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Chemical Analyses in Archaeometallurgy: a View on the Iberian Peninsula

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Chemical Analyses in Archaeometallurgy: a View on the Iberian Peninsula See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285815957 Chemical analyses in archaeometallurgy: a view on the Iberian peninsula Article · January 2009 CITATIONS READS 20 221 2 authors: Roland K. Gauss Ernst Pernicka EIT Raw Materials Curt Engelhorn Zentrum Archäometrie and University of Heidelberg 24 PUBLICATIONS 670 CITATIONS 361 PUBLICATIONS 9,273 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Bronze Age planoconvex copper ingots from the Saalach and Salzach Valley ("Salzburger Gusskuchenprojekt") View project Bronze Age tin - Tin isotopes and the sources of Bronze Age tin in the old World (ERC project) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Ernst Pernicka on 02 February 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Contents Ben Roberts – Tobias L. Kienlin Foreword . 9 Caroline Jackson Of Barbara. 11 Christian Strahm Die Begegnung mit Barbara Ottaway: Erinnerungen an die Impulse für die frühen akademischen Studien . .16 Publications of Barbara S. Ottaway. 18 I. Metals and Societies Christopher P. Thornton Archaeometallurgy: Evidence of a Paradigm Shift?. 25 Martin Bartelheim Elites and Metals in the Central European Early Bronze Age. 34 Rüdiger Krause Bronze Age Copper Production in the Alps: Organisation and Social Hierarchies in Mining Communities . .47 Tobias L. Kienlin – Thomas Stöllner Singen Copper, Alpine Settlement and Early Bronze Age Mining: Is There a Need for Elites and Strongholds? . 67 Emma C. Wager Mining Ore and Making People: Re-thinking Notions of Gender and Age in Bronze Age Mining Communities. .105 Christian Strahm – Andreas Hauptmann The Metallurgical Developmental Phases in the Old World . 116 Ben Roberts Origins, Transmission and Traditions: Analysing Early Metal in Western Europe. 129 Benoît Mille – Laurent Carozza Moving into the Metal Ages: The Social Importance of Metal at the End of the Neolithic Period in France. .143 Contents Dirk Brandherm The Social Context of Early Bronze Age Metalworking in Iberia: Evidence from the Burial Record . 172 John Bintliff Is the Essence of Innovative Archaeology a Technology for the Unconscious?. 181 II. Aspects of Copper and Bronze Age Metallurgy Dušan Borić Absolute Dating of Metallurgical Innovations in the Vinča Culture of the Balkans. 191 Nikolaus Boroffka Simple Technology: Casting Moulds for Axe-adzes . 246 Tobias L. Kienlin – Ernst Pernicka Aspects of the Production of Copper Age Jászladány Type Axes . 258 Mark Pearce How Much Metal was there in Circulation in Copper Age Italy? . 277 Paul Ambert – Valentina Figueroa-Larre – Jean-Louis Guendon – Veronika Klemm – Marie Laroche – Salvador Rovira – Christian Strahm The Copper Mines of Cabrières (Hérault) in Southern France and the Chalcolithic Metallurgy . 285 Roland Müller – Ernst Pernicka Chemical Analyses in Archaeometallurgy: A View on the Iberian Peninsula. 296 Susan La Niece – Caroline Cartwright Bronze Age Gold Lock-rings with Cores of Wax and Wood. 307 Trevor Cowie – Brendan O’Connor Some Early Bronze Age Stone Moulds from Scotland . 313 Viktoria Kiss The Life Cycle of Middle Bronze Age Bronze Artefacts from the Western Part of the Carpathian Basin. 328 Elka Duberow – Ernst Pernicka – Alexandra Krenn-Leeb Eastern Alps or Western Carpathians: Early Bronze Age Metal within the Wieselburg Culture. 336 Marianne Mödlinger – Gerhard Trnka Herstellungstechnische Untersuchungen an Riegseeschwertern aus Ostösterreich . 350 Barbara Horejs Metalworkers at the Çukuriçi Höyük? An Early Bronze Age Mould and a “Near Eastern Weight” from Western Anatolia . 358 Contents Vincent C. Pigott “Luristan Bronzes” and the Development of Metallurgy in the West-Central Zagros, Iran. 369 Quanyu Wang – Jianjun Mei Some Observations on Recent Studies of Bronze Casting Technology in Ancient China. 383 III. Approaches to Early Metallurgy Walter Fasnacht 7000 Years of Trial and Error in Copper Metallurgy – in One Experimental Life. .395 Caroline Jackson Experimental Archaeology and Education: Theory without Practice is Empty; Practice without Theory is Blind. 400 Salvador Rovira – Ignacio Montero-Ruiz – Martina Renzi Experimental Co-smelting to Copper-tin Alloys. 407 Julia Heeb Thinking Through Technology – An Experimental Approach to the Copper Axes from Southeastern Europe. 415 Colin Merrony – Bryan Hanks – Roger Doonan Seeking the Process: The Application of Geophysical Survey on some Early Mining and Metalworking Sites. .421 IV. Studies in Historical Metallurgy Alessandra Giumlia-Mair – Péter Gaboda – Hedvig Györy – Irén Vozil Two Statuettes with ḥmty km Inlays in the Fine Arts Museum Budapest. 433 Nerantzis Nerantzis Using Mills to Refine Metals:Iron Smelting Technology of the Transitional Byzantine to Ottoman Period in Macedonia, Greece. 443 Paul T. Craddock Perceptions and Reality: The Fall and Rise of the Indian Mining and Metal Industry. 453 List of Contributors. 465 296 Roland Müller – Ernst Pernicka Chemical Analyses in Archaeometallurgy: A View on the Iberian Peninsula Abstract from different sources is comparable. This paper aims The paper focuses on the issue of comparability of analyti- to discuss the major analytical series of Iberian cop- rd cal data produced in archaeometallurgical research on the per based artefacts dating from the early 3 to the be- st Iberian Peninsula during the last 120 years. Indeed, the ginning of the 1 millennium BC (Copper and Bronze results produced by the different laboratories are largely Ages), focusing on the issue of data comparability. comparable with each other. Although a large-scale overall comparison of the major quantitative analytical series is still lacking, it is very promising that the conclusions drawn Chemical analyses of copper-based from these different kinds of analytical data do not contra- dict with each other. A small-scale evaluation of the repro- objects from prehistoric Iberian ducibility and accuracy of the trace element analyses run contexts by the ‘Studien zu den Anfängen der Metallurgie’ (SAM) As pointed out above, the usefulness of examining project revealed that they fit very well into the good overall prehistoric metal artefacts chemically was recognized picture of SAM data quality found by previous comparative very early. However, the research questions behind studies. such analyses have varied greatly. Chemical analyses may be conducted for instance in order to identify the composition of a metal object and learn about the material properties of the alloy. Furthermore, due to Introduction the apparent impartial nature of scientific analysis, archaeologists have attempted to develop unbiased Chemical analyses of metal artefacts have a long his- artefact classifications based on systematic trace tory in archaeological research. Indeed, the first ‘sys- ele ment studies (e.g. Junghans et al. 1954; Butler/ tematic’ analyses date back to the formation period van der Waals 1966).2 In addition, the trace element of scientific archaeology, i.e. to the early 19th century. signatures of copper artefacts compared with those Scholars such as Klaproth (1815) and Hünefeld and of slags and ores may allow the identification of the Picht (1827) studied prehistoric metal artefacts using geological provenance of the metal. Obviously, only wet chemical methods, in order to learn about their chemical analysis allows comparison of objects that material properties.1 Chemical analyses have also – although they may derive from the same kind of played a crucial role in archaeological studies on pre- technological process – are of completely different historic Iberia. For example, the Portuguese scholar shape. From chemical analyses of metal objects one Estacio da Veiga (1889: 98–101, 117) pointed out that may also learn more about the metal technology of a the earliest metal used on the Iberian Peninsula was certain period, such as testing whether artefact types made of pure copper and that the earliest Iberian cop- correlate with a certain type of bronze composition. per using cultures still stood in a Neolithic tradition. Finally, chemical examinations are used to study the Thus, he coined the term ‘Copper Age’ for southern corrosion processes of metal objects. Portugal and Iberia in general. During the last two centuries, various analytical Since then, there have been several attempts techniques have been applied to prehistoric Iberian to characterise prehistoric Iberian metal artefacts metal objects with these research objectives. The chemically by various research groups. Today, the analyses cited by Estacio da Veiga (1889: 98) were investigator is often confronted with the problem of undertaken by Mr. Witnich, a chemist who exam- locating all the data that is widely distributed in the ined flat axes from prehistoric graves of the Odemira literature. Even more problematic is whether the data district (southern Portugal), which had been discov- 1 See discussion in Pernicka (1986) and Schmitz (2004: 2 See also discussion in Härke (1978) and Pernicka (1990: 135–142); see also Trigger (2000: 73). 76–99). Chemical Analyses in Archaeometallurgy: A View on the Iberian Peninsula 297 Fig 1: Artefacts from prehistoric sites of southeast Spain, which were analysed by Henri and Louis Siret. They found that the earliest metal objects from southeast Spain had similar shapes as regular stone tools and that they often lacked tin as the crucial element for producing tin bronze (after Siret/Siret 1887: plate XII).
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