www.jungsteinSITE.de Darvill Timothy Monuments,, and Materiality Design, der Konstruktion und der Nutzung von Langhügeln, Gang Langhügeln, von Nutzung der und Konstruktion der Design, dem hinter das Systems, kosmologischen des innerhalb wurden, en verstand und wahrgenommen Materialien verschiedenen die darauf, wie Bezug in Bedeutungen von Set tiefergehendes ein es gibt Oder Modeerscheinungen? um es ging Verfügbarkeit, die um nur tatsächlich es Ging bedeuteten. Anlagen der Erbauern den terialien Bauma andere und diese was nachgehen, Frage der wir sollten so und werden, verwendet Konstruktionselemente als Stein und Holz Monumenten vielen in dass sein, klar sollte Insgesamt aufzeigen. en Stein zu Holz von Abfolge chronologische eine Irland für ApSimon Arthur konnte Demgegenüber sei. determiniert Rohstoffen baren verfüg den von Wesentlichen im die hin, nichtmeg Langhügeln alithischen und megalithischen zwischen Unterscheidung die Ashbee Paulauf wies Langhügel auf Bezug In Torf, Holz. und etwa Gerölle Erde, wie aufweisen, Konstruktionselemente als Materialien ausgewählte sorgfältig andere, Megalithanlagen genannte so viele da Sichtweise, verengte eine dies ist Jedoch angezogen. forschung der Aufmerksamkeit der Schwerpunkt den Zeit lange hat Zusammenfassung of monuments. andstructure in the fabric was embedded both were components of a cyclical world view of life and death that that here argued is it stone, and wood upon Focusingmonuments? graves, barrows, passage ofand use long andother related in the cosmological systems that lie behind the design, construction, with toinghow different materials perceived understood and were relat meanings of sets deeper there were fashionable? wasOr what Or available? was what about simply it Was builders. megalith the to meant materials other and these what consider to us forces that way a in construction their in wood and stone combine changeably inter monuments manythat certain is evolutionary,it or ronmental envi Whether materials. of use preferred the in progression logical chrono a implying stone to timber from development a suggested ApSimon Arthur material, Irish the about mainly ternatively, writing materials used available evitably environments. Al within their local in barrows long of builders the as barrows long stone-chambered from barrows long earthen separate to distinction false a was it that noted Ashbee Paul barrows, long timber.considering and In rubble, soil, other turf, including construction, their in materials selected embody carefully monuments megalithic so-called Many view. ered however, is, It blink itself. a name the in reflected concern a studies, megalith in attention of focus the been long have another, one to Abstract Steine, besonders die strukturelle Anordnung von großen Steinen großen von Anordnung strukturelle die Steine,besonders relation in stones large of arrangement the especially and Stones, 1

------1 biographical note on p. 15 on note biographical 23. 2010 August www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 2 ing my researches in south Wiltshire; for the material of stone with stone materialof the for Wiltshire; south in researchesmy ing dur to me occurred kind this of None construction. of mode ternal in its in but external, its in not barrow long the from row,varying bar stone the denominate shall I which attention, myexcites now Englandin (Fig. set, 1) that “atumulus ofdeclared and species new Somer North Littleton, Stoney to journeyed he when things such ens of long barrows across southern Britain was clearly sensitive to doz opened who excavator century nineteenth a Hoare, Colt ard atSir all. Rich stones large incorporate not did that some and tion, construc their in used were material of types different many that clear is it barrows, monuments related long other as and dolmens, recognize graves, now passage can we that sites of studies atic system earliest smaller.correspondinglythe Moreover, from right overall their in scale while the modest size of the components used in their construction ismore typically are that structures of trum But explained. spec a of stones end extreme the at gigantic lie monuments these Europe of across use the and understood be to need sites these Certainly Brittany. in or Orkney, in Howe Maes in Ireland, Newgrange in England, as such West Kennet ments monu enormous physically of images and discussions by inated dom be to tends literature, popular the especially and literature, The structures. sophisticated symbolically and complicated turally architec to approaches nuanced more for in plea explore a to with like paper this would I that one and example, obvious an vide tombs pro Megalithic lesswell which tendtopreserved. be ments on focusing the megalithic components while conveniently by ignoring other ele created been have entity archaeological of gories cate whole Indeed, arrangement. their and stones big the on es focus still attention but capstones, into cut longer no are Names thinking. our coloured and centuries the down booming come has that image an 41). 1982:is It Mitchell (in knife” a with on capstone the names their inscribing and pastries, and hams bottles, of tities quan large with there banqueting and stone the onto up climbing local for by time the pass do, to resort else nothing have they of “when who, scholars place a as Rabelais Francois by 1532 in scribed interestde was Poitiers near France,a archaeological In years. 500 than more for and for focus a been have – Introduction war.mente inkorporiert Monu der Struktur und Material in welches Toddarstellten, und en Leb von Weltbildes zyklischen eines Komponenten diese dass ert, mag. haben argumenti hier wird Steinen und gelegen Holz auf Schwerpunkt einem Strukturen Mit anderen und Dolmen gräbern, The big stone monuments of Europe – literally the “mega-liths” “mega-liths” the literally – Europe of monuments stone big The ------Timothy Darvill, Copyright reserved). Darvill, Timothy (Foto: wurden genutzt Konstruktion zur die gangsbereich und die relativ kleinen Steine, Langhügel, England. Somerset, Blick North auf den Ein Littleton Stoney Der 1. Abb. Timothy reserved). Copyright Darvill, by (Photograph construction its in used stones small relatively the ing show entrance chamber the and of forecourt barrow, View England. long Somerset, Littleton North Stoney 1. Fig. - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 3 Material representation Material monument of forms. variety expression wide gies findina that geographically widespread and socially deep-rooted cosmolo arguing engagement here, on focus to like would I social that materials particular and with deployment, assembly, selection, ingful (Ingold 2007; Meskell 2005; Tilleyexpression 1996a; 2004).visual Thus it is theand mean form material given are associations and es, imag thoughts, ideas, beliefs, immaterial which through tionships rela cultural of sets on is focus colour.the and Here texture sition, compo source, their tomakemonument, fabric, shape, a together brought materials raw the concerns which materiality, is of scale, issue the intimate more a at but Related, analysis. of scale crucial a represents and important is structure, a with engaged and observe who those toemotions communicateto elemental ability structed con purposefully a and content dramatic of terms in definable ty, monumentali of sense This existence. physical into cosmologies mar controlling engagements that somehow translated beliefs and gram the to strands provide all heavens, the in movements with use of cycles connect to chambers and mounds of orientation the 161–67),and 2008, (Midgely elements key of multiplication or ing patterns of access to internal spaces (Bradley 1998, 58–62), the pair 2004 (Darvill houses in monument the of space out and into of journey the in use 1984),order (Hodder social the parallels which structuring tial such as spa by, passing details those Thus users. as well by their by experienced variously spaces and forms, places, as but evations el and ground-plans of terms in not understood be to need tures (2008,Midgely 26) has emphasized, the internal struc and external Magdalena As beings. supernatural also perhaps and people living the out by of played events for and structuring containment, arena performance, an provided each Critically, reworked. socially were identities as remodeled physically were Some meaning. and pose a moment in time at least expressed an identity associated with pur architectural with projects a degree of planning and design that for rials. mate of choice the in selectivity of degree the emphasize and ity complex the expand further to serve frameworks, theoretical bust ro more and used materials the of studies scientific with coupled excavations, recent more from Results statement. a prescient was It 1821, Hoare 44). (Colt wanting” was formed partly were they which dozen or so commonly found construction materials.dozen commonly so construction or found a half in interest shared is there Europe eastern of valley-lands Oder the AtlanticPolandtoand Europethe western and coastlandsofgal Portu from 5000 extending area geographical about a within BC between 2000 and built BC monuments related other and mens, sions of space within monuments. subdivi create to used were slabs Smaller kerbstones. and stones, façade peristaliths, stones, roofing capstones, orthostats, as mainly used were slabs and blocks Large borrow-pits. adjacent in bedrock the from quarried or outcrops surface extant werefrom plucked typically stones Such type. bedrock to according black and brown, grey, yellow, red, white, including found are colours different Many across. 1m around slabs small to down across 3m over blocks large from represented are sizes Various recognizable. most and sented okn ars te ag o ln bros psae rvs dol graves, passage barrows, long of range the across Looking were dolmens and graves, passage barrows, long our Physically, Stone, because of its inherent durability, is the most widely repre widely most the durability,is inherent its of Stone,because

a, 108–113), the external form of the cover-mound and and 108–113),a, cover-mound the of form external the ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 4 terial andflooring. ma cairn-building as used mainly is and quarry-ditches, or row-pits “pea- adjacent bor from extracted bedrock or grit”.from usually isderived It gravel as represented usually matrix finer-grained a with walling.stone dry- for and flooring, material, cairn-building infill, as mainly used is It grey,black. and yellow,red, white, including brown, occur colours different Many bedrock. or stones larger breaking-up from derived rial. mate cairn-building as used mainly is It lithology. bedrock of kinds many covering overmantle the as develops it where land-surfaces material, usually in soft texture and dark in colour. It is obtained from terial andas asealant to prevent water chamberareas. penetrating It or is borrow-pits quarry-ditches. used mainly as ma cairn-building adjacent from extracted bedrock from grey, derived usually is It orange, white. or brown, red, – coloured strongly usually is that sions construction of sod walls. of sod construction the in or material cairn-building as mainly used is It cutting. after off die species plant component the as yellow and brown becomes ly various it colour in green initially although and surfaces land from obtained is It grassland. established of vegetation surface the as ing Environment and development and Environment stones. material as packing between used bark and mound, the around withinor fencing as used wood of strips ble flexi thin from made hurdling is common Less uprights. façade and mound, the for edging material, walling roofing, orthostats, form to colour: white, yellow, or grey. Wood is mainly used as or posts planks by an outer fairly rough coating Internallyof bark. it is usually light in the trunk shrub.ofor branches a from or tree en It is usually covered (Barclay1983, 189–42; 1998, drawings). 55 reconstruction for Similar and a central timber-orthostat edged chamber about 7m in diameter northeast the to opening passage post-lined its with grave passage timber a essentially was it suggests form reconstructed whose ture m in diameter and 5.5 m high covering the remains of a timber struc 40 about barrow round rubble and earth large a revealed Scotland cavations1978–9in Perthshire,Mains, in Barclay North atbyGordon Ex overlooked. be otherwise might that landscapes in excavations as ology result of new research and large scale commercially-funded being exacerbated by the recognition of whole new kinds of archae 1984). (Ashbee land” stituent of a series of long monuments, widespread in Britain and Ire is boundary blurred and that earthen long barrows are only one con the that seen be can it now but continue undoubtedly will aration “septhat noting builders, the to availablematerials the of basis the on barrows long stone-chambered from barrows long earthen rate sepa to distinction false a was it that argued Ashbee Paul Isles, ish are of only the part story. In considering the long barrows of the Brit concerns environmental But true. is that sense a in and vicinity, the in available those simply were construction particular any in ployed Clay comprises a stiff sticky earth with few stones or large inclu large or stones few with earth sticky stiff a comprises Clay proportions varying in mixed stones small comprises Aggregate stones lose small-sized to medium of mixture a comprises Rubble Turf comprises a layer of grass with soil and matted roots form roots matted and soil with grass of layer a comprises Turf organic of admixture an with rock disintegrated comprises Soil Wood comprises a hard fairly durable fibrous organic fibrous material durable tak Woodcompriseshardfairly a At a superficial level it might be argued that the materials de the materials that be argued might it level superficial a At It is a problem that is not confined tolong barrows, andone that is ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 5 Perthshire, in Scotland (Coles Scotland in Perthshire, House, Redcar and Cleveland, in England 1984)(Vyner and Pitnacree, Street at those as such chambers mortuary timber free-standing ly, ti-phase sites. sites. ti-phase mul at represented events of sequence the within place and use, (Powellonethshire,in 1973) design, general their of terms in Meri Ardudwy, Dyffryn 1988)and (Lambrick England in fordshire, the dolmens portal stone-built such as the Whispering Knights, Ox in monuments. in Neolithic materiality of aspect this exploring in further step a us take perhaps can evidence of strands monuments?Three related other and mens dol graves, passage barrows, long of use and construction, design, within and the understood cosmological thatsystems lie behind the perceived were themselves materials the how to relating meanings was available? Or what was fashionable? Or were there deeper sets of what about simply it Was builders. megalith the to meant materials these what consider to us forces that way a in construction their in wood and stone combine interchangeably monuments many that may factors haveevolutionary played in the background, it is certain or environmental role Whatever design. of aspects functional from Simon1997, 138). movesit ispoint criticalThis for spotlightthe away (Ap stones the within immanent as perceived qualities of ognition er displays of power by using stone, or, perhaps less tangibly, the rec suggesting as well a desire on the of part Neolithic builders for great chronology, simple beyond goes ApSimon 1976). But Collins 1938; (Evans antechamber stone and chamber wooden a has which land Amongst them is the at Dooey’s Cairn, Co Antrim, in Ire techniques. constructional in similaritiesconcomitant with stone, to timber from development a show that sites of number a are Certainly there Ireland. outside or within either prototypes timber derive could from tombs wedge and tombs, portal tombs, court the of some that suggested he Poland and Denmark, France, in work lier ear on Drawing material. Irish the (1997)about mainly mon writing ApSi Arthur by taken was monuments related and barrows long in 1987,saume (Jous fig. 20).roofed was thinks excavator the that structure timber a in stone monumentdolmen-like seems to have containedbeen with the Here France. western of region Vandée the in Virante Pierre La 1970–1 in at Joussaume Roger by excavated monument the is haps oforthostats the passage (Bakker 1992, 32). Most curious of all per the to have formed appear posts Germany in northwest tafriesland, Os East, Tannenhausen at and Drenthe, Tinaarloo, at Netherlands The in known are chambers hunebed around 1979).Postholes sen (Mad Denmark in others amongst Sjørup and Barkær at as bers, cham timber and stone both include barrows long some Indeed, 1985).(Midgley problematic tombs from is increasingly chambered stone barrows long earthen separating TRB European north the in with 411), 1992, and (Midgley 1940´s, the since recognized been have gravesdolmens simple and earth so-called overlaps between Denmark, In orthostats. D-shaped chambers single by end either rectangular at defined with monuments many among are which 709), no. 45 1975, (Sprockhoff Germany Niedersachsen, at Barskamp, 5 Grave and 2006) (Holst Denmark in Jutland, East Tårup, exam at ple for as Germany, north and Scandinavia southern (orthostats in mens supports principal their of ment 1979) to canalso seen have be similarities in and form the arrange (Madsen houses mortuary style Troelstrup and Høj Konens the via o i te rbe cnie t Bian I suhr Scandina southern In Britain. to confined problem the is Nor A rather different approach to the integration of stone and timber timber and stone integration of the to approach different rather A

/

Simpson 1965) provide parallels for for parallels 1965)provide Simpson pss wt urdol with /posts) ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 6 Landscapes and multiple sources multiple and Landscapes course be found at in found elsewhere Europe. dolmens course be due in may sequences 1948).Similar(Grimes capstone the to size and Here again the monument was built over a pit broadly similar in shape that was raised more than 2.5 m and balanced on just three orthostats. ,alsoin capstonewhichahas weighing tonsabout60 Pentre47–52).originsIfan,ilarlargest(cf.2004a,Darvillis the sim of One had have well may Britain western in dolmens portal and mens dol Other (2004). here important was that stone the lifting and ering uncov of act the was it that suggests Richards blueprint, defined a to ferings.Ratherthan seeingstructuremonumentthe a as constructed of as placed was perhaps or burials, with connected been have could monument at ground-level. Material found underneath thethe appearancetablestone of enhanced the and defined havemayplatform of itself. There was no mound covering the structure, although some kind the air and rather than being a burial structure per se is a monument in raised stone; the dolmen is effectively an enormous tablestone high in process is manifest through the presence of a pit slightly (fig.the Archaeologically, 2). orthostats five on up it raising and ground larger than the Walesthe dolmen was built by lifting a large glacial boulder out of the Lynch’ssuggestion (1975) that at , Mathry, in southwest landscape.itsColinRichardsand ument (2004)expandedFrance has tioned so that so faced inwards. the flattioned side quarried posi always and arrangement original a the mirror as to grave passage reassembled being quarry the of levels different from blocks with dismantled systematically were stone of outcrops natural least at Brittany in that refitting” “mental calls he what through shown ly convincing has (2008) Mens Emmanuel important. are that sources the only not was it 89). But 2003, al. et (Bailloud Brittany mariaquer, Loc in Mane-Rutal and Gavrinis, TableMarchant, atgraves des sage pas the in backstones and capstones as used and up broken being decorated of case the in as elsewhere reused components and dismantled been have may monuments Earlier original. the of microcosm a or order new a in together brought places significant of pieces landscapes, other or lands other of tokens represent to en tak be may themselves materials the cases 1992).(Mitchell these In Valley Boyne the of south and north both km 40 to up of distances from types inNewgrangeIrelandincorporateswhile five stone main stone from sources across the eastern of half of the kinds Island (Patton nine 1992), least at incorporates on Bie Hougue La terials. pas ma developed raw sourced distantly and locally many both incorporate graves sage surroundings, immediate their from rived First is the source of materials and the relationship between a mon a between relationship the and materials of source the is First y otat ih h dles ht s mil lcl tns de stones local mainly use that dolmens the with contrast By ------Copyright reserved). Darvill, Timothy (Foto:Trägersteinen sechs keshire, Wales. Ein auf mächtiger Deckstein Abb. 2. Der Dolmen Carreg Coitan, Pembro reserved). Copyright vill, Dar Timothy by (Photograph orthostats on six raised capstone shire, Wales. Large Pembroke dolmen, Coitan Carreg 2. Fig. - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 7 and around the edge of the chambers, but igneous rocks as roofing roofing as rocks passages igneous but chambers, the of edge the the around and along orthostats for rocks sedimentary favour mark (1996 Tilley Chris studies. of number a by recognized been have barrows long and graves passage within positions prominent for selected stones substances andits in life anddeath. the human body of experiences to relates barrows long and graves passage Danish (1996 Tilley Chris chamber.For the within glow red a create presumably and uprights illuminate these would sun setting the from lightsolstice winter the on that so entrances the opposite orthostats chamber as used were (2000 Bradley Richard Scotland facing the orthostat entrance. Similarly, at the Clava Cairns in eastern were used often as capstones for the chamber and sometimes as the barrows in North Meklenburg (fig. 3), and in thesame area redstones long on kerbing the for used preferentially been have to seem also boulders glacial coloured red Baltic, the across south 316). Further a recurrent feature of passage graves in western 1996Skåne (Tilley uprights are also stones between packing and rights, viceRed versa. of white granite or schist had red sandstone walling the between up façade a with tombs those stones; white and red using constructed were tombs the all that show to Arran of island the on barrows long style (1999) Jones Clyde-Carlingford atcolour-choices the made examined Andy ways. similar in treated been have el not wooden should why ements reason no is there but things, such of discussion dominates inevitably stone preservation good its of 1998). Because building used blocks was also (Jones important shapes and textures, Colours, al. 1979,et 240; Russell 2002, andsee 25–70). (Ashbee bays other cap to used gravelchalk and marl white of ance appear with contrasting bays, some in used turves and brick-earth, rock, coombe the of tints brown and yellow with appearance work of mound but here the wouldfinished have surface patch had a by site Wiltshire, Road, wasof Beckhampton built in a similar fashion near 1979, 259).al. The et (Ashbee brushwood decayed of remains the as interpreted tentatively mud chalky humic pale of layer thin a by marked often and sharp being boundaries the separate, kept the north side except for bay 14. In general the various materials were chalk on no material dispositionwithof the in evident was structure chalkand Some rubble, rock rubble. rock soil,coombe turf, included mound 1979,the al. et bays individual (Ashbee fill 250–75).toof used material The length the along running axis central a of side ther bays ei arranged ashurdle-defined a of40 constructed series about long barrow more than 41m in length and 15 a within deposit burial a of evidence no was there England Wilt in shire, Street, South At barrows. long some to brought was too Soil 1962,58). (Piggott walling for limestone used away km oolitic 32 least has at from slates Wiltshire north of area the in rows bar long other dozen a half least at with together Kennet West and 229–30);1990, Saville in (Worssam Farmingtonaway km 6 than of more Freestone outcrops from orthostats key has Gloucestershire, North, Hazleton 1977); (Donovan away 8km than more from slabs Lias Blue has example for Somerset, North In Littleton, StonyEngland, afield. further from stone incorporate some but materials, local Rock types, surface texture, fossils, and mineral inclusions within inclusions mineral and fossils, texture, surface types, Rock the of nature very the that clear is it strand, second the to Moving by dominated are Many again. different slightly are barrows Long , 2–) hw hw asg gae i prs f Den of parts in graves passage how shows 124–5) b, , 2) te ou o bak wie n rd within red and white black, on focus the 322), b, a, 122–9) has shown that red stones stones red that 122–9)shown hasa, m wide, but it had been / Bradley Bradley 1999; Lynch b, ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 8 England and Wales (Darvill 2004 of west the in barrows long type Cotswold-Severn other several in Somerset, in England, and naturally slabsperforated were used with North Stoneyatslab Littleton, portal western the on position visible highly a in placed been have to appears ammonite fossil A stones. 2004 (Darvill coastlandsAtlantic the along graves passage at occasionally and barrows long at entranceways the ing flank found stones flat-topped and pointed dis paired the Most are tinctive outline. or profile in shapes those accentuate and to outline placed natural their for selected been have to seem do used stones the shaped, deliberated been have to appear dolmens and the chamber walls or (Cummings inther the façade 2002). ei textures different juxtaposed showed examined cases all almost barrows long among although patterning of evidence little found she Isles British the of parts different in barrows long and dolmens of surveys in but – movement and touch – senses haptic of role the emphasized has Cummings Vicki 2006). charcoal (Holst flint burnt black white and of spreads by surrounded areas scorched red with noted already system colour tripartite black and white red, the ed perpetuat dolmen a within floor preserved the Denmark, Jutland, East Tårup, At monument. the around or within placed pebbles of nently placed stones; and on other occasions it is present in the form promi through running veins as present is it sometimes kerbing; or asorthostats used ispresentit as boulders Sometimes umenttypes. long barrows is common right across the distributions of these mon of the bark. the colour or andtexture graintinctive patterns dis of because selected been have also may monuments similar of occur in the chambers rather than the passages. Timber components to tended surfaces sparkling and inclusions patterned striations, ral natu while widespread, white,grey,was red, stones of pink use and familiar the recognized was scheme single no Although chamber. to casual visitors while others were only apparent to those inside the outer faces of cairns, and cover-mounds so that some were apparent bothwithinon and the the chambers, contrive visual effects striking to used were inclusions mineral and textures how show Sweden of lips (2008) on passage gravesworking in Bohuslän on the west coast in Ireland at Ballymacdermot, Armagh (Collins and Dumfries Galloway (Piggott (Darvill Man of Isle the on Grave Orry’s King and Ard yn Cashtal at seen be can amples Although few stone of components passage graves, long barrows, graves withinpassage and quartz whitesparkling presenceof The / Chartrand 2000; Gale et al. 1999), at Cairnholy I, I, 1999), Cairnholy al. at et Gale 2000; Chartrand / a, a, 113). Richard Bradley and Tim Phil Powell 1949, fig. 5) inScotland, and / Wilson Wilson 1964), Creevy b, 51–2).b, ex Good ------idign Ft: ioh Dril Copy right reserved). Darvill, Timothy (Foto: Findlingen glazialen roten Stein überwiegend von markantem rahmen mit Langhügel land. Deutsch Mecklenburg, Schönberg, storf, Abb. 3. Grab 1 (SprockhoffNr. 311) von Ever served). re Copyright Darvill, Timothy by graph (Photo eratics glacial red predominantly from made kerbsubstantial with barrow Schönberg,Mecklenburg, Germany. Long 311) (Sprockhoff Everstorf, I Grave 3. Fig. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 9 be extended from a simple male simple a from also extended be may it But top. rounded a has stone right-hand the while ger looking towards the front of the barrow has a pointed top and a dag 1976,(Bocksberger Chalcolithic plan. 54) where or the left-hand stone as seen when Neolithic later the during Switzerland, in Sion, seur Petit-Chas at MVI dolmen as known barrow long the of façade the to added stalae of pair the 1965,by out 251). born proposition a is It (Smith “female” considered be should stones flat-topped the while “male”,thus may and form in phallic considered stones pointed the linked to been this has pairing: often symbolism sexual Binary ment. ofthemonu tothe right enteringon theexterior thefrom chamber stone flat-topped the and left the to lies stone pointed the general (fig. 4)near theDorset coast of the English Channel (Piggott 1945). In Colts Her and 1991)Mare Grey (Whittle the barrow and long Severn Cotswold- classicWayland’s the Smithy,at as , examples and Lynch 1987, figs. 18–19). Insouthern England there are abundant (Smith shape actual their as much as positioned are stones the way and a broader stone side-on to the right. The effect is achieved by the left the to stone pointed slender a as front the from appear barrow third-phase the of chamber the to entrance the flanking stones the Wales in , , at Sea, Irish the 14).Crossing pl. and 1989,(O´Nualláin35 Sligo Culleens, 1939),and (Hencken Sligo keel, Meaning and referencing and Meaning of meaning andreferencing. that leads to a third aspect of materiality to consider brieflyhere, that possibility a is It unborn. the and dead the of world internal the and living the of world external the between boundary the on standing mother/fatherfigures metaphorically or physically are these that ity (Barrett stressed have others amongst Fewster Kathryn and Barrett John as caution extreme with treated be must approaches (e.g. ParkerPearsonanalogy relational material represented in the archaeological record through the use of the onto oppositions binary dualismsand Cartesian as such views ic Islam or Christian modern impose to tempting is It structures? ical cosmolog and beliefs the with world real the of experiences diate me materials familiar did how And people? to mean them within rials categorized? What did those categories and the stuff subsumed mate were How world. their conceptualized BC millennia third and fourth, fifth, the during Europe western and northern in living ties ter 1998). At a general very level, the materials that we now call stone n o te i ukon i Noihc tde i hw communi how is studies Neolithic in unknowns big the of One / female opposition to the possibil the to opposition female / Ramilisonina 1998).Ramilisonina such But / Fews ------vill, Copyrightvill, reserved). Männliche und Formen?weibliche (Foto: Timothy Dar flankierend. Langhügels nen Kammer eines klei den Eingang zur letzten Umfassungssteinen, von Dorset, Paar Ein England. Colts, Her und Mare Grey 4. Abb. reserved). Copyright Darvill, Timothy by (Photograph forms? female and male barrow: long small a of ing the entrance to the terminal chamber flank stones façade of Pair England. set, Dor Colts, Her and Mare Grey The 4. Fig. - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 10 essential integrity of these materials.essential of these integrity (Dehn Denmark gravesin sage of stone slatesbirch between bark sandwiched in the walling of pas use widespread fairly The purposes. and forms common seemingly with monuments of construction the in wood and stone of use lel paral the understand and reconcile to trying in Ashbee and Simon would explain rather neatly some of the difficultiesaddressed by Ap idea an such Certainly association. metaphorical and meaning of els conceptual incategory broad the mind of single Neolithic people with nested a lev of compass the within existed have may wood and 2000 Bradley (cf. surface land the of out or “grow”to on seem that rocks and trees the of structure nal pas barrows, long graves, sage recreateall and otherrelatedthe monuments interthe dolmens, of spaces internal very the that way signs. de the of layout and form the in wood) perhaps equally and (stone naturalquentof incorporation features backgroundthe of “canvass” elaborated the meanings of the material, especially in light of the fre or changed presumablytoo, components wooden to them see only could we if perhaps and barrows, long and graves passage of tion The application of designs and motifs to stones used in the construc species. that of attributes with associations specific suggest might 1979)(Madsen Scandinavia southern and 1984) (Ashbee Britain ern barrowseast in within long chambers timber the of some atinleast posts the for oak of selection the2002). Likewise, (Darvill sociations as metaphorical its of understanding shared a carries times recent and ancient both in stuff this of appearance contextual shared the if spirit or soul the represented have might example for quartz that elsewhere suggested I have meanings. specific more carried haps the construction of the chambers seem have been set up with their with up set been have seem chambers the of construction the Kennet, Wiltshire, in England, in the stones used assarsen orthostats West At dead. the and quick the both by performances and monies cere for arena an living: the by visits and dead the for place resting a as inside space a with re-built then and apart taken demonstrably were surface land the on protuberances (2008). Here pattern similar a suggests Brittany in work Mens´ too. materials organic perhapsof range a and stones, flint, worked pottery, including placed, were offerings and remains human which into biosphere the and sphere spaces the between ground and the stone: cracks the between litho create also they but (2004), phrase evocative Whittle’s Alasdair use to sky” the to float that “stones create certainly dolmens at stones Distinctive variations within the broad stone/wood category per category stone/wood broad the within variations Distinctive But perhaps the most important and potentially significant is the is significant potentially and important most the perhaps But / Hannen 2006) may also support the support mayalso 2006) Hannen b, 110–3).cap b, giant of raising The ------vill, Copyrightvill, reserved). Dar Timothy (Foto: wurde integriert hügel Ganggrab einem Lang einen in später das warden, benutzt in Othostaten barte benach als die Steine, Gespaltene Däne mark. Århus, bei Danske, Holger 5. Abb. served). re Copyright Darvill, Timothy by graph later grave (Photo barrow. long a into incorporated passage a within thostats or adjacent as used boulder Split mark. Den Århus, near Danske, Holger 5. Fig. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 11 the chamber and the outer surfaces faced outwards. faced the chamberandthe outer surfaces posts and planks always positioned so that the faced heartwood into split-trunkthe and used, been had old years 300–400 and diameter in m 1.5 about and each oaks aged chamber and large the very several that constructing showed in used timbers the of amination ex close the allowed here 192–3). preservation 2006, Good Hodder the afterlife excavators argue, but to become something else (Evans/ deposited in the chamber were not placed there to enjoy a corporeal individuals four The ground. the into passage a into it transformed and house a of model the took chamber rectangular massive oak its that shows England eastern in Cambridgeshire, Haddenham, at row bar long the of studies Detailed BC. cal. 3630 around perhaps row bar long standard a within chamber terminal single-cell timber al with the formation of a more convention eastwards then expanded was which BC cal. 3700 around structure mortuary timber a as first site the of use developing the shows 2007) al. et (Wysocki England in Wiltshire, Lodge, Fussell’s at dating the of studies Recent burials. thefor placement used of in theset ground with the space between been split vertically to create a pair of posts thatD-shaped were then haveto appear trunks tree Whole Scandinavia. southern and Britain houses found under long barrows and related monuments in eastern monument. in the aswere thestones arranged intheground have opened been together been have would that surfaces ditches quarry or row-pits bor in rocks banded from quarried were orthostats where Europe of parts other In practice. extensive fairly a was it shows who 25–6) (1992, Bakker Jan by considered fully been has territory TRB the in inside of the chamber (fig. 5).casefor The cleaving stoneselsewhere the became boulder original the of inside the that so set split and was open boulder a Denmark in Århus near Danske Holger of bers at tombsInphenomenon the same constructing chamin Denmark. the noted (1996b,124)has Tilley Chris and inwards, faces earthfast originally protected their and outwards faces weathered exposed Conclusions (Andersen 1990). Jutland North in also Bjørnsholm at barrow 1989). incan same be seen The theof façade the early Neolithic long (Kristensen inwards faces internal flat the with set were diameter in m 0.7 and m 0.5 between trunks split from made posts façade large three Denmark, in Jutland, North Fjelsø, near IV Storgård At ument. mon the into facing core inner exposed raw their with set istically those meanings can be glimpsed. One of the most intriguing was intriguing most the of One glimpsed. be can meanings those of some analysis contextual careful through and of monuments, users the and builders the materi to meaningful the presumably of were itself substance al very the sometimes and col textures, sizes, ours, shapes, Sources, them. to attaching meanings the and used were they way the in interchangeable been have might cases recognize some in and to too, sites these at important important were materials other is that it people Neolithic concerns of the experiences about and thinking in But inevitable. is preservation, its therefore and durability, its of because stone on focusing logically, Archaeo ways. meaningful of range a in deployed and dimensions many in varied were monuments related and graves, passage rows, bar long dolmens, of construction the in used and selected terials As with the positioning of stones, so timber posts are character are posts timber so stones, of positioning the with As mortuary in used orthostats timber the with happens same The Stepping back from some of the detail it seems clear that the ma the that clear seems it detail the of some from back Stepping / Johansen Johansen ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 12 sions of birth anddeath. sions of birth expres materialworlds; between transitions the of facilitators male, fe and male representationsarea of landscape, the and monument the between doorway the in cycle the of intersection the at graves, passage and barrows long many in worlds two these between ary bound Standingthe at mortality. of states ditemovement between expe to technology a as acting monument the of architecture the sense of containing or being organized by supernatural the powers, with in materials animistic are wood and stone view re- a such to In later birth. or sooner subject be to believed is that being pended sus of state the pre-mortality, called be might what is this sphere; trees and represent rocks at the interface to the between biosphere and builtthe litho body non-human a within bounded is spirit the landscape monumental the of world” “inside the In death. to later or sooner subject being of state the enjoying of sense the in mortal is and body, human host its within bounded is spirit the landscape real the of world” “outside the In 6). (fig. spirals interlocking of a pair or figure-of-eight a as seen be might monuments these to plicit im referencing cosmological the Graphically, attention. of focus ry prima the provided wood others in views, world dominated stone landscapes some intocouldIn which, life ofpass. ble out which,and cruci a of creation the rather container, but a of creation the much so 1982).not was Parry (c.f.monument the Bloch tality Constructing mor of conditions different under live could spirit human a which in spaces but spaces, living as monuments the of outside and side in the both moment a for Consider fundamental. most the perhaps Pre-mortality Inside world Death /Birth Female Male Outside world Mortality ------mothy Darvill, Copyright reserved). mothy Darvill, Ti (Diagramm: Sterblichkeit von Phasen zwei auf basierend Kosmologie, klischen zy einer Darstellung Schematische 6. Abb. reserved). Copyright vill, Dar Timothy by (Diagramme mortality of phases two on based cosmology clical cy a of representation Schematic 6. Fig. - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 13 Bailloud et al. 2003: G. Bailloud, C. Boujot, S. Cassen, and C-T. Le Roux, Car C-T.Roux, and Le Cassen, S. Boujot, C. Bailloud, G. 2003: al. et Bailloud three of Excavation Evans, J.G. and I.F.Smith 1979:P. al. Ashbee, et Ashbee edition Second 1984: in Britain. barrow P. long Ashbee earthen The Ashbee, megalithic Irish for Origins Stone. into Wood ApSimon, A. 1997: ApSimon and 1990:Johansen Andersen An graveearly Neolithic at North Bjørnsholm, References Barclay 1983: G.J. Barclay, Sites of the third millennium bc to the first millen 1983:Barclay Barclay, first to the bc millennium third the Sites of G.J. the of tombs Megalithic Hunebedden. Dutch The Bakker, 1992;A. J. Bakker Barclay Barclay 1998: Barclay, G.J. and Farmers, temples tombs. Scotland in the Neo Bloch and Parry 1982: M. Bloch and J. Parry (eds), Death and the regenera the and (eds),Death Parry J. and Bloch 1982:M. 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Danish of Journal Jutland. logical Series 2 (Ann Arbor 1992). 2(Ann Arbor Series logical Archaeo in Prehistory Monographs culture. beaker International funnel 2003). (Paris, pierre de architectures premières Les nac. ety of Antiquaries of Scotland 113, Scotland of Antiquaries of ety 1983, 122–281. nium ad Mains, at of Strathallan, Proceedings Perthshire. the North Soci medium the message? Antiquity 72, 1998, 847–52. Antiquity message? the medium 1998). Age(Edinburgh Bronze early and lithic human experience in Neolithic and Europe (London 1998). (London AgeEurope Bronze and Neolithic in experience human 1976).(Sion, Valais) (Lausanne MVI 2: dolmen Le 1982). (Cambridge life of tion colour in archaeological research (Oxford 2002) 73–92. (Oxford research archaeological in colour of significance The A. past. the In: Colouring (eds.), beyond. MacGregor and G. and Man Jones of Isle the in monuments Neolithic at quartz 21.3, Archaeology 2002, of 249–61. Journal Oxford Neolithic. May of 1816. month in the investigated and 19, Archaeologia 1821, 43–48. opened was which Somerset, of county the in Wellow,atStoney Littleton 27,ogy 1964, 3–22. Archaeol of Journal Ulster Armagh. Co Ballymacdermot, at cairn court 39, 1876, Archaeology of Journal Ulster 1–7. 31, Society Prehistoric 1965, the of 34–57. Proceedings Scotland. Perthshire, Pitnacree, at barrow round Neolithic 27.1, Archaeology of Journal Oxford Bohuslän. 1–14.of 2008, concealment: the of organization raw materials in the chambered tombs burgh 2000). 17(Edin Series Monograph Scotland of Antiquaries of Society Cairns. va eas (Stroudeas 2004). tice (Oxford 2004) 46–54. 2004) tice (Oxford of prac and traditions Materiality er of (eds.),the Irish Sea. Neolithic The In: V. beyond. and of Man ence in Neolithic the FowlCummings and C. tion Sciences Research Report 7 (Bournemouth and Douglas 2000) 34–44. 2000) Douglas and 7(Bournemouth Report Research Sciences tion Isle Project, lithic of 1999. 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paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 14 Grimes 1948: W. F. Grimes, burial chamber, Pembrokeshire. Ar Pembrokeshire. chamber, burial Ifan Pentre Grimes, F.W. 1948: Grimes of survey A Watson, C. and Chartrand J. Darvill, T. Gale, J. 1999: al. et Gale Journal Ulster Antrim. Dunloy,County Cairn, Doey’s Evans, 1938:E. Evans E. archaeology: woodland A Hodder, I. and Evans C. 2006: Hodder and Evans 51, Antiquity Barrow. long Littleton Stony Donovan, T. D. 1977: Donovan nod 07 T Igl, aeil aant aeilt. rhelgcl Dia Archaeological materiality. against Materials Ingold, T. 2007: Ingold burials. secondary its and dolmen round a Tårup: Holst, K. M. 2006: Holst European the in men and women houses, Burials, Hodder, I. 1984: Hodder 1939: Hencken Co Sligo. Journal at A cairn Creevykeel, long Hencken, O’N H. Jones 1999: A. Jones, Local colour: megalithic architecture and colour sym colour and architecture megalithic colour: Local Jones, 1999:A. Jones Madsen 1979: T Madsen, Earthen long barrows and timber structures: as structures: timber and barrows long Earthen Madsen, T 1979: Madsen D. and Gibson A. In: Lyncharchitecture. 1998: F. prehistoric in Lynch,Colour tomb, megalithic Samson Carreg the at Excavations Lynch, 1975:F.Lynch monuments, megaliths, Stones: The Lambrick, G. 1988: Lambrick barrow long Neolithicearly StorgårdIV.AnKristensen, K. 1989:KristensenI. for Dolmens Chippindale) C. and A. (Trans. Joussaume 1987:R Joussaume colour of significance The Bradley, R. and Jones A. 1999: Bradley and Jones Midgley 1985: M. Midgley, The origin and function of the earthen long bar long earthen the of function and origin The 1985:Midgley, M. Midgley 2005). (Oxford materiality of (ed.), Meskell 2005: Archaeologies L. Meskell 82, Antiquity France. western in megaliths Refitting Mens, E. 2008: Mens Midgley 1992: M. Midgley, TRB Culture. The first farmers of the north Euro north the of farmers first The Culture. TRB Midgley, 1992: M. Midgley Mitchell 1982: J. Michell, Megalithomania: Artists, and archae and antiquarians Artists, Megalithomania: (London Michell, 1982:J. Mitchell Europe northern of megaliths The Midgley, M. 2008: Midgley Mitchell Mitchell 1992: G.F. Mitchell, Notes on cobbles at some non-local the entranc atn 92 M Pto, eaihc rnpr ad ertra mres evi markers: territorial and transport Megalithic Patton, M. 1992: Patton Ireland. of tombs megalithic the of Survey O´Nualláin, S. 1989: O´Nualláin Piggott 1945: S. Piggott, The of “The Grey Mare and Colts”. and Mare Grey of “The cairn 1945: chambered Piggott The Piggott, S. Pearson Parker Douglas 1999)Douglas 54–63. and (Bournemouth 5 Report Research Sciences 1998. Conservation of School report: Fourth Man. of Isle Project, Landscape Neolithic Billown Darvill, T. In: Laxey. Grave, Orry’s King at barrows long chambered the 1, 1938, Archaeology of 59–78. 2006). (Cambridge at sites Haddenham Neolithic 1977, 236–7. Journal of Danish Archaeology 14, 7–22. 2006, Archaeology Danish of Journal 1984) (Cambridge 51–68. ry prehisto and power (eds.),Ideology, Tilley C. and D.Miller In: Neolithic. 69, Ireland of 1939, Antiquaries of Society Royal the of 53–98. 100, Cambrensis 3–23. chaeologia logues, 14.1,logues, 2007, 1–16. D. A. Simpson (eds.), Prehistoric ritual and religion (Stroud 1998) religion and (eds.), ritual Simpson D. 62–7. Prehistoric A. 104, 1975, Cambrensis Archaeologia Pembrokeshire. Mathry, 15–35. 1988). 6(London port Re in landscape. HBMCE the Archaeological and prehistoric settlement 1989, 8, Archaeology Danish of 72–87. Journal Jutland. North Fjelsø, near 1987). (London dead the 112–14. 9 (1), of Journal Archaeology in Cambridge European archaeology. 1999, 1999, 18.4, Archaeology of 339–50. Journal Oxford Arran. Neolithic in bolism 2008, 25–37.2008, 45 (1979), Society Prehistoric the of 301–20. Proceedings Denmark. in practice mortuary Neolithic early the of pects rows of northern Europe. BAR International Series 259 (Oxford 1985). 259 (Oxford Series BAR International Europe. northern of rows 2008). 1992). Plain (Edinburgh pean ologists at the old stone monuments. (London 1982). (London monuments. stone old at the ologists Volume V (Dublin 1989).Volume V(Dublin Meath. County 122, Ireland of Antiquaries of 1992, Knowth, Society Royal the of 128–45.Journal and Newgrange of graves passage the to es 67, 1945,Society 30–34. Archaeological and History Natural Dorset the of Proceedings 1998, 308–26 355–6. and 72, Antiquity message. the on pass stones the ancestors: the for 1992, 66, Antiquity 392–5. Islands. Channel the from dence / Ramilisonina 1998: M. Parker Pearson, Ramilisonina, Stone Ramilisonina, Pearson, Parker 1998:M. Ramilisonina ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Timothy Darvill Megaliths, Monuments, and Materiality

paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 15 Biographical note Biographical Ar Powell 1973: at Dyffryn cairn chambered the of T.G.E. Powell, Excavation of excavation The Powell, T.G.E. and Piggott S. 1942: Powell and Piggott 1955– Excavations Barrow. Long Kennet West The Piggott, 1962: S. Piggott resource management and the Neolithic of Northwest Europe.resource of Northwest management andthe Neolithic the National Trust. Current research interests focus on archaeological of Council the of Member a was and Archaeologists Field of stitute historic Britain (Routledge. 2010) he has served as Chairman of the In Pre(Tempus.2006),and landscape 2002), a of biography the Stonehenge: Press. University (Oxford Archaeology of Dictionary Oxford Concise 1996), The Press. University (Cambridge air the from Britain 1987),Prehistoric Heritage. (English Countryside the in Monuments Ancient including books, dozen a over of 1991.author October The in University group at Bournemouth archaeology newly-established the in Archaeology of Chair the to appointed was He management. resource archaeological of field the in services consultancy offering Council for British Archaeology before establishing a private practice Trustthe Archaeological and Western the for worked he England, of west the and Wales of Neolithic the on University Southampton at PhD a completing University.After Bournemouth at Sciences vation con monument and topography rocks: of power The Tilley, 1996a:C. Tilley Deutschlands. megalithgräber der Atlas Sprockhoff, E. 1975: Sprockhoff Alexander by Excavations Avebury. and 1965: Hill Smith I.F.Windmill Smith, Smith and Lynch 1987: Smith and F.M. Lynch,C.A. TrefignathandDin Dryfol. long Neolithic a of excavation The North. Hazleton Saville, A. 1990: Saville (Stroud 2002). Neolithic British the of Monuments Russell, 2002: M. Russell the constructing monuments: with Labouring Richards, C. 2004: Richards Tilley 1996b: C. Tilley, An ethnography of the Neolithic. Early prehistoric so prehistoric Early Neolithic. the of ethnography Tilley, An 1996b: C. Tilley Wysocki et al. 2007: M. Wysocki, A. Bayliss, and A. Whittle, Serious mortality: mortality: Serious Whittle, A. and Bayliss, A. 2007:al. et Wysocki, M. Wysocki and dolmen portal sky: the to float that Stones Whittle, A. 2004: Whittle excavations Oxfordshire: Smithy, Wayland’s Whittle, A.W.R. 1991: Whittle House, Street at cairn Neolithic a of excavation The Vyner, B.E. 1984: Vyner landscape in Explorations Stone. of materiality The Tilley, C. 2004: Tilley Timothy Darvill is Professor of Archaeology in the School of Conser Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 83, 103–61. Scotland 1948-49, of Antiquaries of Society in Galloway, tombs 1949. chambered Neolithic the of three Proceedings 1962). 4(London Reports Archaeological Works of Ministry 56. Niedersachsen-Westfalen (Bonn 1975). (Bonn Niedersachsen-Westfalen 1925–1939Keiller 1965). (Oxford 3(Cardiff Monographs 1987). ological Archae Anglesey. in tombs Cambrian megalithic two of excavation The 13 1990). (London Report Archaeological England for Commission Monuments and Buildings Historic group. Cotswold-Severn the of cairn 72–80. 2004) (Oxford practice of traditions and Materiality Sea. Irish the C. of Neolithic (eds.),The Fowler and Cummings V. In: Wales. south-west Samson, Carreg at dolmen 104, 1973, Archaeologia Wales. 1-49. Merioneth, dudwy, struction on Bodmin Moor. World Archaeology 28, 1996, 28, 161–76. Moor. World Archaeology Bodmin on struction Journal 17.1Journal (Supplement), 2007, 65–84. Archaeological Cambridge barrow. long Lodge Fussell’s the of date the 81–90. 2004) tice (Oxford Fowl of prac and traditions Materiality er of C. (eds.),the Irish Sea. Neolithic The and Cummings V. In: myth. and memory of landscapes their 57(2), Society Prehistoric the of 1991,ceedings 61–101. Pro Piggott. S. and Atkinson R.J.C. by1962-63 in tomb Neolithic the at 95. 151–1984, 50, Society Prehistoric the of Proceedings Cleveland. Loftus, 2004). (London phenomenology 1996). (Cambridge Scandinavia southern in cieties ------Siehe www.jungsteinsite.de, Artikel Urheberrechtliche Hinweise: Kiel AndreasUmsetzung: Link, Techn. Reese Ines Redaktion: Furholt, Kiel Martin Redaktion: Dieterich, Kiel Layout: Holger ISSN 1868-3088 Impressum Poole, Dorset BH12 Dorset Poole, 5BB. United Kingdom. Bournemouth University,Fern Barrow, Bournemouth Email: [email protected] School of Conservation Sciences Conservation of School Anthropology and Heritage and Anthropology Centre Archaeology, for Timothy Darvill Timothy