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Generalized Framework for the Design of Eco-Industrial Parks: Case Study of End-Of-Life Vehicles

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Generalized Framework for the Design of Eco-Industrial Parks: Case Study of End-Of-Life Vehicles sustainability Article Generalized Framework for the Design of Eco-Industrial Parks: Case Study of End-of-Life Vehicles Shimaa Al-Quradaghi 1,2, Qipeng P. Zheng 2 and Ali Elkamel 3,* 1 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; [email protected] 2 Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-888-4567 Received: 5 July 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 15 August 2020 Abstract: Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are promoting a shift from the traditional linear model to the circular model, where industrial symbiosis plays an important role in encouraging the exchange of materials, energy, and waste. This paper proposes a generalized framework to design eco-industrial parks, and illustrates it with regard to the end-of-life vehicle problem (ELV). An eco-industrial park for end-of-life vehicles (EIP-4-ELVs) creates synergy in the network that leverages waste reduction and efficiently uses resources. The performance of the proposed framework is investigated along with the interactions between nodes. The proposed framework consists of five steps: (1) finding motivation for EIP, (2) identifying all entities with industrial symbiosis, (3) pinpointing the anchor entity, (4) determining industrial symbiosis between at least three entities and two exchange flows, and (5) defining exchange-flow types. The two last steps are connected by a feedback loop to allow future exchange flows. The proposed framework serves as a guideline for decision makers during the first stages of developing EIPs. Furthermore, the framework can be linked to car-design software to predict the recyclability of vehicle components and aid in manufacturing vehicles optimized for recycling. Keywords: eco-industrial park (EIP); end-of-life vehicles (ELVs); industrial symbiosis (IS); design framework; sustainability; process optimization 1. Introduction An industrial ecosystem optimizes the consumption of energy and materials, and minimizes the generation of waste [1]. The study of industrial systems that operate like natural ecosystems is called industrial ecology, in which the natural ecosystem generates waste from one organism to be the resource for another [2]. Similar to the natural ecosystem, the industrial ecosystem capitalizes on the exchanges of one firm’s waste to be another firm’s resource. Industrial symbiosis is a subset of industrial ecology and has a particular focus on material and energy exchanges [3]. Eco-industrial parks develop when industrial symbiosis occurs between firms; the interactions include exchanges of material and energy. Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) promote a shift from the traditional linear model to the circular model. They are considered a community of businesses that reduce the global impact by sharing resources like materials, energy, and water to reduce waste and pollution, and increase economic gains [4]. The interactions in the community improve the environmental performance of the industrial network. EIP is promoting a shift from the traditional linear model of “raw material to industry to Sustainability 2020, 12, 6612; doi:10.3390/su12166612 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 industry to waste” to a closed-loop model of “raw material to industry A to waste to raw material to industry B”. Considering the global strategy, cities are considered at macro level, and single industry at the micro level, and in between, there is the meso level where EIPs exist. EIPs not only exchange waste heat, steam, bio-waste, and industrial waste but also knowledge, material, and energy. The circular process that is built within EIP connects the entities and results in minimum effect on the environment. Hence, solving environmental problems using an EIPs approach is one effective Sustainability 2020, 12, 6612 2 of 17 strategy of waste management that limits pollution impacts on the environment. In this way, EIPs can be implemented within industrial districts to encourage eco-design practices and the transition towaste” circular to a closed-loopbusiness models model that of “raw are materialmore sustainable to industry inA nature. to waste This to rawwill material also improve to industry the efficienciesB”. Considering of the the existing global industrial strategy, citiesentities are in considered given districts at macro andlevel, thus andenables single them industry to improve at the theirmicro competitiveness level, and in between, on a global there scale. is the The meso first level known where EIP EIPswas in exist. Kalundborg, EIPs not onlyDenmark; exchange industrial waste symbiosisheat, steam, gradually bio-waste, evolved and industrial over 20 wasteyears but[5]. alsoToday, knowledge, many countries material, have and energy.eco-industrial The circular park projects:process that Argentina, is built within Austria, EIP Brazil, connects Canada, the entities China, and Denmark, results in minimum Finland, eFrance,ffect on theGermany, environment. Italy, Netherlands,Hence, solving Norway, environmental Singapore, problems South Korea, using anSpain, EIPs Sweden, approach Switzerland, is one effective the UK, strategy the USA, of waste and othersmanagement [3,4,6– that11]. limitsOther pollution works impactsvis-a-vis on EIPs the environment.covered multidisciplinary In this way, EIPs areas, can be for implemented example, optimizationwithin industrial [12], districtslife-cycle to assessments encourage eco-design[13], policypractices implementation and the [14] transition, social tonetworks circular [15] business, and topologymodels that [4]. are Furthermore, more sustainable several in studies nature. in This thewill literature also improve proposed the frameworks efficiencies offor the EIPs. existing For example,industrial on entities December in given 2017, districts the United and thus Nations enables Industrial them to improve Development their competitiveness Organization on(UNIDO), a global joiningscale.The efforts first with known German EIP wasDevelopment in Kalundborg, Co-Operation Denmark; (GIZ) industrial and the symbiosis World Bank gradually Group evolved(WBG), publishedover 20 years a document [5]. Today, that many presents countries an international have eco-industrial framework park for projects: eco-industrial Argentina, parks Austria, [16] ) Brazil, . The InternationalCanada, China, Framework Denmark, Finland,for Eco France,-Industrial Germany, Parks Italy,focuses Netherlands, on four Norway,performance Singapore, categories: South parkKorea,-management, Spain, Sweden, environmental, Switzerland, social, the UK, and the USA,economic and others(Figure [ 3,1)4,.6 –Each11]. Othercategory works consists vis-a-vis of prerequisitesEIPs covered multidisciplinaryand performance areas,requirements for example, that optimizationcan be measured. [12], life-cycle All prerequisites assessments [and13], performancepolicy implementation requirements [14], must social be networks met for [ 15something], and topology to be considered [4]. Furthermore, an EIP. several The report studies guides in the decisionliterature proposedmakers on frameworks the important for EIPs. components For example, onto Decemberachieve maximal 2017, the Unitedbenefits Nations economically, Industrial environmentally,Development Organization and socially. (UNIDO), However, joining as indicated efforts with in the German report, Development the International Co-Operation Framework (GIZ) for EIPsand theprovides World only Bank strategic Group (WBG), details published for EIP requirements a document thatand presentsdoes not an translate international them frameworkto existing EIPs.for eco-industrial parks [16]. The International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks focuses on four performanceThe International categories: Framework park-management, for Eco-Industrial environmental, Parks created social, by and UNIDO, economic GIZ, (Figureand WBG1). is Each not thecategory only consistsinitiative of to prerequisites provide essential and performance elements requirementsfor forming EIPs. that can Several be measured. studies in All the prerequisites literature proposedand performance frameworks requirements for EIPs mustfrom bedifferent met for views. something There toare be two considered common an themes EIP. The for reportthese frameworks,guides decision general makers and onspecial the important-case. While components researchers tolike achieve [17–25 maximal] a general benefits framework economically, for EIPs, otherenvironmentally, researchers, andlike socially.[7,26,27] However,proposed asmore indicated specific in frameworks the report, thefor Internationalsolving a special Framework-case issue. for TheEIPs reviewed provides articles only strategic are presented details forin the EIP next requirements sections in and chronological does not translate order in them each to theme. existing EIPs. Figure 1. International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks. The International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks created by UNIDO, GIZ, and WBG is not the only initiative to provide essential elements for forming EIPs. Several studies in the literature proposed frameworks for EIPs from different views. There are two common themes for these frameworks, general and special-case. While researchers like [17–25] a general framework for EIPs, other researchers,
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