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REDEMPTIVE MASCULINITIES Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiative in Africa Select Titles in the EHAIA Series from the World Council of Churches

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REDEMPTIVE MASCULINITIES Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiative in Africa Select Titles in the EHAIA Series from the World Council of Churches REDEMPTIVE MASCULINITIES Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiative in Africa Select Titles in the EHAIA Series From the World Council of Churches Compassionate Circles: African Women Theologians Facing HIV Edited by Ezra Chitando and Nontando Hadebe 2009 Troubled but Not Destroyed: African Theology in Dialogue with HIV and AIDS Ezra Chitando 2009 A Window into Hope:An Invitation to Faith In the Context of HIV and AIDS Robert Igo, O.S.B. 2009 Living with Hope: African Churches and HIV/AIDS, 1 Ezra Chitando, 2007 Acting in Hope: African Churches and HIV/AIDS, 2 Ezra Chitando, 2007 Beacons of Hope: HIV-Competent Churches—A Framework for Action Sue Parry 2008 Into the Sunshine: Integrating HIV/AIDS in the Ethics Curriculum Edited by Charles Kaagba and C.B. Peter, 2005 Africa Praying: A Handbook on HIV/AIDS Sensitive Sermon Guidelines and Liturgy Edited by Musa W. Dube, 2003 Listening with Love: Pastoral Counselling—A Christian Response to People Living with HIV/AIDS Robert Igo, O.S.B., 2005 HIV/AIDS and the Curriculum: Methods of Integrating HIV/ AIDS in Theological Programmes Edited by Musa W. Dube, 2003 REDEMPTIVE MASCULINITIES MEN, HIV, AND RELIGION Ezra Chitando and Sophie Chirongoma, Editors REDEMPTIVE MASCULINITIES Men, HIV and Religion Edited by Ezra Chitando and Sophie Chirongoma EHAIA series Copyright © 2012 WCC Publications. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in notices or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: [email protected]. WCC Publications is the book publishing programme of the World Council of Churches. Founded in 1948, the WCC promotes Christian unity in faith, witness and service for a just and peaceful world. A global fellowship, the WCC brings together more than 349 Protestant, Orthodox, Anglican and other churches representing more than 560 million Christians in 110 countries and works cooperatively with the Roman Catholic Church. Opinions expressed in WCC Publications are those of the authors. Copyediting: R. Venkatasamy and C. B. Peter for Zapf Chancery Book design and typesetting: Nancy Njeri for Zapf Chancery Cover design: Julie Kauffman Design Printing: Kijabe Printing Press, Kijabe, Kenya Distribution: Zapf Chancery Publishers Africa Ltd Zapf Website: www.zapfchancery.org Zapf ISBN: 978-9966-1506-2-2 WCC ISBN: 978-0-8254-1569-6 World Council of Churches 150 route de Ferney, P.O. Box 2100 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland http://publications.oikoumene.org To the memory of Ethiel Tagwirei Chitando Redemptive Masculinities: Men, HIV, and Religion Contents Preface ................................................................................xi Contributors ........................................................................xii Introduction: On the Title Ezra Chitando and Sophie Chirongoma ........................1 Part One: The Making of Men: Masculinities in History and Culture Chapter One: Towards a Theoretical and Cultural Analysis of Dangerous Masculinities in Contemporary Africa: Can We Reinvent African Patriarchies to Curb HIV and AIDS? Ufo Okeke Uzodike and Christopher Isike ..................31 Chapter Two: The Connectedness of Masculinity and Culture in the Context of HIV and AIDS: Special Focus on Rwanda Celestin Hategekimana .................................................55 Chapter Three: The Role of an “Ideal” Man inBembe Culture and within the Contemporary African Christian Tradition in the Face of HIV and AIDS: Towards a Proactive Male Response Lubunga Ewusha ..........................................................71 Chapter Four: Karanga Men, Culture, and HIV in Zimbabwe Tabona Shoko...............................................................91 vii Chapter Five: Dangerous Masculinities: An Analysis of the Misconception of “Real Manhood” and Its Impact on Vulnerabilities to HIV among the Ndau of Chipinge in Zimbabwe Jairus Hlatywayo .......................................................113 Chapter Six: And This Too Shall Pass: HIV and AIDS in the Context of the Black Male Experience in the United States of America James Puckett ............................................................127 Chapter Seven: Under the Spell of Discrete Islands of Consciousness: My Journey with Masculinities in the Context of HIV and AIDS Paul Leshota ..............................................................149 Part Two: Thus Says the Lord? Sacred Texts and Masculinities Chapter Eight: The Contribution of Tamar’s Story to the Construction Gerald West ................................................................173 Chapter Nine: Batswana Masculinities from Men’s Interpretation of Hosea 1-3: A Case Study of the Africa Evangelical Church Sidney Berman ...........................................................193 Chapter Ten: Fathering Alternative Masculinities: Rev. Munorwei Chirovamavi .....................................211 Chapter Eleven: Paul and Masculinity: Implications for HIV and AIDS Responses among African Christians Lovemore Togarasei ...................................................229 viii Part Three: Imagined Men: Creative Writing and Masculinities Chapter Twelve: Redemptive Masculinities, HIV, and Religion in Siphiwo Mahala’s When a Man Cries Ezra Chitando ............................................................249 Chapter Thirteen: Liberating Masculinity from Patriarchy: Insights from Zimbabwean Literature in English Percy Chinganga .........................................................267 Part Four: Deadly Men? Masculinities and Gender-Based Violence Chapter Fourteen: Macho Masculinity: A Snare in the Context of HIV among the Manyika of Zimbabwe Gift Masengwe ...........................................................289 Chapter Fifteen: Passion Killings in Botswana: Masculinity at Crossroads Rosinah Mmannana Gabaitse ......................................305 Chapter Sixteen: Youth Masculinities and Violence in an HIV and AIDS Context: Sketches from Botswana Cultures and Pentecostal Churches Muse W. Dube .............................................................323 Chapter Seventeen: Who’s Afraid of the Mighty Men’s Conference? Palatable Patriarchy and Violence against Wo/men in South Africa Sarojini Nadar ............................................................355 Chapter Eighteen: Genital Modification: Expressions of Troubling Masculinities Lilian Dube .................................................................373 ix Part Five: Versions and Subversions: Reconstructing Masculinities Chapter Nineteen: Legacies Now and Then: HIV, Black and African Men, and the Challenges of the Twenty-First-Century Mark Malisa................................................................397 Chapter Twenty: Challenging African Men to Be “Man Enough to Care” in the HIV Era: Special Focus on the Anglican Diocese of Manicaland, Zimbabwe Charles Chindomu and Eunica E. Matizamhuka ........423 Chapter Twenty One: “Chasing a Leopard Out of the Homestead”: Mundurume’s Task in the Era of HIV and AIDS Julius Mutugi Gathogo ...................................................447 Chapter Twenty Two: Religions and the Responsibility of Men in Relation to Gender-Based Violence and HIV: An Ethical Plea Domoka Lucinda Manda ..............................................471 Bibliography ..........................................................................491 Index ...................................................................................553 x Preface ost of the chapters in this volume emerged from the EHAIA-University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Religion Mand Theology consultations that were held in December 2006 and 2007. Sophie Chirongoma coordinated the meetings and followed up on the chapters. The editors are grateful to Nyambura J. Njoroge and Isabel A. Phiri for the support. xi Contributors Sidney Koketso Berman is a lecturer at the University of Botswana in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies. His area of specialization is Hebrew Bible Studies and his research interests revolve around studies in the Hebrew Bible, Hebrew grammar and the gender aspect within the Hebrew Bible. Eunica Chindomu (nee Matizamhuka) holds a B.A. Honours Degree in Religious Studies and a diploma in General Nursing. Currently she is working at Nyanga hospital specializing in HIV and AIDS issues, both in the hospital and the Church. Her main research interests are HIV and AIDS and the role of the Church in responding to the epidemic. Charles Chindomu is a priest in the Anglican Diocese of Manicaland, Zimbabwe. He ministers to a parish devastated by the effects of HIV and AIDS, hence his special interest in the dynamic field of HIV and AIDS. He has taught Religious Education at high school level and Christian Ethics at university level. He has published articles in the Swedish Missiological Themes (STM) and African theological journals. He is currently working on his PhD. thesis proposal. Percy Chinganga is an Anglican priest currently teaching Christian Education at the College of the Transfiguration, South Africa. Sophie Chirongoma is a doctoral student in the School of Religion and Theology at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. xii Redemptive Masculinities: Men, HIV, and Religion She is a gender activist whose research interests revolve around religion, gender, culture and access to healthcare in the era of HIV and AIDS. Rev. Munorwei Chirovamavi is the current vice-president of the Baptist Convention of Zimbabwe and pastor at Tafara Baptist Church in Harare, Zimbabwe. He
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