DOCSLIB.ORG

Tearing Down the Curtain, Opening the Gates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tearing Down the Curtain, Opening the Gates Pirkkoliisa Ahponen & Pirjo jukarainen (eds.) TEARING DOWN THE CURTAIN, OPENING THE GATES Northern Boundariesin Change So Phi University of Jyvaskyla 2000 SoPhi 54 University of Jyvaskyla 2000 SoPhi publishes social sciences at the University ofJyvaskyla, Finland, and it is located at the Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy. It provides a forum for innovative studies in social policy, sociology, political science and philosophy SoPhi publishes 10-15 titles per year, both in Finnish and in English. Manuscripts are selected forpublication on the basis of expert opin­ ion. Correspondence should be sent to publications editor, Olli-Pekka Moisio, SoPhi, Dept. of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35 (MaB), FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland, tel. +358 14 2603123, fax+3 58 14 2603101, e-mail [email protected]. SoPhi is distributed world-wide by Drake International Services, Market House, Market Place, Deddington, Oxford OX15 OSE, UK, tel. (+44) 01869 338240, fax (+44) 01869 338310, e-mail: [email protected] .uk, website: www. drakeint.co.uk. In North America SoPhi is distributed by International Specialized Book Services, 5804 NE Hassalo Street, Portland, OR 9721 3-3644, U.S.A, tel. 503 287 3093 or 800944 6190 (toll free), fax 503 280 8832, e-mail: info@isbs. com, website: www.isbs.com. Visit SoPhi home page at http://www.jyu. fi/yhtfiVsophi ISBN 951-39-0705-8 ISSN 1238-8025 Copyright © authors and SoPhi 2000 Printed at Kopijyva Ltd., Jyvaskyla 2001 Cover printed at ER-Paino, Laukaa 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................... .............................................................. 5 Pirkkoliisa Ahponen & Pirjojukarainen l THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINNISH-RUSSIAN BOUNDARY Knowledge and the state. The construction of Finland by bureaucrats and scientists . .......................... 11 ]ouni Hakli From Soviet 'Iron Curtain' to 'post-Soviet window to Europe'. Discursive reproduction of the Russian-Finnish border . .................... 25 Olga Brednikova Trade and population development across the Finnish-Russian border ......... 38 Dimitri Bazegski & Antti Laine Economic gap at the Finnish-Russian border ................. .................. ........... 55 Aku Alanen & Heikki Eskelinen Mental borders as barriers for industrial co-operation . ................................. 69 Markku Tykkylainen Il CHANGING DYNAMICS OF BORDERS AND BORDER AREAS IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH The Finnish-Russian border as a shifting discourse. Boundaries in the world of de-territorialisation . .. .................................... 85 Anssi Paasi The magic borders. Symbolic demarcations in current European societies . ....................................................... ............................ 101 Yrjo-PaavoHayrynen Changing politics along Finland's borders. From Norden to the Northern Dimension . ................................................ 114 Pertti ]oenniemi The reconstructed ideological boundaries after the fall of the Iron Curtain. Austria and Finland in the EU ...... .............................................................. 133 PirkkoliisaAhponen &JosefLanger Urban linkages across boundaries. Networking as a new type of transborder co-operation in the Baltic Sea region . ...................... ............... 155 ]anne Antikainen & Perttu Vartiainen Euregios in the making. The case of Euregio Karelia . .................................. 170 Tarja Cronberg Bordertown Vyborg. A local socio-economic system facing the new millennium . ........................................................... ...................... 184 Riitta Kosonen Authors ....... ............................................................................................... 198 Bibliography 199 Author Index ..... .............................................................................. .. 216 Subj ect Index .............................................................................................. 219 INTRODUCTION ould we imagine a world without boundaries? ls free entrance into any C place and everywhere possible, and would it be an ideal for global citizenship? It seems that the world is full of borders and they are built, crossed and replaced everywhere. So called 'natural borders', seen as un­ intentional obstacles of free communication, are increasingly crossed by technically constructed means. Geopolitical borders are constructed as human­ made barriers to separate members of certain nation-states from foreigners and make divisions between ideological coalitions. Boundaries are also used formarking symbols to identify cultural communities. Demands concerning ownership of historical heritages are justified by producing evidence forthe correctness of certain borderlines. The complexity of the border can be understood by comparing the mean­ ing of border with that of boundaries, barriers, frontiers, edges, or faultlin es; border, as a phenomenon and a concept, becomes more evident the more its construction, functioning and conceptualising become subj ects of research. In particular, after the so-called Cold vVar or Iron Curtain era the restructur­ ing of boundaries has gained wider and wider interest among scholars repre­ senting various disciplines. According to Anssi Paasi, borders are no longer discussed only in the field of political geography (see Paasi's chapter in this book) ; they have become a truly multidisciplinary topic. In order to show the multi-faceted essence of borders, the authors dealing with these questions in the present book are experts in various academic fields: regional studies, human geography, cultural studies, sociology, political sciences, regional eco­ nomics and history. In the course of these chapters, mental and symbolic boundaries, political and administrative borders and economic barriers are discussed as interwoven - approaching the subject both from the perspec­ tive of history and that of contemporary development. The principal aim of this book is to improve understanding of the multi­ ple meanings of borders. It deals with the questions of why borders exist, how they are constructed and how they may be changed. A basic aspect in each and every chapter is that borders are fundamentally human-made social 5 constructions, and therefore they can be - and definitely are - also de- and reconstructed by people themselves. The human-made borders have often been contrasted as artificial and contingent with natural boundaries, that is, those restrictions of free movement which have come into existence through nature as real and inevitable, like seas, rivers and mountains. Here we, how­ ever, agree with Leimgruber (1991) and Houtum (1997) that the term natu­ ral border is at least confusing if not completely misleading in the sense that it suggests that a true nature-shaped or God-given border should be taken forgranted and it cannot - or at least should not - be challenged or replaced. This also implies that a geopolitical border between nation-states will be eternal as prescribed by a natural order. In the beginning of the 20th century this term became notorious, as it was used by geopoliticians to justify prac­ tises that aimed to enlarge state-territories, even by violent means. States were expected to develop freely likeliving organisms until they would reach their natural limits. (Agnew 1998, 96.) Yet, as Houtum (1997, 14) aptly points out, if natural is equated with biological, then every social and political boundary among people can actu­ ally be claimed to be natural. The urge to establish boundaries for self-pres­ ervation (i.e. territorial behaviour) would then be understood as a funda­ mental aspect of human life, as one aspect of its animal-like character. There­ fore, to choose a differentway of interpretation, we will not speak here about natural and unnatural borders but only make a distinction between physio­ graphic obstacles for human interaction and borders that are created by people in their conscious and unconscious activities by political and cultural means. As well as for conceptualising boundaries, this book was written to give concrete and illustrative examples of how borders are constructed and re­ constructed. Therefore the chapters of this book are geographically specific; they deal with particular geographically defined spaces. The focus of the book is on the European North, in particular on the multi-faceted Finnish­ Russian border. vVhatmakes this borderland particularly interesting is that it has long been an area between the so called 'Eastern' and 'vVestern' spheres of cultural, economic and political influence. Before going into the issues of contemporary restructuring and change of boundaries, the book starts by highlighting various practices by means of which social, economic cultural, and ideological divisions were constructed between Finland and Russia in the course of history The aim here is to show how the Finnish-Russian border emerged and developed, and what kind of particular characteristics it gained over time. As stated by jouni Hakli in this book, both bureaucrats and scientists - as confidential servants of the state - contributed to the discursive construction of Finland as a particular society, having a right to its own territory. This borderline became a deep mental and 6 ideological barrier between Russian and Finnish societies - there was an­ other world on the other side of the border. In the chapters of this book this divide is examined from different angles, from both sides of the boundary,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vyborg – the Medieval Town!
    We are glad to offer you the pre-congress tour to Vyborg: Vyborg – the medieval town! 30 August 2014, Saturday 08:00 Departure from St. Petersburg to Vyborg by bus. The total duration of the route is nearly 2 hours. Excursion during the route. Vyborg is the only medieval town in Russia. The history of Vyborg covers seven centuries. In transfer from Swedish “Vi” means sacred, and “borg” - a city, a fortress. The history of Vyborg is a history of storms and loud fights in which great tsars and kings, brave soldiers and the glorified commanders have been involved. For the long life the city was under the power of 5 different states: the Swedish kingdom, the Russian empire, Independent Finland, Soviet Union, and since 1992 it was a part of the Russian Federation. It is natural that it was reflected and in external shape of a city, in its architecture and the space organisation. Vyborg can't be regarded as a typical Russian town as it looks rather West-European. You can find a mixture of various architectural styles, evident influences of romanticism and renaissance, classicism and functional style. A real example of the functional style in architecture of the town is the unique library of Alvar Aalto, who was famous Finnish architect. For today the historical heritage of Vyborg is recognised by an independent cultural value, organically and by originally uniting monuments of the various countries and nationalities. 10:00 Arrival to Vyborg, bus city tour with English speaking guide. During the city tour you will see and visit the romantic old center with aging buildings, small and cozy parks and cobblestone streets, Vyborg's towers: towers of St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: on the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction
    The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: On the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction In addition to oral tradition, the knowledge The standard historical presentation and understanding of history is based on of WWII can be epitomised as a written sources. Therefore it is highly significant narrative about a clash between when research is able to introduce hitherto good and evil in which victory is unknown material that can shed new light on inveterate truths. This was the case with the rightfully won by the good. That study “Finland at the Epicentre of the Storm” standard was cast into serious doubt by Finnish historian Erkki Hautamäki. The in 2005 by Finnish historian Erkki study dealt with the diplomatic prelude to Hautamäki, whose research was based World War II, and was based on a secret dossier on documents originating from secret by Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim. The dossier was transferred to President J. K. Paasikivi dossier S-32 of Finnish Marshal, 1 after the war, and then disappeared from Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim. The public eye. Fortunately, its main items were documents of the dossier originated either copied or a synopsis was made on the from the two different sources. First, request of the Marshal by his long-time trustee, they represented the documents of Vilho Tahvanaine. On the basis of these copies, Hautamäki was able to propose an entirely new German officials, including a personal view of the diplomatic manoeuvring which led letter by Reichsmarschall Hermann to the outbreak of WW II.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinross Merges with Bema Arctic Energy Summit SAIT
    cebra_setka.qxp 12/7/2006 3:09 PM Page 1 Montreal Pulp and Paper Mission to Russia EDC in Russia Kinross Merges with Bema Arctic Energy Summit SAIT University:McMaster New Member cebra_setka.qxp 12/7/2006 3:09 PM Page 2 cebra_setka.qxp 12/7/2006 3:10 PM Page 3 CERBA Quarterly News (winter 2007) Canada Eurasia Russia Business Association (CERBA) Association d'affaires Canada Russie Eurasie (ACCRE) Канадская деловая ассоциация в России и Евразии (КДАРЕ) www.cerbanet.org CERBA Offices International: MOSCOW CHAPTER Elena Settles Regional Director Tel: 7 (495) 2306132 Fax: 7 (495) 7872701 Email: [email protected] CALGARY CHAPTER Frank Kense Regional Director Tel: 1 (403) 2184164 Fax: 1 (403) 2188727 Email: [email protected] TORONTO CHAPTER Tel: 1 (416) 8678097 Fax: 1 (416) 3525183 Email: [email protected] MONTREAL CHAPTER Brendan Scully Regional Director Tel: 1 (514) 3443347 Fax: 1 (514) 3714605 Email: [email protected] CERBA Boards of Directors: National Board of Directors Chairman Donald Whalen, High River Gold Mines Directors Piers Cumberlege, Straightview Paul Drager, Macleod Dixon LLP Nathan Hunt, Ronald A. Chisholm International Canadian Ambassador in RF Ralph Lysyshyn, CERBA Moscow Board of Directors Moscow President Nathan Hunt, and Vladislav Tretyak, President Chair of the State Duma Committee for Sport and Youth, Nathan Hunt, Ronald A. Chisholm International Directors among friends and supporters of the V. Tretiak Anatoly Andriash, Macleod Dixon LLP Foundation. Moscow, November 16, 2006 Sheldon Bennett, Ernst & Young Ian
    [Show full text]
  • The Finno-Soviet Conflict of 1939-1945 in November 1939 a War Broke out Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finl
    the Finno-Soviet conflict of 1939-1945 In November 1939 a war broke out between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finland. The causes of the conflict lay primarily in the world political situation. Germany had already began a war of conquest by invading Poland September first of the same year. Soviet Union sought to protect its borders in view of surging fascist ideas and Germany’s intents to expand. The Soviet Union had primarily wanted to solve the dispute diplomatically before the outbreak of the war. To safeguard itself, the USSR had two aims: First, to move the Finno-Russian border further away from Leningrad, giving Finland a twofold area of land further north along the border in return. Second, to stop any outside force from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territories. The Soviets also wanted some certain strategically important areas, including a few islands in the Gulf of Finland in order to prevent a landing to Finland or the Baltics. The suggestions put forward by the Soviet Union were discussed between the states. The Soviet Union was interested in a mutual defense treaty with Finland. The Soviets and Finland would repel an attacker together should they tread on Finland. Representatives from both countries met over half a dozen times, but in the end the offer was refused. The reasons were numerous; the leaders of the state harbored an aggressive “Greater Finnish” ideology that they had fermented within the populace all throughout 1920’s and 30’s. The idea of Greater Finland was based on the goal of incorporating northwestern parts of the Soviet Union into Finland.
    [Show full text]
  • RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 a Thesis Presented To
    RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History Carroll College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Academic Honors with a B.A. Degree In History by Rex Allen Martin April 2, 1973 SIGNATURE PAGE This thesis for honors recognition has been approved for the Department of History. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge thankfully A. Patanen, Attach^ to the Embassy of Finland, and Mrs. Anna-Malja Kurlkka of the Library of Parliament in Helsinki for their aid in locating the documents used In my research. For his aid In obtaining research material, I wish to thank Mr. H. Palmer of the Inter-Library Loan Department of Carroll College. To Mr. Lang and to Dr. Semmens, my thanks for their time and effort. To Father William Greytak, without whose encouragement, guidance, and suggestions this thesis would never have been completed, I express my warmest thanks. Rex A. Martin 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... v I. 1937 TO 1939 ........................................................................................ 1 II. 1939 TO1 940.................................................... 31 III. 1940 TO1 941............................................................................................. 49 IV. 1941 TO1 944 ......................................................................................... 70 V. 1944 TO 1947 ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic-Tours Theczar-Route-2018.Pdf
    Helsinki St. Petersburg Moscow The Czar Route DAY 1 (SUNDAY): ARRIVAL HELSINKI DAY 3 (TUESDAY): HELSINKI-ST. PETERSBURG Arrival in Helsinki, optional transfer to Hotel Glo Art**** Today we continue eastbound to St. Petersburg. Shortly May-September 2018, or similar, check-in, welcome meeting. after crossing the border into Russia we arrive in Vyborg, where we take time for a short sightseeing tour and a photo- 9 days/8 nights: DAY 2 (MONDAY): HELSINKI stop at Vyborg Castle. In the late afternoon we arrive in St. Helsinki is located at the crossroads of Western and Eastern Petersburg and check-in at Hotel Sokos Vasilievsky**** or Dates: culture and this is reflected everywhere in the green and similar. GCR06: 27.05-04.06.18 GCR17: 12.08-20.08.18 lively Finnish capital. The sightseeing tour takes us around GCR07: 03.06-11.06.18 GCR18: 19.08-27.08.18 the harbours and the Senate Square with the Lutheran DAY 4 (WEDNESDAY): ST. PETERSBURG GCR13: 15.07-23.07.18 GCR19: 26.08-03.09.18 Cathedral, up central Mannerheim Street and by the St. Petersburg is an amazing city. Its imperial palaces and GCR14: 22.07-30.07.18 GCR20: 02.09-10.09.18 Parliament Building, the Finlandia Hall, and the Sibelius museums enjoy worldwide fame, while the Neva River and GCR15: 29.07-06.08.18 GCR21: 09.09-17.09.18 Monument and for a visit at the famous Church-in-the-Rock. the many canals have deservedly given the city the title GCR16: 05.08-13.08.18 GCR22: 16.09-24.09.18 The afternoon offers an optional excursion to Seurasaari of Venice of the North.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE TITO-STALIN SPLIT TO YUGOSLAVIA'S FINNISH CONNECTION: NEUTRALISM BEFORE NON-ALIGNMENT, 1948-1958. Rinna Elina Kullaa, Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe Department of History After the Second World War the European continent stood divided between two clearly defined and competing systems of government, economic and social progress. Historians have repeatedly analyzed the formation of the Soviet bloc in the east, the subsequent superpower confrontation, and the resulting rise of Euro-Atlantic interconnection in the west. This dissertation provides a new view of how two borderlands steered clear of absorption into the Soviet bloc. It addresses the foreign relations of Yugoslavia and Finland with the Soviet Union and with each other between 1948 and 1958. Narrated here are their separate yet comparable and, to some extent, coordinated contests with the Soviet Union. Ending the presumed partnership with the Soviet Union, the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 launched Yugoslavia on a search for an alternative foreign policy, one that previously began before the split and helped to provoke it. After the split that search turned to avoiding violent conflict with the Soviet Union while creating alternative international partnerships to help the Communist state to survive in difficult postwar conditions. Finnish-Soviet relations between 1944 and 1948 showed the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry that in order to avoid invasion, it would have to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing security risks to the Soviet Union along its European political border and to not interfering in the Soviet domination of domestic politics elsewhere in Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Kalevala in Finnish Culture and Politics URPO VENTO Finnish Literature Society, Finland
    Nordic Journal of African Studies 1(2): 82–93 (1992) The Role of the Kalevala in Finnish Culture and Politics URPO VENTO Finnish Literature Society, Finland The question has frequently been asked: would Finland exist as a nation state without Lönnrot's Kalevala? There is no need to answer this, but perhaps we may assume that sooner or later someone would have written the books which would have formed the necessary building material for the national identity of the Finns. During the mid 1980s, when the 150th anniversary of the Kalevala was being celebrated in Finland, several international seminars were held and thousands of pages of research and articles were published. At that time some studies appeared in which the birth of the nation state was examined from a pan-European perspective. SMALL NATION STATES "The nation state - an independent political unit whose people share a common language and believe they have a common cultural heritage - is essentially a nineteenth-century invention, based on eighteenth-century philosophy, and which became a reality for the most part in either the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. The circumstances in which this process took place were for the most part marked by the decline of great empires whose centralised sources of power and antiquated methods of administrations prevented an effective response to economic and social change, and better education, with all the aspirations for freedom of thought and political action that accompany such changes." Thus said Professor Michael Branch (University of London) at a conference on the literatures of the Uralic peoples held in Finland in the summer of 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Kirjapaino Jyväskylä METLA
    METLA 8. Valtionhotelli (State hotel) 10. Stone Boundaries PUNKAHARJU RESEARCH PARK Punkaharju's Valtionhotelli is the oldest lodging house The beauty of Punkaharju was discovered early on. in Finland and hence, its history is full of interesting In 1803 Tsar Alexander I urged that the esker forests AND NATURE CONSERVATION AREA details. The buildings represent the versatile and rich be protected. Punkaharju was submitted to the state Finnish architecture of wooden constructions. in 1840 and since then the esker has been fostered as CULTURE TRAIL Finnish national landscape. After many eventful phases The oldest part of the hotel was built in 1845 as a forest the stone boundaries of the Punkaharju Crown Park warden's house where modest lodging facilities were were finally constructed. A sturdy stone wall was built also provided for tourists. The architecture, designed by to separate the state land from private land. Piles of Bernhard superintendent Ernst Lohrmann, represents stones are still left of this construction, locally called one of the first Swiss shalet-style buildings in Finland. "the Crown fence". The stone piles are protected by the In 1879 the forest warden's house was extended by National Board of Antiquities and as such, they will be adding an annex of ten guest rooms. After the extensi preserved. on the building was used as a lodging house, and the forest warden moved to a separate residence. In 1893 11. Metla Research Unit the number of increased Punkaharju guest rooms was by another ten when a kitchen was added in the and, wing 1899, Near to the esker area there is also the Research Unit became much it is building as today.
    [Show full text]
  • WIDER RESEARCH for ACTION the Restructuring of Peripheral
    UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) Research for Action The Restructuring of Peripheral Villages in Northwestern Russia Eira Varis This study has been prepared within the UNU/WIDER Special Finnish Project Fund with the financial support of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) A research and training centre of the United Nations University The Board of UNU/WIDER Sylvia Ostry Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, Chairperson Antti Tanskanen George Vassiliou Ruben Yevstigneyev Masaru Yoshitomi Ex Officio Heitor Gurgulino de Souza, Rector of UNU Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Director of UNU/WIDER UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) was established by the United Nations University as its first research and training centre and started work in Helsinki, Finland, in 1985. The principal purpose of the Institute is policy-oriented research on the main strategic issues of development and international cooperation, as well as on the interaction between domestic and global changes. Its work is carried out by staff researchers and visiting scholars in Helsinki and through networks of collaborating institutions and scholars around the world. UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) Katajanokanlaituri 6 B 00160 Helsinki, Finland Copyright © UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) Camera-ready typescript prepared by Liisa Roponen at UNU/WIDER Printed at Hakapaino Oy, 1996 The views
    [Show full text]
  • Streets, Seals Or Seeds As Early Manifestations of Urban Life in Turku, Finland
    Streets, seals or seeds as early manifestations of urban life in Turku, Finland Liisa Seppänen In the 2000s, the studies concerning the early phases of urbanization in Finland have re-actualized after many decades. The studies have focused on Turku, which is the oldest town of the present-day Finland and has been a target for many excavations. The focus of this paper is in the beginnings of the urbanization of Turku with the questions when and why the town was founded. The questions are old and discussed in many studies since the early 20th century. In this article, these questions are reflected on the basis recent archaeo- logical findings and the circumstantial evidence from historical sources. I am presenting my interpretation about the course of events, which led to the establishment of Turku. The town was not founded on a virgin land, but it was preceded by human activities like farming and possibly gatherings of religious or commercial nature. The political circum- stances activated the planning of the town in the late 13th century, which were realized in the turn of the 13th and 14th century. It seems, that the urbanization process took several decades and probably it was not until the mid 14th century when Turku met all the bench- marks set for the medieval town. Tracing the earliest evidence red to a more appropriate place. The document is dated in Perugia on the The origins of Turku (fig. 1) have fas- 29th of January in 1229, but it does cinated Finnish historians and archa- not, however, reveal the location of eologists for more than a century.
    [Show full text]
  • Finnish Studies
    JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES Volume 16 Number 1 August 2012 Journal of Finnish Studies JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458 (P.O. Box 2146), Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TEXAS 77341-2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1402; Fax 1.936.294.1408 SUBSCRIPTIONS, ADVERTISING, AND INQUIRIES Contact Business Office (see above & below). EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki; [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Associate Editor, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hilary Joy Virtanen, Assistant Editor, University of Wisconsin; [email protected] Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University; [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Varpu Lindström, University Professor, York University, Toronto, Chair Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Branch, Professor Emeritus, University of London Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University, Toronto Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University, New York Anselm Hollo, Professor, Naropa Institute, Boulder, Colorado Richard Impola, Professor Emeritus, New Paltz, New York Daniel Karvonen, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Andrew Nestingen,
    [Show full text]