campo, apresentações em congressos e, principalmente, muitas risadas, conversas e conselhos. Mari Dias, minha gêmela, e Rafa Melo, que logo me darão mais um sobrinho. Maria Alice Silveira, se jogou na fogueira quando precisei. Mariela Rocha, presente desde o começo, sempre sendo exemplo. Christiane Lacombe, pelos conselhos, amizade, ajuda, risadas. Caroline Lloyd, uma amizade que se eu acreditasse em destino, diria que foi forjada por ele. Claire Bloquet, parceira no crime, sempre pronta com as conversas motivacionais, ideias e longas conversas que cruzam o Atlântico. Essa tese nunca teria saído do papel e nunca teria se concretizado se não fosse por três mulheres maravilhosas que me ajudaram, apoiaram, criticaram e inspiraram: Rainbow Murray, Iris Gomes e Letícia Godinho. Elin Bjarnegård, obrigada pela motivação e por toda sua ajuda. Todo dia, eu me esforço para ser um pouco mais como vocês. Eu sou muito grata à toda a comunidade do institucionalismo feminista, especialmente as pessoas maravilhosas que tiraram tempo para me ajudar, conversar comigo, me incentivar: Sarah Childs, Jennifer Piscopo, Georgina Waylen, Pär Zetterberg, Josefina Erikson. Eu gostaria de agradecer toda a comunidade acadêmica do Twitter por terem sido uma rede de apoio tão maravilhosa. Sempre quando eu precisava, tinha uma notificação amiga. Especificamente, Melanie Wong, Stephanie Melchor, Andy Day e Antoine Badaoui, pessoas incríveis. Obrigada às pessoas que dispuseram a conversar comigo, que facilitaram meu acesso a outras pessoas e a dados e, essencialmente, fizeram com que essa tese pudesse ser o exercício abrangente que foi. Eu gostaria de poder nomear cada uma, mas a privacidade delas é essencial. Sendo assim, represento-as com Fabrício Rocha (Dados Abertos), Michael Marcus (British Parliament) e Evan Odell. Obrigada à UFMG e ao DCP, por terem sido minha segunda casa por tanto tempo. Obrigada, Alessandro, por sempre resolver a minha vida. Daniela e Ricardo, obrigada pelas sugestões e críticas nas bancas anteriores. Minha primeira disciplina com Bruno Reis foi na graduação, em Política 4, e daí nasceu um interesse por instituições políticas. Obrigada Bruno, pelo incentivo e amizade de desde então. Obrigada à CAPES pelo financiamento e obrigada aos presidentes Lula e Dilma por reforçarem e ampliarem o sistema das universidades brasileiras. Não foi em vão. Alexandra Elbakyan, criadora do Sci-Hub, que permitiu a disseminação do conhecimento científico, especialmente para pesquisadorxs do Sul Global. Escrevendo assim, parece oco e vago. Não há palavras que adequadamente refletem o meu sentimento de carinho, humildade e gratidão. O doutorado não nos ensina somente teorias e técnicas, mas que é impossível fazer tudo sozinha. Que é impossível saber tudo, que é impossível acessar tudo. Que conhecimento é feito através de conexões, contatos, “por favor” e “obrigada”. Que existem mais pessoas boas que ruins no mundo. Foi um processo longo e árduo, mas que me deu muito mais do que a tese que se segue. E, por isso, sou muito grata. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (It’s odd, in Portuguese, we call it something akin to “thanking”. Acknowledgments should be more than just recognising the role someone played in bringing a dissertation about. Here are the people I need to say thanks to.) My parents, Marco Antônio and Eliza, for the moral, financial, and intellectual support. When I chose the road less taken, that was longer, and more expensive, all I saw was love and pride. My parents always taught me to search for more, to want more, without ever losing my moral compass. “A book is never an expense, it’s an investment. They gave me a home and a safe harbour. And my best friend since my birth, my sister Letícia, who has never left me alone. And during the past four and a half years, always encouraged me and was always there, reminding me to drink water and with some entertainment ready for my breaks. I’m no one without them. I’m privileged to have a large family. They all deserve my appreciation and I’ll represent them with the ones who were able to be there for me throughout. Jamerson, Nívea, Marilene, Paulinho (in memoriam), Betânia, Mauro, Alisson, Gleice, Tininha, Dênio, Júlia, Carlinho, Fernando. You were always there for me, with the most sincere love, the most heartfelt incentive, the most caring of concerns. Some welcomed me into your homes, others listened to me non-stop, gave advice, hugs, set examples. I hope to be able to give back in kind.
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