1 Constitutional Engineering and Regulating Ethnic Politics in Singapore Netina Tan SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow Asian Institute at the University of Toronto Munk School of Global Affairs 1 Devonshire Place, Room 262S Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3K7 Email:
[email protected] http://munkschool.utoronto.ca/profile/netina-tan/ Assistant Professor (from 1 Jan 2012) Department of Political Science McMaster University KTH Room 541- 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M4 Email:
[email protected] http://www.politicalscience.mcmaster.ca/people/netina Paper prepared for Constitutional Design and Ethnic Conflict Conference, New York University, 17 November 2012. Work-in-progress, please do not cite without permission. Abstract Singapore is one of Asia’s most culturally diverse and ethnically fractionalized countries. Given its diversity, the country’s polity and party system ought to be highly fragmented and polarized. Yet, unlike its neighbouring states in the region, ethnic politics are disallowed and ethnic conflicts have been eliminated since 1970s. This paper examines how constitutional engineering and legal controls based on a racially discriminatory framework repressed ethnic politics and electoral competition in Singapore. By studying the effects of ethnic quotas for the legislature and public housing, it offers new evidence to show how quotas, used in conjunction with gerrymandering and malapportionment changed the spatial representation of ethnic voters, decimated ethnic parties and strengthened hegemonic party rule. 2 “(1) It