1

Paper 2: Section A — Option A4: The USA, 1917-29

Key themes Some Other Names Some Other Terms Issues The impact of the First World • Woodrow Wilson • Normalcy Why did the USA turn isolationist after WW1? War on the USA • Warren Harding • Washington Naval • Economic benefits & Industrial Conference, 1923 Isolationism & Normalcy in part explain & growth Of the 20 Latin American • Dawes Plan, 1924 were in part a product of the Republican • Isolationism nations, the US efntfectively • Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 landslide of 1920 & their domination of the • The Failure to ratify the Treaty controlled 14. Between • The Monroe Doctrine presidency & congress in the 1920s. They of Versailles & join League of 1924-2, US investment in • The Fordney-McCumber were also connected closely to some other Nations. Latin America rose from Tariff key features of the 1920s below: the • Economic isolationism: $1.5bn to $3.5bn. In 1926, curtailment of immigration, , the protectionist policies. the US marines intervened culture wars & racism. in Nicaragua to protect President Diaz; in 1929 the In foreign policy isolation was not total: see sent arms to Mexico to back the adjacent column & think of US President Callas: involvement in Latin America. isolationism? Immigration • The Melting Pot Why was immigration restricted in the years • Attitudes to immigration. • Mitchell Palmer • WASPs after the First World War? • The ‘Red Scare’. • Sacco and Vanzetti • 1917 Literacy Tests • Policies to restrict immigration. • Webster Thayer • 1921 Immigration Quotas What were key features of the new • Sacco and Vanzetti Case. • 1924 National Origins Act immigration policies? (Johnson-Reed Act) • 1927 Quota on Japanese The connection between racism & the red & Chinese Immigration scare (Italians, Russians & East Europeans, (150,000) Jews) • Socialism • Bolshevism • Anarchism • The Palmer Raids

2

Key themes Some Other Names Some Other Terms Issues Prohibition and gangsterism • • Temperance The reasons for the introduction of • Reasons for introduction of • • Anti-Saloon League Prohibition prohibition. • George Remus (‘King of • Dry Counties • Reasons for failure of the Bootleggers’) • 18th Amendment Why it failed prohibition. • • National Prohibition Act • Organised crime including Al • Big Bill Thompson () The key features of the growth of organised Capone. • Bootlegging crime; the example of Capone. • • In can be argued that the biggest impact of • Teamsters prohibition was criminalise millions of • St Valentine’s Day Americans and spread corruption into US Massacre public life: already Warren Harding had been corrupt (the Teapot Dome scandal). Now • FBI lowly paid Treasury Agents were bribed and Capone had the Mayor of in his pocket. Mass production and the stock • Henry Ford • The American Dream Why was there a boom in the 1920s? market boom • Calvin Coolidge • ‘Rugged Individualism’ • Reasons for economic boom of • Herbert Hoover • Corporations How important was Henry Ford & the 1920s. • Model-T Ford automobile industry to the 1920s? • Henry Ford and mass • Wall Street production. • Federal Reserve What were the problems of farming in the • Hire purchase, consumerism • Suburbs 1920s? and the popularity of the stock • Skyscrapers market. • Consumer goods Who benefitted from the boom, who didn’t? • Problems in farming, including • HP over-production and • Stock market boom mechanisation. • Share Prices The decline of older industries. • • Buying ‘on the margain’

• Brokers Loans

• National Income

• Laissez-Faire

• Soap Operas

• The MacNarey-Haugen Bill 3

Key themes Some Other Names Some Other Terms Issues The • F Scott Fitzgerald, Zelda • Flappers What were the key features of the Roaring • The changing position of Fitzgerald • The Twenties? women including the flappers. • The It Girl • Syncopation, ragtime, • Leisure industry, cinema, Jazz, • Louis Armstrong boogie woogie How far were there changes in the position dancing, sport, radio, • Duke Ellington • The Black Bottom, the of women? advertising and motoring. • George Gershwin Charleston • Culture Wars • Al Jolson • Warner Bros, MGM, Fox How far is the term culture wars justified? • Morals and the ‘Monkey Trial’. • Cecil B DeMille • Hollywood & Beverley Hills • Charlie Chaplain, Buster • Fundamentalism & What was the significance of the Scopes Keaton, Laurel & Hardy Creationism Trial? • Walt Disney • The Scopes Trial • Mickey Mouse • Charles Lindbergh • Jon T Scopes • William Jennings Bryan & Clarence Darrow • Billy Sunday The position of black • Jim Crow Laws The role of the KKK & the reasons for its Americans • Segregation decline. • The Jim Crow Laws, • Sharecroppers segregation and • The Birth of a Nation The position of black Americans at the start discrimination. • Lynching of the 1920s and the changes that had • The Ku Klux Klan. • The Great Migration occurred by the end of the decade. • The influence of Marcus • NAACP Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois. • UNIA The way in which emancipation did not free The Black Renaissance, • An awareness of developments • southern blacks; the fact that northern in the position of black The Harlem Renaissance blacks were freer, but still discriminated Americans and the KKK in the against years before 1919 The way in which, mostly through jazz, black culture began to become mainstream.