Mapping the Ottoman Empire

MAPS IN JANUARY 2016 Newsletter No HISTORY 54

Mapping the Maps and diplomacy Ottoman Empire Portolan controversy (continued)

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JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 EDITORIAL 3

Contents Intro

Looks at books Dear Map Friends,

The world’s masterpieces explored and explained...... 4 You already noticed: the magazine which you have in Collecting Old Maps ...... 6 your hands is different!

Indeed, we begin the new year with a deeply rejuvenated History and Cartography Maps in History. David Raes, who is a professional graphic designer running his own business (www.mindseye.be), How old are portolan charts really? ...... 8 offered his benevolent support in response to my cry for The Modern Atlas as Diplomatic Gift...... 12 e e help in issue No 50 (September 2014). Together with Paul La cartographie des traités (XV – XX siècles) ...... 16 De Candt, who did the lay-out for issues No 52 and 53, we The rectification of the northern border of France have constituted a team and developed a new editorial in 1779, in the field, in La Flamengrie...... 18 approach; our President, Caroline De Candt, and our webmaster, Pierre Parmentier, also took an active part Interview in the rejuvenation process. In addition, we now have a full colour magazine, since our President managed to

How I Got Into Cartography: Joost Depuydt...... 24 find a print shop which can do it for an affordable price.

We do hope that you like the resulting new lay-out and Brussels Map Circle news looks of our publication ... and that you appreciate the progress made since Wulf Bodenstein and I assembled Mapping the Ottoman Empire...... 26 Newsletter No 19 by hand in the local photo-copy shop! Brussels Map Circle Programme for 2016...... 30 The Ottoman Empire is again on the cover, to highlight News and calendar the success of our yearly Conference in December (see the full report on page XX). Other topics in this issue are related to the close links between maps and diploma- International news ...... 34 cy. Prof. Toshiyuki Shimazu first tells us the story of a Events calendar...... 38 copy of the famous atlas of Europe made in Belgium by Exhibition calendar...... 40 Philippe Vandermaelen which ended up in Japan as a dip- Auction calendar...... 41 lomatic gift in the 1840s (p. YY). Then Caroline De Candt reports on the yearly conference of the Comité français de cartographie devoted to the cartography of treaties, where different aspects of the role of maps in diplomatic relations were presented, as well as their evolution from the 15th to the 20th centuries (p. ZZ). I contributed to this most interesting conference with a presentation on the history of the northern boundary of France, which I turned into an article for this issue of Maps in History (p. WW). Last but not least, the controversy on the origin of portolan charts continues, as Roel Nicolai responds, quite strongly, to the criticisms of Joaquim Gaspar and Tony Campbell on his thesis in our last issue (p. VV); this promises interesting debates at the workshop scheduled on this subject (in June, in Lisbon).

Wishing you a happy cartographic year,

Jean-Louis Renteux Vice-President & Editor [email protected]

Cover: Baghdad, Atlas, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, B. 339, 4v-5r, 17th century

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 4 LOOKS AT BOOKS

The world’s masterpieces explored and explained by Jerry Brotton

London, Dorling Kindersley 2014, 256 pages, most with illustrations – maps, map details, portraits of mapmakers – hard cover, 310 x 260 mm, GBP 20, ISBN 978-1-4654-2463-1

If you ever thought you would be to others. I also found it fascinating to content with merely glancing at a map, see the way Brotton’s technique serves this book will force a change of mind. equally for the most up-to-date maps. Jerry Brotton gives his readers a different take on ‘A History Of The World As an example of the format we will In Twelve Maps’; the twelve have now take the New Map of France by César- become over sixty, and we are invited François Cassini de Thury, from the to look at them in great detail. New Directions and Beliefs section. The map is allotted four pages (some The book begins with a preface and only get two). The first two pages show introduction. It is then divided into the title and details – date, produc- six sections: Classical Maps - 1500 tion technique, size, and where it now BCE – 1300 CE, Discovery and Travel - resides – of the map, plus the map 1300 – 1570, New Directions and Beliefs itself. In addition, Brotton gives us - 1570 – 1750, Thematic Maps - 1750 – the size of the map, comparing it in 1900, and Modern Mapping - 1900 to this case to a person’s hand (where he explanation and drawing of triangula- the present. In each section the writer presents a large map this would be a tion, the technique used by Cassini to takes the maps he deems to be the most person’s height). We have some text make the map. significant for the period and theme, introducing the map and a box with a and for each allots two or four pages of An interesting map in the Discovery very visual analysis and explanation. In and Travel section is the Aztec Map of time the reader is led from the Bedolina The book is a visual Tenochtitlan, 1642, ink on paper, author Petroglyph (c. 1500 BCE, Italy) to the delight, and every page unknown, which resides in the Bodleian Google Earth digital map (2014, global), teaches the reader how Library, in Oxford, UK. The largest city in theme from ‘The Map of the Tracks of in the pre-Columbian Americas, it was Yu’ to the map of the World Ocean Floor, to look at the maps. where Mexico City lies today. It is about and we are forced to look at and appre- two hands high and one and a half wide. ciate content, materials, production portrait of Cassini and a short biog- The introduction describes the map – context, among many other aspects. raphy. The following two pages gives see illustration – with its blue border, us a Visual Tour. Brotton chooses six signifying the lake on which the city Brotton’s trump card is that he has parts of the map, numbering them on is built, and the blue cross signifying found a format that can be applied to a reduced version of the actual map so the city’s canals. The cross divides the all the maps he wishes to show us. This that we can see where they fit in, and city into its four main districts, and the format provides a pedagogical and en- blows each section up to a size where city’s founding fathers sit within the tertaining introduction to some maps the reader/viewer can comfortably areas between the canals. At the centre we might not know, or might not know appreciate the content. He writes a is the eagle perched on a cactus, and very well. At the same time his ap- paragraph explaining each of these the blue border contains hieroglyphs proach to those maps we feel far more sections. In addition, on the same page which each represent a year, starting acquainted with does not jar; indeed we find a box entitled ‘On Technique’ with the foundation of the city in 1325. his is perhaps a very useful lesson in (Other maps have ‘In Context’, where At the bottom of the map is a separate how to introduce our favourite maps this is more appropriate) with an section, pulled out as part of the Visual

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 LOOKS AT BOOKS 5

Nicola Boothby [email protected]

Tour, showing the Aztecs defeating rival cities; the map as a whole is therefore considered to be a celebration of the founding of the Aztec Empire. In addition to the introduction, we have the Visual Tour, showing a detail and explanation of the eagle, cactus and the Aztec god Huitzilopochtli’s symbol, the same for Tenoch, Aztec leader and one of the city’s founders, and a detail and explanation of the bottom section, as already described. There is also an ‘In Context’ box, explaining how the Mesoamerican tradition of mapmaking is characterised by the use of hieroglyphs to depict events and places. The box also has a picture of Aztec warri- ors consulting a map from the Codex Florentine, c. 1570.

The book is a visual delight, and every page teaches the reader how to look at the maps. We are forced to look actively at them and their details, and I for one am highly motivated to put ‘seeing the real thing’ on my list. Occasionally information is missing: for example on the Aztec map I would have liked some explanation about the name and role of the ‘Cosmographe du Roy’ written at the top of the map, but perhaps Brotton has done this intentionally.... Aztec Map of Tenochtitlan, 1642

Perhaps this qualifies it as a serious Jain view of the universe, or, in the To quote the back flap: ‘Maps reveal ‘coffee table’ book. There is only one case of Simon Winchester, a travel more than just geography: they are a small aspect I personally do not like writer who has also written about window into the culture, beliefs and – the quotes, or rather the way they maps. The quotes are interesting, but history of the great civilisations of the are formatted. They are in general clutter up the page, intruding on the world’. Jerry Brotton has done a great from mapmakers themselves, e.g. flow of information. I feel it would be job in introducing us to some Great Mercator, or historians, e.g. Joseph better to incorporate them into the Maps which have opened this window. E. Schwartzberg commenting on the explanatory text.

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 6 LOOKS AT BOOKS

Collecting Old Maps by F.J. Manasek

Revised and Expanded Edition by: Marti Griggs and Curt Griggs Clarkdale (Arizona): Old Maps Press, 2015, 352 pages – 408 illustrations – maps and details of maps, and graphics – hard cover, 285 x 245 mm about USD 250 - ISBN 978-0-692-25936-8

The first edition of the book was real ‘close-ups’ so that the reader can published seventeen years ago, and absorb the information quite easily. from the near ecstatic reviews of this The text assumes intelligence rather edition, I gather many people have than cartographical knowledge in been waiting for this one for quite the reader; explanations of technical some time. As a relative newcomer to cartographic vocabulary are given the sport of maps, I had not seen the in a very straightforward manner. first edition, and so come to Manasek The progression of the chapters is and Griggs with fresh eyes. very important. By the time we get to the ‘Forgeries and Other Copies’, we This would be a most enjoyable tome actually have some of knowledge in merely to leaf through. You could also our toolkit to appreciate the examples put it on a shelf – having memorised given. The Cartographic Miscellany the chapter headings – and pick it up examples at the end of each chapter, just for reference. Your third, much show the reader something which is more fun, choice is to read it careful- not quite a map, but seems to belong give rise to new vocabulary – the ly. You need to make the choice fairly in the same genre. ‘carte à figures’ maps, for example, quickly, however, for the pedagogy be- together with, in this case, a carte à gins on the first pages, together with figures map with no ‘figures’! sumptuous illustrations and most I certainly believe useful graphics. that the authors have The last part of the book is given over achieved their goal: to the annexes, which are all most The first half of the book is a bit like useful for reference. Appendix A is a reading a non-fiction detective novel. ‘to facilitate your ‘reference library’, of journals, mag- After the introductory chapter ‘Why journey into the world azines, trade publications and books, Collect Maps?’, aimed it seems at of antique maps’. as well as online collections and sites, not-yet collectors, the authors launch where the authors are careful to say into six chapters about maps and the that this is a selection and there are map market, followed by advice on The second half of the book starts doubtless more – this would be the ‘Building a Map Collection’, which with a foldout timeline, which both first section to ‘date’ in future years. quite neatly refers back to the first summarises the previous chapters – Appendix B is a glossary of terms, C is chapter and rounds off the first half of as regards paper technology, printing a history of paper-making and D lists the book. Chapters 2 to 7 are headed: process, etc – and acts as an introduc- resources for map collectors, i.e. web- the Anatomy of a Map, Kinds of Maps, tion to the ‘Map Gallery – a Historical sites – where the Brussels Map Circle the Art of Mapmaking, Forgeries Survey’ which gives well-illustrated is listed – map societies and map and Other Copies, Condition and examples of maps by century, from fairs. Appendix E is a guide to fram- Conservation, and the Market Speaks. the 15th to the 20th centuries. The maps ing and storage, and F an overview of The authors tell their story in a very chosen are explained in some detail, symbolism and allegory. enthusiastic way, setting it neatly in together with comments on their a historical context, and the pages value, availability, and so on – always I am not a collector, and therefore are lavishly illustrated with some with the collector in mind. They also perhaps should not even be reviewing

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 LOOKS AT BOOKS 7

Nicola Boothby [email protected]

Cartographic Miscellany: William Pitt and Napoleon Bonaparte discuss CARVING UP THE WORLD the book. However, I found it high- of antique maps, to give insight into ly informative, hugely readable and the reasons why things are as they one that has clearly helped me up a are, and to bring sensible order to the notch with my cartographic knowl- vast amount of information available edge. It is also a book I will go back to to collectors’, in a most enthusiastic, again and again, as it provides a very user-friendly way. useful framework for appreciating any map. I certainly believe that the authors have achieved their goal: ‘to facilitate your journey into the world

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 8 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY

How old are portolan charts really? Roel Nicolai Response of Roël Nicolai to Joaquim Gaspar and Tony Campbell

The reviews of Joaquim Gaspar and again, premature. My own suggestion interpreted to say that the mariner’s Tony Campbell (in Maps in History No is that the orientation of the partial compass was not used before that date. 53) do require a reply, but I shall limit chart of the Western Mediterranean Several decades of assumed prior usage myself to the main points of their cri- may have been oriented with the help can be justified, but that brings us only tique. Both Gaspar and Campbell have of an early compass, perhaps of the to the beginning of the 14th century, received a full copy of my dissertation type described by Petrus Peregrinus in not the beginning of the 13th or even and both respond to the entire thesis 1269, and the rest of the partial charts earlier! To assume that the compass as a and not just to the article in this news- were fitted together using overlaps of single unit was used extensively for 150 letter, in which I could only describe a common sections of coastline. This is years while in contemporary literature few aspects of my extensive analysis. another explanation of the rotation angle of the charts, and this way of con- Gaspar claims two main facts sup- structing a mosaic chart also explains Evidently only one port a medieval origin. The first is the strange regional scale variations conclusion can be correct, the existence of the ‘Liber de exist- and orientation variations on a porto- so an evaluation of the encia rivieriarum ...’, which indeed lan chart, for which no good explana- refers to a nautical chart and it is the tion has been provided until now and correctness of each method oldest document known to do so. It which Gaspar does not mention. used is required. also states that information in the document stems from observation by Gaspar deviates from good scientif- the author, but, tantalising as this is, ic practice in a few places. On three only the so-called floating compass is that statement on its own provides an occasions he ignores historical evi- described makes a very unlikely story. insufficient basis for a conclusion that dence, stating that such evidence does Pointing to the charts themselves as medieval pilots supplied the obser- not prove that his hypothetical original evidence for the early availability of the vation data for the construction of story is incorrect. These are firstly his compass as a single unit is an unac- portolan charts. It might equally refer postulated existence of a long develop- ceptable way of conducting scientific to the descriptive information about ment path involving ‘working charts’, inquiry. This constitutes circular ports and the hydrographic detail secondly the change of terminology reasoning: the charts cannot be both found on portolan charts. Quantitative from ‘needle’ to ‘bussola’ in notarial question and answer. analysis of the Liber is therefore highly documents in 1349 (which is support- desirable and I volunteer to participate ed by evidence from contemporary The main bone of contention between in such an analysis. literature) and thirdly the computation Gaspar and myself concerns the of the arithmetic mean as a means of question whether the Mercator(-like) Gaspar’s second ‘fact’ is that the ro- improving the accuracy of a distance or projection is automatically generated by tation angle of the chart image, about direction. To propose something that the plane charting technique. Gaspar 9 degrees, appears to agree with the is not directly supported by historical concluded ‘yes’ and I concluded ‘no’. average value of magnetic declina- evidence is not incorrect in itself, but Evidently only one conclusion can be tion. That may be true or not, but to its plausibility will at least have to be correct, so an evaluation of the correct- conclude from that fact alone that the demonstrated, otherwise one risks ness of each method used is required. whole of the Mediterranean and the writing one’s own private version of Initially Gaspar and I follow the same Black Sea must then have been sur- history. I accept that the occurrence of approach: generate a framework of veyed with the magnetic compass, is, the term ‘bussola’ in 1349 must not be rhumb-line distances and magnetic

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY 9

Fig. 1 Geodetic framework of distances and azimuths between coastal points in the Western Mediterranean. Similar frameworks were defined for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Calculation or plotting of the positions of the coastal points yields a ‘synthetic’ chart that can be compared to a portolan chart.

weight factor of 0.8 reflects therefore partly his omission of ac- counting for the different units of measure. azimuths between points along the with the (apparent or real) map projec- 3. This optimum factor was achieved coastline of the Mediterranean, cal- tion of portolan charts. by minimising the mismatches culate the positions of these points by in the calculation. There are two plane charting and compare the result His approach has the following flaws: disturbing factors in his geomet- with a portolan chart. This exercise ric framework, which cause the takes us firmly into the domain of 1. Gaspar does not take into account simulated observations to fit geodesy, my own field of expertise. the established sailing routes. He exactly: the effect of the neglected Geodesy has been defined as the ‘sci- opts for a framework of 55 regu- earth curvature and the spatial ence of the measurement and mapping larly spaced nodes with latitudes variation in magnetic declination. of the earth’s surface’. The only available from 30°N to 50°N and longitudes Gaspar optimises these mismatch- technique to map a significant portion from 10°W to 40°E, with 5° intervals, es by compensating them with of the earth’s surface is to begin by i.e. covering most of central and just enough contributions by the establishing a geometric framework. southern Europe. Such a frame- computed distances. The flaw is This is the quintessence of geodesy; it work is not representative for the that he concludes from the optimum is why geodesy developed as an applied, Mediterranean. Its symmetry will found that this is how the medieval mathematics-based science in the 18th ensure that the end result will also cartographer must have done it: century. In those days geodesy, together be highly symmetrical, the only giving a four times higher weight to with astronomy, formed the vanguard of disturbing factor being the spatial azimuths than to distances. science. A rich geodetic tradition exists variation of magnetic declination. on the subject of the measurement, 4. The final question is: ‘does the sim- analysis and computation of a geometric 2. Gaspar used a relative weight factor ulated result look sufficiently like framework of distances and directions for distances and azimuths (0=dis- a portolan chart?’. Gaspar applies measured on the earth’s surface. Gaspar tances only; 1=azimuths only), but a subjective criterion to the com- provides no indication that he is aware is clearly unaware that in least parison of his simulation and the of this tradition, speaking, as he does, squares adjustment with different actual portolan charts. He process- of ‘novel analytical tools and numerical quantities (distances and azimuths) es both by the cartometric analysis modelling techniques’ which he intro- the relative weighting should be software package MapAnalyst, duced. There is no point in my trying to achieved by using the inverse of the which generates a distortion grid sweeten the pill, so I will start by stating covariance matrix of the observa- (his Fig. 1). What Gaspar appears to clearly that Gaspar applied this tech- tions in the calculation. One unit of be unaware of is that the method nique incorrectly and his conclusions distance contributes differently to MapAnalyst uses to compute these are therefore invalid. He jumps into the position calculation than one grids has significant smoothing and least squares estimation, apparently unit of azimuth and use of covar- extrapolation properties. Gaspar without understanding exactly what the iance matrix makes azimuths and presents no quantitative, objective method does and how he should test ob- distances computationally compat- criteria to show what the differenc- jectively whether the result is consistent ible quantities. Gaspar’s optimum es between his network calculation

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 10 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY

and the original portolan charts are and whether these differences can be explained by the accuracy of the portolan charts or not. His final result consists of two small 1:70 million scale pictures with smoothed distortion grids from which the reader is invited to say: ‘yes, I think these look sufficiently identical’.

I shall not repeat a description of my own method here: suffice it to say that I did take into account the actual routes sailed, as well as proper weighting of the observations and it is well documented in my thesis. I furthermore applied objective statistical criteria to the results of the calculation in order Fig. 2 Result of the statistical testing of the Western Mediterranean ‘synthetic to arrive at the conclusion. chart’ against a real portolan chart. The curve on the left is the error distribution of the Mean Square Error of the actual Western Mediterranean sub-chart of a typical portolan chart. The curve on the right-hand side is the error distribution of Gaspar scolds my ‘extraordinary the MSE of the synthetic chart. No overlap means their shapes are different to a claim’ that knowledge of averaging statistically meaningful degree. as a way of accuracy improvement was not available in the Middle Ages. process in which the relative positions as now. Moreover, Gaspar’s method However, this is not my claim; it is of places were gradually adjusted over is an exclusively mental process. No a research-based conclusion that time using superabundant informa- experimental verification has ever historians of science have drawn. His tion’. He thus replaces the calculation indicated that such a process would counter claim that Portuguese navi- of the average of a series of single ob- be feasible at all. I suggest to discuss gators used this technique routinely servations by the much more compli- such possible experimental verifi- from the beginning of the 16th centu- cated method of deriving the average cation at the proposed workshop in ry begs a challenge to supply proof. position of every coastal point, in oth- Lisbon, June 2016. I doubt that such evidence exists, er words this is averaging in a two-di- but Gaspar can make a real impact mensional sense. Such an advanced It would take too much space to on the history of science by proving treatment of observation data is sim- respond to every detail of Gaspar’s his claim. Even if it were true, there ply not realistic for such an early pe- critique and I do not wish to reply would still be a gap of more than riod. Gaspar’s proposed method flies in detail to unspecific reproaches two-and-a-half centuries to bridge! such as ‘preconceived ideas’ and the Gaspar is scornful of the outcome of ‘minimising or distortion of other the mathematical model I formulated Gaspar describes my studies’. Yes, I do point out methodo- to estimate the accuracy of medieval study as a ‘cartometric logical shortcomings in other studies, navigation. One-third of the distance analysis’, but that is an but that does not involve ‘minimisa- sailed is clearly unrealistic in his oversimplification. tion and distortion’. Gaspar describes view, but what is his view based on? my study as a ‘cartometric analysis’, On reverse engineering of the porto- but that is an oversimplification. The lan charts, i.e. the same argument as in the face of everything that is known cartometric analysis is important, he used for the mariner’s compass? I about early (or pre-)scientific thought but it covers only one of 12 chapters. am happy to discuss this navigation in the Middle Ages. This is an aspect The main objective of my analysis was model, but the discussion needs to of the historical context that is not to test the hypothesis of a medieval have a bit more substance than the given any attention in research into origin in a scientific manner and to rhetoric Gaspar uses. the origin of portolan charts. Gaspar analyse the problem of the origin in tries to solve the problem by trans- a geodetic context. I include many Gaspar proposes that the calculation posing a modern-looking mentally aspects of the historical context in my of averages of single observations conceived process back to a medieval study that others, including Gaspar was unnecessary and replaces it by setting, assuming the same analytical himself, have not mentioned, such an assumed ‘graphical optimisation focus on problem solving existed then as an analysis of the meteorological

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY 11

and oceanographic aspects of the the results of numerical studies that that deals (mathematically) with these Mediterranean, the sailing properties claim to confirm a medieval origin aspects. Being sceptical is not the same of medieval ships and notably relevant (e.g. Gaspar’s). There is no place for thing as being ‘prejudiced’. I might aspects of the history of science. I mathematical methods in the study of equally accuse Gaspar and Campbell of devote an entire chapter to explain- medieval mappae mundi, but for por- being prejudiced in favour of a medi- ing and justifying the mathematical tolan charts, with their demonstrated eval origin, but that does not help the analysis methods I used in my study. quantitative properties, quantitative discussion in the slightest. Suffice it Gaspar’s condescending closing re- analysis is, I believe, a mandatory to say that, if the origin of portolan mark that ‘mathematical methods are research component. charts were such a clear-cut case as not magical boxes from which his- the picture painted notably by Gaspar, torical truth can be read’ is therefore Campbell states that I have taken it would not have been such a contro- inappropriate and rather gratuitous. inadequate account of portolani (or versial subject for the past 160 years. portolans) in my thesis. I think that is I have fewer comments to make on an unfair comment: I devote one 78- In my opinion the geodetic aspects of Campbell’s more constructive cri- page long chapter to a very extensive mapmaking and the history of science tique. Campbell states that he does analysis of the Compasso de Navegare, are two important elements that, not understand mathematics well the oldest surviving complete porto- until now, have been underexposed in and therefore would have to accept lan of the Mediterranean and Black portolan chart research. I might add my results on trust only. I appreciate Sea, which is more than any other that more attention should be paid the honesty and agree that complex author has done. A different matter is to hypothesis testing. Having said mathematics are a barrier to the whether Campbell likes the outcome. that, I am keen to seek ways to bridge sharing of such results. However, Of course I might have included an the gap between the traditional map when I sent my thesis to Campbell, analysis of the Liber de existencia, but historical view and the quantitative I expressed awareness of this and one has to draw a line somewhere. geodetic view at the forthcoming asked him to contact me for clarifi- workshop in Lisbon. cation if anything in the thesis was I have been sceptical from the start unclear to him. He has not come back about a medieval origin, because it The description of my work on portolan with a single request, but the offer requires assumptions to be made that charts in this newsletter was necessar- still stands. The methods I have used conflict with geodetic reality, such as ily brief. My work is described in more can certainly be explained in easier assumptions that earth curvature can detail in a long essay, published in the terms. Returning to Campbell’s un- be ignored in ‘small’ areas such as the September 2015 issue of ‘Isis’, the jour- derstandable trepidation in accept- Mediterranean and that the map pro- nal of the History of Science Society and ing my results, I wonder whether he jection is accidental. This ignores the my revised thesis will appear as a book feels the same reservation regarding development of geodesy as the science with Brill, Leiden, in March 2016.

Fig. 3 Composite of the three geodetic frameworks (open circles) when superim- posed on the Angelino Dulcert 1339 chart. Each plane-charted geodetic network was corrected for rotation and scale differences with the relevant part of the Dulcert chart, so that te diagram only shows shape differences between chart and plane-charted network.

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 12 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY

The Modern Atlas as Diplomatic Gift Philippe Vandermaelen’s Atlas de l’Europe and Dutch-Japanese Relations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

By Toshiyuki Shimazu

All through the ages, maps have the Netherlands (tsusho no kuni [coun- interesting fact is that at least one at- appeared often as the latest achieve- tries for commerce]). In 1844, William las and a map were included in these ment of the scientific, technological, II (1792-1849), King of the Netherlands, diplomatic gifts. This is evidenced by and artistic progress of the day. As sent a mission to Japan in order to a Dutch archival document held at the such, official maps, among others, suggest the relative advantages of National Archives of the Netherlands have from time to time functioned as adopting a more wide-ranging foreign in The Hague3. The former is ‘Atlas van a symbol of the civilizational suprem- policy for the Tokugawa shogunate. alle Rijken van Europa. 1 deel groot acy of the political regime producing The mission brought the king’s official folio [Atlas of all realms of Europe. 1 them. The atlas was no exception. As letter to the shogun, and appended to volume large folio]’, and the latter is a bound collection of maps, the atlas ‘Algemeene Kaart van Nederlandsch could acquire a more prestigious Oost Indie [General Map of the Dutch status than individual map sheets ‘His true passion was East Indies]’. The latter map, which themselves in terms of its function geography, which he itself now I cannot find anywhere in and meaning in international and Japan, may probably correspond to diplomatic relations. Since its first regarded as a universal Algemeene Kaart van Nederlandsch publication in the late sixteenth cen- science embracing all Oostindië, an eight-sheet map set pub- tury, the atlas had occasionally been human knowledge’ lished in 1842 by the Dutch Ministry of used as diplomatic gift in order to Colonies. mediate between empires, kingdoms, and other political entities1. the letter were many diplomatic gifts, Now then, what about the atlas? What which were selected from, according was the exact title of that atlas? And This short article deals with the so far to the letter’s description, ‘products does it still exist today? Based on unexplored role of a large atlas depict- of industry, arts, and sciences flour- my own bibliographical research, ing Europe in a diplomatic negotiation ishing under our protection in the these two questions could be an- between the Netherlands and Japan in Netherlands’2. These diplomatic objects swered here. One of my research the mid-nineteenth century. It is well were landed at Nagasaki and were later findings is that the above-mentioned known that Tokugawa Japan exercised carried to Edo, where the shogun and ‘Atlas van alle Rijken van Europa’ a strict national isolation policy in the his senior councillors inspected them. is, in fact, most probably Philippe early modern times (from 1639 to 1854), While the king’s persuasion itself Vandermaelen’s Atlas de l’Europe [Atlas except for diplomatic communication failed, it worked as a prelude to Japan’s of Europe], which was published in with Korea and the Ryukyus (later re- fundamental shift in foreign policy. It the form of a bound atlas in 1833. In ferred to in Japanese as tsushin no kuni was in 1854 that the Tokugawa regime present-day Japan, one copy of Atlas [countries for communication]) and for was forced to conclude the Japan-U.S. de l’Europe is held in the Aoi Bunko commercial exchange with China and Treaty of Peace and Amity. collection at the Shizuoka Prefectural

1 Peter Barber, ‘‘Procure as many as you can and send them over’: cartographic In terms of the cross-cultural his- 3 ‘No.5. Lijst van goederen naar Japan espionage and cartographic gifts in tory of maps and cartography, the ingescheept aan boord van Z. M. fregat international relations 1460-1760’, in Palembang gekommandeerd door den Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox (eds), 2 Jacobus Anne van der Chijs, Neêrlands Kapitein ter Zee H. H. Coops’, Nationaal Diplomacy and early modern culture. streven tot openstelling van Japan voor Archief, Den Haag, Nederlandse Factorij Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave den wereldhandel. Amsterdam: Frederik in Japan, nummer toegang 1.04.21, Macmillan, 2011, p. 17. Muller, 1867, pp. 51-52. inventarisnummer 1710.

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY 13

Toshiyuki Shimazu [email protected]

Central Library (shelfmark AF215). Aoi Bunko is a rich collection of old foreign and domestic books once kept at the various schools and institutions managed by the Tokugawa regime. The Atlas concerned comprises 162 maps on the scale of 1:600 000 and three index pages (two maps, which would be numbered respectively 102 and 130, are omitted). It is a large atlas whose dimensions are 63.6 cm x 82.2 cm. On the lower right of the title page is printed the following very small note: ‘Gravé sur pierre Fs. Charles 1833’ (Fig. 1). On the centre of verso of front cover are handwritten five large kanji characters literally Fig. 1 Atlas de l’Europe held at the Shizuoka Prefectural Central Library meaning ‘map of Europe’ (Fig. 2). (inner title page)

Philippe Vandermaelen (1795-1869) excellent achievements of geography in activities of mapmaking and publish- was a famed geographer who was those times. Its publication as separate ing. Before the Belgian Revolution, born and died in Brussels. In 1830, map sheets dates back to at the latest Vandermaelen completed the publica- the year of the Belgian Revolution, he 18295, when Brussels was still under tion of Atlas Universel [Universal Atlas] established there a private institute the Dutch control. Therefore, it is not in 1827 under the reign of William named Établissement Géographique de mistaken to think that the Atlas de I (1772–1843), the then King of the Bruxelles [Geographical Establishment l’Europe was counted among ‘prod- Netherlands, and this grand world at- of Brussels]. His institute published a ucts of industry, arts, and sciences las was itself dedicated to this Dutch variety of maps, atlases, globes, and flourishing under our protection in king6. Prince William of Orange, the gazetteers. It is quite meaningful the Netherlands’, as the letter from future William II, had shown far more that Vandermaelen characterised his William II describes. sympathy with the Belgians than his own institute by using the adjective father had done7. He had frequently géographique. As Wouter Bracke and In any case, it is not surprising resided in Brussels before the Belgian Marguerite Silvestre put it, ‘his true that the House of Orange-Nassau 6 Cornelis Koeman, Atlantes neerlandici: passion was geography, which he re- possessed Vandermaelen’s Atlas de bibliography of terrestrial, maritime garded as a universal science embrac- l’Europe. Vandermaelen had main- and celestial atlases and pilot books, ing all human knowledge’4. His Atlas de tained a satisfactory relationship with published in the Netherlands up to 1880. Volume III Merula - Zeegers. Amsterdam: l’Europe might be reckoned among the the Dutch royal family through the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1969, p. 142. 4 Wouter Bracke and Marguerite 5 Marguerite Silvestre, ‘L’Atlas de 7 Demetrius C. Boulger, The history of Silvestre, ‘The Vandermaelen collections l’Europe de Philippe Vandermaelen: une Belgium. Part II 1815-1865: Waterloo to the in the Royal Library of Belgium’, Caert- genèse à préciser’, In Monte Artium, 5, death of Leopold I. London: Published by Thresoor, 34, 2015, p. 102. 2012, p. 110. the author, 1909, p.38.

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 14 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY

Fig. 2 Atlas de l’Europe held at the Shizuoka Prefectural Central Library (verso of front cover)

Revolution8. After Belgian independ- three copies10! Ministry of Colonies12. Siebold proba- ence, his residence in Brussels was bly recognized the intellectual impact refurbished into the present-day It is also interesting that famous of a modern European atlas on the Palais des Académies [Academy Palace]. Japanologist Philipp Franz von Siebold shogun and his senior councillors. It The maps comprising Atlas de l’Eu- was entrusted with the preparation was easy for him to imagine that Atlas rope were distributed in advance in of the letter from William II11. At the de l’Europe would work as a symbol of the form of separate sheets, some of University of Würzburg, Siebold had Western civilization and modernity. which were in fact dedicated to this specialized in medicine, and in addi- future Dutch king9. And the most tion to this, he had also studied pure The atlas could be a tool for travel. In important fact is that he was among natural sciences, geography, and eth- addition to this, the atlas itself did the subscribers to Atlas de l’Europe. nology. Since 1831, he had acted as an travel across the globe as a tool for Indeed, he subscribed to not one but adviser in Japan affairs for the Dutch various objectives. This short article touched upon only a part of this magnificent story. 10 Philippe Vandermaelen, Atlas de l’Europe, à l’échelle de 1:600,000 8 Paul F. State, Historical dictionary of (projection modifiée de Flamsteed): Brussels. Second edition. Lanham, Md: prospectus. Bruxelles: Établissement 12 Hans Körner, Die Würzburger Siebold: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 139. Géographique, p. 11. Eine Gelehrtenfamilie des 18. und 19. 9 Marguerite Silvestre, op. cit., pp. 111-112, 11 Jacobus Anne van der Chijs, op. cit., Jahrhunderts. Neustadt an der Aisch: Cornelis Koeman, op. cit., p. 145. p. 21. Verlag Degener, 1967, S. 357, 407.

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JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 SPONSORS 15

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JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 16 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY

La cartographie des traités (XVe – XXe siècles) 19-20 November 2015 - Archives diplomatiques de La Courneuve (near Paris)

By Caroline De Candt

Whether you want to build a house, français de cartographie (CFC) – it was Under Napoleon a lot happened buy land or settle a dispute with your their 15th annual edition – and by the trying to define the Italian-French neighbour about the border between French diplomatic archives which border which moved, temporarily, his and your parcel, you simply refer offered the venue. to the Apennine region. Turning to to official maps, made by the author- the Balkans, with the treaty of Berlin ities and today often available online. In chronological order several aspects (1878), maps were more or less ‘made You don’t look for a legal text, describ- of the role of maps were examined: to order’ with the aim of supporting ing the land concerned, as this text from the dealing in cartography deal- different ethnographic points of view. doesn’t even exist: the map is the law. ing with the physical features of the And not to forget: the maritime bor- That is, in the 21st century. terrain in order to define the borders, ders need to be defined too: since 1942 with the ways to use the territory and the UN has tried to regulate the agree- From the Middle Ages up to the 20th the will of the people (or the ignoring ments and conflicts between states century, when countries needed to of, I would say), to the use of maps in here, obviously based on maps. define their borders, mostly after the peace treaties after World War I. some war and in the context of a peace Several speakers, in presentations With the two last speakers we entered treaty, they made an agreement, the of varying standards, elaborated the arena of the Middle East after treaty proper, but were faced with on different peace treaties in which World War I. Right after the dramatic the obvious problem: how on earth the French state was involved. The events in Paris - the very city of the do you describe a frontier? Maps help, absence of clear landscape features, colloquium - there was more than of course, but not in the 15th century as well as mountainous areas posed ordinary interest for the account of when - certainly on the small scale difficulties to define the borders and the cutting up of that part of the world needed to define a complete state the borders-to-be. Examples of peace after World War I. This was based on border - they simply didn’t exist. What treaties (other than the 15th century the maps used by negotiators Sykes did exist sometimes were some local one already mentioned above) where and Picot, depicting future zones of surveyor's (often painters) large scale these difficulties arose were those of influence between the British and the drawing of small parts of it, ordered the Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) and the French. According to many, this is the by landowners, whose lands happened Pyrenees (1659), highlighted in detail source of all conflicts today.... Maps, to contain a ‘border’. In a rare case, by several speakers. although the object of our interest, presented at the conference, the state study and pleasure, can be ominous. even ordered such ‘maps’ to try to Jean-Louis Renteux, our vice-pres- trace the border in a region in the East ident and editor of Maps in History, The colloquium also gave us the op- of France. Slowly, over the centuries, gave a very fine, well documented portunity to discover the up-to-date all this evolved. overview of how the northern French premises of the Diplomatic archives, border was defined during the 18th and to view a few original treaties, The above mentioned colloquium century, focusing on a little village, La enriched with nice seals, and maps elaborated on this evolution, refer- Flamengrie, curiously surrounded by attached to them. ring, in particular, to the treaties of the border (see his article below). It 1815 (Congress of Vienna) and those at was an example of all the difficulties Proceedings of the colloquium will be the end of World War I, redrawing the mapmakers, negotiators and last but published in the quarterly publication internal European borders and be- not least inhabitants met, while trying of the CFC Cartes et Géomatique No 228 yond. It was organised by the Comité to define clear borders. (June 2016) and will be accessible on

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY 17

Caroline De Candt [email protected]

Map attached to the secret Sykes-Picot agreement (1916) to partition the Arab part of the Ottoman empire, even before it was defeated, with handwritten marks outlining potential British and French zones, either ‘directly administered’ or ‘zones of influence’ (Archives diplomatiques de La Courneuve)

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The cartography of treaties The rectification of the northern border of France in 1779, in the field, in La Flamengrie1

By Jean-Louis Renteux

FORMATION OF FRANCE’S NORTHERN BORDER

The border of northern France is not a natural border. From the coast of the North Sea and its lowlands, to the foothills of the Ardennes, there is no summit to mark territory limits. This boundary is the result of the wars that took place in the region over the centuries. After six successive wars and as many peace treaties in half a century, the conquests of Louis XIV in the Spanish Netherlands are con- firmed by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713: France takes away Artois and half of the counties of Flanders and Hainaut. Fig. 1 Manuscript map of French Hainaut by Charles Havez (Institut Géographique National, Cartothèque, 158E) This treaty establishes the northern border of France, almost as we know outbuildings and annexes, of whatever updates are expensive); for example : it today. names they may be called, with all men, • In 1672, Frederik De Wit publishes a vassals, subjects, cities, towns, villag- map of the southern Netherlands cor- Until the 18th century, peace treaties de- es, hamlets, forests, rivers, flatlands, responding to the situation of 1648 and fine boundaries based on a hierarchy of salines and any other things that depend ignoring radical changes arising from information2. The signatories, at govern- ‘ [Article 12 of the Treaty of Nijmegen, the border treaties in 1659 and 1668. ment level, list the cities and strongholds 1678]. But the detailed list of the smaller • In 1689, Jaillot publishes a map cor- which are changing hands. The posses- towns and villages depending on a city is responding to the situation in 1668 and sion of a city or a stronghold automat- only precisely known by the authorities ignoring the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678). ically entails the possession of related of that city. And the detailed list of the • In 1755, the Chevalier de Beaurain territories: ‘their bailiwicks, chastelle- fields, meadows, woods, etc depending produces an atlas of the 1690s cam- nies, governance, provostships and ter- on a village is only precisely known in paigns of Louis XIV with a map of the ritories, domains, lordships, affiliations, that village. Drawing an accurate map of Netherlands corresponding to the the border, can thus only be done in the treaty of Ryswick (1697). 1 This is a summary, in English, of the field; it is not possible from Versailles or • In 1757, Covens & Mortier publish a map article to be published as part of the proceedings of the colloquium ‘La Brussels. It is therefore rare that maps corresponding to the situation in 1704 cartographie des traités’ in Cartes et are involved in treaty negotiations. And and ignoring the treaties of 1713 and 1748. Géomatique (June 2016), giving details of when a map is drawn, the border is not sources and references. always very accurate ... From the 1720s, the French adminis- 2 This concept was presented at the In fact, cartographers mostly produce tration establishes detailed maps of colloquium by Léonard Dauphan : Entre maps for commercial purposes, without the conquered country. The engi- la liste et le terrain, quelle place pour la carte dans les négociations de paix à la bothering to follow recent developments neer-geographer Claude Masse (1650- fin du Moyen Âge ? (the maps are engraved on copper and 1737), after spending 40 years mapping

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY 19

Jean-Louis Renteux inspecting a map of the modified border at the Archives Nationales”

the Atlantic coast, is tasked to map defining the dependencies of cities and anything more favorable; in some the border from the North Sea to the fortified places: a difficult task as the places the roads are mid-parties and Moselle. From 1724-1737, with his two opposite parties submit, in more or smugglers are in a position to insult sons and other military engineers, he less good faith, arguments drawn from the guards of one and the other rule, in draws 32 ‘squares’ showing in detail the feudal law, common law, Roman a state of impunity.’ (scale 1 /28 800) both sides of the bor- law, and as diplomats are often unwill- der in Flanders and Hainaut and es- ing to make reciprocal concessions. Following the conference of 1769, an tablishes many memoires along with It is not until the 1760s that the need agreement is signed to clarify and reg- drawings of remarkable monuments. for an accurate, linear demarcation is ulate the border; besides the removal From 1724 to 1725, he surveys the eventually recognised. The treaties of of several specifically named enclaves border near Valenciennes and Condé 1769 and 1779 made between the courts - especially that of Mortagne (between in ‘Square A’. But it is not until 1731 of Versailles and Brussels, truly create Tournai and Saint-Amand in Hainaut) that the Masse family maps the border the precise, undisputed border, ‘until - it provides that other enclaves further east, towards Saint-Ghislain, the last earth rod’, which seems to us would be suppressed by locally agreed Mons and Maubeuge. Meanwhile, from the only conceivable one nowadays. exchange. But the steps taken by the 1720 to 1725, Charles Havez, one of the ‘I have rode these borders, writes the Intendant of French Hainaut to rectify first engineers of Ponts et Chaussées Austrian commissioner Müllendorf the border only result in an inventory [Roads and Bridges administration] in Brussels, and I distinctly noticed of enclaves and disputed lands (Fig. 2). in the French Hainaut, draws the that the limits are set so that fraud- first detailed maps of the area. These sters and smugglers could not desire The French government would like maps show not only roads but also the tangled limits and the land disputed between France and Austria (Fig. 1 ).

CONFERENCES ABOUT LIMITS

Detailed maps produced by the Masse family and by Havez highlight the inaccuracy and irregularities of the new limits, which are defined by the juxtaposition of conquered cities and their dependencies. Aware of this problem, diplomats fore- see that enclaves would be exchanged (already in Article 14 of the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678). The various treaties are thus followed by ‘Conferences about limits’ aimed at clarifying the respective territorial extension of sovereignty and at contradictorily Fig. 2 Diagram of the anomalies of the border (about 1770)

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 20 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY

to take as the limit the course of MODIFICATION OF through the village of La Flamengrie, the Hogneau river, from Quiévrain, THE BORDER IN LA then it crosses Austrian territory south southeast of Condé, to Malplaquet, FLAMENGRIE of the village of Roisin, before entering north of Bavay, which would make again into France! a highly effective defence front for The village of La Flamengrie had French Hainaut and would simulta- become part of France, together with To circumnavigate the problem a neously permit to build a strategic the provostship of Bavay, at the Treaty new road is built (following Charles road Bavay-Condé. This plan would of Nijmegen (1678), while the nearby Havez’ plans) further south, to join also radically remove any problem of village of Roisin remained with the Bavay to Valenciennes fully on French enclaves and territories entanglement. Spaniards (later replaced by Austrians) territory; but the new road is still Unfortunately, it would result in very with the provostship of Mons. The bor- adjacent to the same wood of Roisin extensive land swaps and those lands der around La Flamengrie is not only on more than a mile. Thus enclosed that Austria would cede are among the crooked, but it is also vague: land dis- between two French roads, the wood putes reported in 1720 are not resolved of Roisin is obviously the receptacle of for a long time, as evidenced by legal all smugglers who infest this border ... a particularly procedures that began in 1757. Several and an asylum of all the criminals extravagant border area! ‘lands in discussion with Roisin’ around who want to escape the course of La Flamengrie are also mentioned on a justice. Therefore the adjacent roads map drawn in 1720-25 by C. Havez. are pretty unsafe (the Intendant of richest and most fertile villages of the But the biggest problem for France is French Hainaut himself is attacked provostship of Mons, while those that that the large wood of Roisin belonging by robbers!). This is especially bad France would abandon in return have to the lords of Roisin attached to the for a military communication link of the most arid soil of the provostship Austrian Hainaut despite being located the importance of the Valenciennes- of Bavay. On the other hand, those on the other side of La Flamengrie Bavay-Maubeuge road. villages near Bavay have the only stone which is French; also, the wood of quarries within reach of the cities of ‘Perchois’ belongs to Austria but is During the conferences about limits, Valenciennes, Condé and Bouchain; completely surrounded by French land France therefore tries its best to gain therefore, French cities do not see this (see Fig. 3). Consequently, the old path control of the wood of Roisin. exchange more favourably than the (a Roman road!) going from Bavay to Austrian Hainaut states. These consid- Valenciennes crosses a particularly However the agreement signed in 1769 erations thus reduced the scope of the extravagant border area: coming from to regularise the border does not rule discussion to only two items: regular- the French territory, it is adjacent to the on the case of La Flamengrie. It is only ise the border between Quiévrechain Austrian wood ‘Perchois’ on a short dis- within the framework of negotiations and Marchipont and, secondly, clear tance (to the right), then, a little further, for a new agreement, in 1779, that these the road from Bavay to Valenciennes in it it is adjacent to the Austrian wood of problems are fixed. At the 1779 confer- its crossing of La Flamengrie and the Roisin on a short distance (to the left), ence, France, represented by Count of wood of Roisin. then it is entirely in French territory Adhemar, claims the villages of Roisin and Meaurain with the woods of Roisin and Perchois. But the states of Hainaut attach great importance to the conservation not only of the two villages, but also of those woods which are the only ones in a wide area that can meet the needs of the neighbouring Austrian communities.

Eventually, with the convention signed on 18 November 1779, France only ob- tains the southern half of the wood of Roisin (an area estimated at 70 ‘bonniers’ – about 85 ha), taken along a straight line drawn parallel to the new road to Valenciennes. In exchange, France would Fig. 3 Map of the Trudaine Atlas of French roads (1745) showing the wood of Roisin abandon as many ‘bonniers’ of land tak- and adjacent roads. en on the territory of the neighbouring

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 HISTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY 21

Fig. 4 Map for implementing the exchange of territories in La Flamengrie (1779) - (French National Archives, Cartes et Plans, N / III / Nord/ 36 / 6) village of La Flamengrie. The first solu- Flamengrie are taken from the nearby boundary markers found elsewhere tion envisaged was to cede to Austria village of Bettrechies, which receives on the border: they bear a carved the land west of another straight line in return the wood of Perchois. Only two-headed eagle with the inscription that would have greatly simplified the one house is involved in the exchange: ‘Autriche’ [Austria], on one side, and, border; but the map established for that the ‘Wooden plate’ tavern on the edge on the other side, three fleur-de-lys exchange (Fig. 4) mentions that ‘in the of the wood of Roisin, on the new and the inscription ‘France’; on top is a part of La Flamengrie that France offers Valenciennes-Bavay road; its inhabit- serial number from 1 to 65. to exchange against the wood of Roisin, ant, named Jacques Danzin, becomes a there is the Church and most of the French subject and must take an oath Thus the initial goal of France to houses of the village.’ to Louis XVI. Whereas, the Lord of ensure the safety of the Valenciennes- Roisin keeps ‘all property rights, lord- Bavay road is almost reached. But the That exchange will not happen and, ship and jurisdiction’ over his woods. border in this small area continues to instead, only non-built and uninhab- present an extremely tortuous aspect, ited pieces of land, taken all around To formalise the exchange of terri- very far from the new concepts. the village, are yielded to Austria. tories, the two surveyors sign their To do this, the woods and lands in ‘topographic map’ (Fig. 5) in Mons on Today, the Franco-Belgian border still question are surveyed, measured and 30 August 1780; it is approved by the follows the limit set by the Treaty of mapped, from 3 June 1780, by Thomas representatives of France and Austria, Nijmegen (1678), as corrected by the Joseph Merlin, ‘architect and con- in Valenciennes on 29 September 1780 conventions of the late eighteenth troller of the Empress’ domains and (different versions of this map are century, and you can still see some Pierre Dominique Dutemple, French stored in different Archives in France fifty boundary-stones placed in La ‘sworn land surveyor’. and in Belgium). Flamengrie in 1781 .

In the process, it appears that all the Finally, to materialise the new limit, woods and land ceded by Austria that will impose a number of con- (including the wood of Perchois ) straints on the residents, bounda- actually represent an area of 81.5 ry-stones are placed in 1781 along the ‘bonniers’ (approximately 100 ha) and modified border, with one stone at that there is not enough land to take each change of direction of the border; around La Flamengrie, although half as this track is particularly tortuous, its cultivated land is taken away! The it takes no less than 65 stones! These Fig. 6 Examples of boundary-stones in five bonniers of land missing from La boundary-stones differ from simpler La Flamengrie

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 22 ARTICLE

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 ARTICLE 23

Fig. 5 ‘ Carte Topographique servant à l’Exécution de La Convention conclue le 18 novembre 1779 entre sa Majesté l’Impératrice Reine apostolique et Le Roi très chrétien, Levé et Dressé en Double Pour la fixation de leurs limites dans la province de hainaut le 3 juin 1780 et jours suivants ... ‘ [‘Topographic Map for implementating the agreement concluded on 18 november 1779 between her majesty the apostolic Empress Queen and the very Christian King, surveyed and drawn up in two copies for fixing their limits in the province hainaut from 3 juin 1780 ... ‘] (French National Archives, Cartes et Plans, N / III / Nord/ 36 /4) The map shows the land plots [marked (B)] ceded by France around the village of La Flamengrie, and that part of the wood of Roisin ceded by Austria between the main road and a ine parallel to it [marked III-I].

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 24 INTERVIEW

How I Got Into Cartography Interview with Joost Depuydt ([email protected])

by Nicola Boothby ([email protected])

Joost Depuydt is Curator of Special What exactly does your the Warburg Institute. There I met Collections at the FelixArchief, the day-to-day work involve? Helen Wallis, former Curator of Maps Antwerp City archives. He is respon- at the British Library. She encouraged sible for all matters relating to care, On a day-to-day basis my job covers me to look at the correspondence of conservation, access, exhibitions, cat- the preservation, description and dig- Abraham Ortelius. I finally decided aloguing and research relating to the itisation of the collections. As regards to write my MA dissertation about special collections which include the our preservation activity, I manage the correspondence between Ortelius library (books), the topographic-his- small teams of both professional and the famous humanist scholar torical atlases (maps, plans, drawings, colleagues and volunteers. We archive Justus Lipsius. I wanted to show that prints), the photographic collection, our material according to interna- if you want to study maps, it’s impor- film and sound archives and objects tional standards (ISAD-G – General tant to look further than the maps (among them seals and medals). In International Standard Archival themselves and study the context and July 2015 he led the organisation of Description). I also deal with external network in which the mapmaker op- the 26th International Conference on partners such as restoration profes- erated. I never got the chance to start the History of Cartography (ICHC) in sionals and the companies we use to a Ph.D, but kept on looking for letters Antwerp. digitise our collections. I have also from the correspondence of Ortelius. raised funds for special restoration The result of this research will be What does Cartography projects. published in an article in Imago mean to you? Mundi early in 2016. We’ve now digitised 50 % of the I think I was pre-destined for cartog- topographic-historical atlas, which I was hired to prepare the 1994 car- raphy. Both my parents were geogra- comprises more than 13 000 items. Of tographic exhibition in Leuven, but phers, but I’m the only sibling who’s all the digital items in the FelixArchief, I left before the end of the project. interested in maps. In fact I’m the these iconographical items attract After working for a while for FilmNet only non-scientist. My father [Frans most attention from the general public. Television – and discovering that this Depuydt, the first and only professor I have also curated a number of exhi- wasn’t what I wanted to do – I went of cartography at the University of bitions, and was responsible for the to work in the University Libraries in Leuven, now retired] occasionally used ICHC conference in July last year. Leuven and Antwerp. During that peri- to take us out on field trips; we were od, I was also engaged by the police as his assistants, checking measure- What did you need to study/ a map expert, on a case of stolen maps ments, and so on. Since he retired, he where have you needed to gain from several Belgian libraries. From and I have more in common. Towards experience to get this far? the database of about 750 stolen maps the end of his career he got more in- only one has been found and returned terested in the history of cartography. I studied history and thought that to its original library collection. He was particularly interested in the would lead to the world of journalism. accuracy of early maps and sometimes But then I decided I was more inter- In 2007 I actually went for a differ- asked me for help. Their accuracy ested in the Early Modern Period, the ent job – at the Erfgoedbibliotheek depended mainly on how they were 16th to 18th centuries. I wanted to do a Hendrik Conscience in Antwerp – but drafted, and the sources used, espe- Ph.D, but had to wait for an assess- I then got a call from Inge Schoups, cially in the 16th century. ment of my dissertation, so in the City Archivist at the FelixArchief, who meantime I opted to go to London to offered me a post there.

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Map of the city of Antwerp (c. 1600) rediscovered and restored in 2010. © Antwerp, FelixArchief/City Archive, 12 # 11667-11670

Are there careers to be made Where do you see yourself At work, managing the restoration in cartography? going from here? of the Antwerp city map that in 2010 I had rediscovered in pieces in a I think there are various career paths There’s still a lot of interesting stuff drawer at the Archives, and getting people can take, although it’s a small to do here at the FelixArchief. I have funding for its restoration, was very world: for the history of cartography the luxury of moving from 16th centu- satisfying. I see three options: there’s academia, ry maps to 20th plans and back again. there’s the ‘curator’ path – in libraries My job is also very diverse, and is not and archives, and then there’s the solely about maps. However, perhaps if commercial world, as a map dealer. there were an opportunity sometime But the world of modern cartography in the future, it would also be good to obviously offers various other options go abroad. in cartography-related businesses (GIS, GPS or even the gaming As a final comment, perhaps Grafiek en oude kaarten industry). you’d like to tell us the ‘best Aankoop en verkoop thing’, in your view, about your Would you describe your career cartographical life right now. Rob Camp path to date as ‘straightfor- Beursstraat 46 ward’? The ICHC conference went very well, 3832 Ulbeek-Wellen and our planning and organisation www.lex-antiqua.be I don’t think my career path has been seemed much appreciated. It was particularly straightforward, but hard work but good fun too. Some of Tel: +32 (0) 11 39 63 38 I’ve been lucky enough to find myself the papers accepted by the commit- Mobile: +32 (0) 498 77 25 05 in situations where I’m constantly tee were from relatively new faces on Fax: +32 (0) 11 63 38 acquiring skills which I can put to the cartographic scene, and it was good use. a pleasure to give them a platform. [email protected]

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Mapping the Ottoman Empire Brussels Map Circle International Conference

By Karen De Coene

On Saturday 12 December 2015 the Map step when commissioning a translation Circle held its annual conference in the of Ptolemy’s Geographia. Thereafter Admiral Piri Royal Sky Room, recently installed on nautical charts, world maps, military Ahmed Muhiddin Piri or Piri ibn the sixth floor of the Royal Library in maps, continental maps, city views Haji Mehmed (1465/70–1553), the Brussels. The mapping of the Ottoman and atlases contributed to the develop- famous Ottoman admiral, geographer Empire, once encompassing the ment of Ottoman cartography. The last and cartographer, is better known as continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, picture we got from our first speaker Piri Reis (in Turkish: Pîrî Reis). was now being studied within a few was a simple but beautiful drawing of This gives the (wrong) impression square metres, with a magnificent view sixteenth-century trading routes with that his first (‘given’) name was Piri over the city. A play with scale and a stops for water. Though Prof. Kalpaklı and that his family name was Reis. cartographic gaze on the world: what revealed many treasures hidden in the Years ago I investigated, and dis- more does a map lover need? rich Ottoman archives, he emphasised covered that Turkish re’is is a naval how many parts of the puzzle are still title; thereafter, in the ‘Imago Mundi As in former years, the conference missing. Bibliography’, he was entered in the aligned with the Europalia cultural alphabetical index as: PIRI, re’is. No- festival, this year dedicated to Turkey. After this general introduction our one (e.g. from Turkey or in Turkish/ The Yunus Emre Institute-Brussels second Turkish speaker, professor Ottoman Studies) ever queried or corrected this. (Yunus Emre Enstitüsü) kindly as- of art history Günsel Renda, pres- sisted the Map Circle to obtain two ently teaching at Koç University in Yours pedantically, Turkish speakers. Istanbul, focused on the sixteenth ‘Francis Mister’ century. At that moment Ottoman [normally: Mr Francis Herbert] The first was Professor Mehmet expansionist policy generated a need Kalpaklı, chair of both the Department of History and the Department of Turkish Literature at Bilkent University in Ankara. Prof. Kalpaklı provided the audience with a general introduction to the history of Ottoman cartography. Briefly one could say that, roughly from 1450 until the early sixteenth century, naval campaigns in the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean all led to the development of Ottoman geographical knowledge. Ottoman maps did not arise spontaneous- ly, but followed from the combined action – or integration – of the Islamic geographical tradition with European cartographical innovations. Mehmed II (1451-1481) in particular took a decisive

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 BRUSSELS MAP CIRCLE NEWS 27

Karen De Coene [email protected]

for extensive geographical documentation. So, again, various maps and sea charts were produced as well as atlases and siege plans. While mapping the world, the Ottomans combined topographical data with historical information. Nobody ever doubts the history residing in maps. But what interests Prof. Renda especially, is how cartographical illustrations developed into topographical paintings. Throughout the Mediterranean maps and pictures merge into one another. Among the many examples that can be given, Prof. Renda presented pictures of Constantinople by Western cartographers, such as Christoforo Speakers Vagnon, Renda, Couto, Kalpaklı and Débarre Buondelmonti and Hartmann Schedel, or those in Braun and Hogenberg’s speculation and controversy: not least la Cosa, who accompanied Columbus Civitates Orbis Terrarum. Conversely, because of the earliest non-Western on three expeditions, combined the various copies of the Kitab-ı Bahriye cartographical representation of the results of Spanish, Portuguese, English of Piri reis contain maps of Venice (‘a newly discovered continent, America. and French discoveries of the New city for fishermen’), Cairo and Antalya The cartographer himself claimed to World in his own world map. All these (as an unimportant port in comparison get his information from 34 maps, 20 of aspects indicate how to Alanya). As time passed, the illus- them mappae mundi, an Arabic map of trations of Constantinople, Venice and India, 4 new Portuguese maps of India Piri re’is was a brilliant collector of Cairo became increasingly detailed in and Southeast Asia and Columbus’ cartographic data that he then assem- later copies of Piri’s work. map of the New World. However, Jan bled into new maps. Parmentier presented another story to Jan Parmentier, a specialist in mari- the audience. The main centres of geo- As cartography is by nature an art of time and overseas history and a cura- graphical information were Venice and compiling, what Jan Parmentier de- tor at MAS Antwerp, has always been Lisbon. In 1508 Ptolemy’s Geographia scribed in the case of Piri remained an a welcome guest to the Brussels Map was published in Rome with a world important topic for the day, namely the Circle. Wary of downgrading a Turkish map of Joannes Ruysch. The work was sources of Ottoman cartography. legend such as Piri re’is, Jan calls him distributed thoughout Europe and both privateer and scientist. In fact was probably known also to Piri re’is. This was also true for the first speak- the activities of the Ottoman cartog- Given the alliance with the French er after lunch, Dejanirah Couto, rapher were the same in both careers, king François I, an Ottoman delega- Professor of Early Modern Portuguese yet more legally sound in the second. tion came to Paris, where they learned and overseas history at the École It should be no surprise that his first about the ‘Dauphin Atlas’ and the Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE, world map of 1513 provoked a lot of mapmakers of Dieppe. Finally, Juan de Sorbonne, Paris) who continued the

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Map of Alep by Matrakçi Nasuh (1537), Beyan-ı Menazil-i Sefer-i Irakeyn, Istanbul University Library, T 5964, 105b-106a theme of Piri re’is sources. She focused ’s geographical knowledge, but that to the magnificent exhibition ‘L’Âge in particular on the Iberian sources Portuguese renegades, privateers and d’or des cartes marines’ [The golden of the Kitab-i Bahriye. Prof. Couto traders contributed too. A considerable age of maritime charts] (Paris, BNF, is convinced that accurate informa- contribution came from the Libro del 2012). So it should not surprise readers tion about the Portuguese discover- Infante D. Pedro de Portugal, attribut- that she wonders what kind of sources ies circulated in Ottoman maritime ed to Gómez de Santistéban, a com- were used for 18th-century cartog- circles because of Antonio Pigafetta. panion of Prince Pedro (Peter, Duke of raphy. Calling attention to Count After participating in the expedition of Coimbra, 1392-1449) on a supposed trip Choiseul-Gouffier (1752-1817) and his Ferdinand Magellan, Pigafetta entered to the Holy Land. Though its historical Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce, a guide Süleyman’s service in 1522 as a cos- value was minimised in the past by published as a result of his youthful mographer and mapmaker. This could deeming it imaginary, the work, first travels in Greece, Dr Vagnon report- explain the presence of several maps printed in 1520 in Seville, renders valu- ed on the major cartographic work in the Topkapı Museum in Istanbul, able assets with regard to travel. he sponsored as French Ambassador such as the Hazine 1825 map by Jorge at the Ottoman Court: the ‘Carte de Reinel. Reinel had participated in the Given that she is a medievalist and l’Hellespont depuis les Cap Sestos et maps drafted in Seville for the 1519 a Renaissance specialist, it was Abydos jusqu’aux fanaux de Gallipoly voyage of his countryman Magellan. a surprise to hear Emmanuelle et du Cherdak’ [Map of the Hellespont Strangely enough, this coincides with Vagnon present 18th-century maps from the Sestos and Abydos capes until the first reference to the Portuguese with a view to a future exhibition the Gallipoly and Cherdak beacons], discoveries in the second version of the in Istanbul. Currently a researcher printed in 1786. The map ornamented Kitab-i Bahriye in 1526. However, Prof. at the (French) National Centre of with landscape and antiquities and Couto emphasises that Pigafetta was Scientific Research (CNRS) she con- labeled with Ancient Greek labels not the only party responsible for Piri tributed, with Catherine Hofmann, demonstrates Choiseul-Gouffier’s idea

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to reconstruct the ancient landscape from the way it looked in the 18th century. Strangely enough, this humanist concern does not interfere with the diplomatic and military reasons behind the mapmaking. The team of French naval officers and engineers, including Laurent Truguet (1752-1839), Achille Tondu (1762-1789), François Frérot d’Abancourt (1756-1801), and Louis-François Cassas, even made it possible to reconcile the interest in Ancient Greece with land surveying based upon modern mathematics. To illustrate how Choiseul-Gouffier’s map fits into the humanist tradition, Emmanuelle Vagnon referred to the pursuit of the site of Troy as one of the international debates during that time. Carte de l’Hellespont depuis les Cap Sestos et Abydos jusqu’aux fanaux de Gallipoly et du Cherdak [Map of the Hellespont, 1786] / The last speaker of the day, Ségolène Débarre, graduated from the University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, where she is now associate professor, in the history of German cartography in the Ottoman Empire. At the conference she presented her core research when dealing with Heinrich Kiepert (1835-1895). As the Romantics viewed genius superior to skill, the prestige of this German cartographer tends to be understood only as the result of his own ‘genius’. However, in addition to Kiepert, there were many mapmakers specialising in the Ottoman Empire. Both Catherine Delano-Smith and Matthew Edney have published in Imago Mundi on how cartographic contributions could result from different professional engagements. Dr Débarre added to their analysis the PiriRe’is Piri Re’is ???? / transnational network of cartographic know-how on Ottoman mapmaking. cartography] is not only dependent cartographical information from maps Maps brought Orientalist schol- (and does not only rely on European and other sources distributed allo- ars, businessmen, and army officers models), but [Ottoman maps are] ver the Mediterranean. With a more together. Kiepert thus acquired his already largely obsolete and moreo- eccentric lifestyle than the later 18th- interest in historical geography of the ver concern only a small area of the and 19th -century mapmakers Piri re’is Classical world in his student days Imperial territory’. Therefore it should took a prominent role in the stories of at the University of Berlin, where he be no surprise that Kiepert’s maps our conference. But so did Choiseul- worked with Carl Ritter (1779-1859). were still being used during the Balkan Gouffier and Heinrich Kiepert who Thanks to Ritter, Kiepert became the Wars (1912/3). both managed to combine their cartographer of the official military interest in maps with cartographical missions to the Ottoman Empire To summarise the day in a few lines, networking. under Helmut von Moltke (1800-1891). one could say that Ottoman map- In 1884 Kiepert wrote how ‘[Ottoman makers mostly compiled the available

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Brussels Map Circle Programme for 2016

18th Annual General cartographic knowledge with you. in the ‘città eterna’. Meeting (AGM) We kindly draw your attention that reg- The Circle kindly draws your attention Saturday 12 March 2016 istration for the Map Afternoon on our to the fact that no bookings for trans- Brussels, Belgium website www.bimcc.org is requested. port or accommodations etc. will be According to the Statutes adopted in made through our services. Moreover, 2005, only Active Members have a vote. Venue Boardroom (Raadzaal /Salle du this is a ‘members only’ event. So, if Conseil, 4th floor) of the Royal Library you’re interested in this special event, All members are encouraged to become of Belgium - Meeting Centre, Mont just send an email to president@bimcc. Active Members by applying to the des Arts / Kunstberg – Avenue de org, expressing your interest. You will President at least three weeks before l’Empereur 2 /Keizerslaan 2 - 1000 be kept posted. the meeting: [email protected]. Brussels. Venue Academia Belgica, Via Omero 8, A personal invitation to this AGM with A catering fee of EUR 10.00 (members) 00197 Roma (www.academiabelgica.it/). the agenda and the option of proxy - EUR 15.00 (non-members) is to be prepaid on our bank account only: IBAN vote will be sent out to Active Members BE52 0682 4754 2209 - BIC: GKCCBEBB. International Conference, by separate mail at least two weeks before the meeting. ‘Instruments and globes’ Excursion to the Academia Saturday 10 December 2016, 9.30 Venue Boardroom (Raadzaal /Salle du Belgica in Rome th Conseil, 4 floor) of the Royal Library From Wednesday 4 till Sunday Venue Royal Library of Belgium - of Belgium - Meeting Centre, Mont 8 May 2016 Meeting Centre, Mont des Arts / des Arts / Kunstberg – Avenue de Kunstberg – Avenue de l’Empereur 2 / l’Empereur 2 /Keizerslaan 2 - 1000 Our Scientific Advisor, Wouter Bracke Keizerslaan 2 - 1000 Brussels. Brussels. (Head of the Map Section of the Royal Library of Belgium) and currently also We kindly draw your attention to Time schedule: 11.00 - 12.15 Head of the Academia in Rome, invites the fact that registration for the the Brussels Map Circle for a work- Conference is requested on our web- Map Afternoon shop on Lafreri (in the broad sense), in site www.bimcc.org. cooperation with our sister organisa- Saturday 12 March 2016, from 12.30 tion in Italy, the Associazione Italiana Admission is free for BIMCC members, to 16.30 Collezionisti di Cartografia Antica, non-members pay EUR 10.00 at the entrance. ‘Roberto Almagià’ (http://www.asso- Lunch is being arranged in the Library’s You are expected at 12.30 for a convivial ciazionealmagia.it). The programme cafeteria, with catering services. Price: drink and sandwich lunch. For the Map (still to be finalised) consists of lec- EUR 35.00. Afternoon proper, we kindly invite you tures in the morning and visits in the to bring a map, an atlas, a globe, a car- afternoon, to various map collections tographic instrument or an interesting book on cartography and to present it and talk about it during the Map Afternoon. We are equally interested into antique maps as into ordinary or contemporary maps as there is always something interesting, even in the simplest maps or cartographic items.

This is also an opportunity for new- comers to get to know the Circle: non-members are welcome. If you would like to know more about a cartographic item you will bring along, the members of the Circle will be pleased to study it carefully and share their Academia Belgica, Rome

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 BIMCC 2016 PROGRAMME 31

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 32 INTERNATIONAL NEWS

13th International Symposium for the Study of Globes Dresden, 24-26 September, 2015

By Wulf Bodenstein, with thanks for assistance from W. Dolz

In his opening address Peter of relief globes in the 19th century of magnificent astronomical clocks, Allmeyer-Beck, President of the was the subject of Markus Heinz who telescopes and other instruments, with International Coronelli Society, had analysed the unexplored family mechanical calculators of 1650 and expressed the Society’s pleasure at archives of Karl Wilhelm Kummer to 1790, the latter in full working order. being back again in the beautiful city reconstruct the history of one of the of Dresden, the previous event dat- leading figures in this special branch. Elly Deckker opened the proceedings ing back to 1965. He introduced Mr Meret Bächler and Jürgen Hamel took of the second day with an animat- Hartwig Fischer, Director General us further back to the 18th century ed talk on the representation of the of the Dresden State Art Collections with Johann Adam Riediger’s glass Hercules constellation on celes- who welcomed 52 participants to globes. Their distinctive feature was tial globes, followed by Malgorzata the Residenzschloss, venue for this that the gores were inserted into a Taborska who showed the amazing Symposium and famous for its glass sphere and were then glued onto transmutations of the constellation of unique historical Green Vault, the its inner surface, an enormously deli- Cancer into a crab, lobster or cray- Armoury, Gallery of Electors, and cate exercise. Examples are preserved fish with different makers of celestial other departments. in the Burgerbibliothek in Bern and in globes. Samuel Gessner reported on the Landesmuseum Württemberg in his research into Christoph Schissler’s Peter Plassmeyer, Director of the Stuttgart. celestial globe of 1575, now in Portugal, Mathematisch-Physikalischer and Jost Schmid-Lanter presented his Salon, the former Royal Cabinet Franco Casali related the interest- findings on the role a recently dis- of Mathematical and Physical ing story of the reconstruction of a covered painting played as a kind of Instruments founded in 1728, dis- Coronelli terrestrial globe of 1688, prospectus for the sale of the so-called cussed new techniques of 3D scans destroyed in Faenza during WW II, and animations that permit analysis with the use of computer tomogra- and comparison of the functionali- phy and copies of the original gores. Globes, sensual objects ties of complex scientific instruments Starting with the so-called Paris gilt of desire... without the need to disassemble them. globe of ca 1528, Robert King retraced Wolfram Dolz, senior curator of this the representation of the island of same Cabinet of Instruments and vice Java, initially inspired by Magellan’s St. Gallen globe, offering new insights president of the Coronelli Society, circumnavigation, on later maps by, into the manufacture and dating of presented the important globe collec- among others, Ortelius, Mercator, de that globe of the late 16th century. tion held in this collection, a welcome Jode, resulting in rather surprising introduction to the visit which was to mis-identifications. From the world of an artist which follow that same evening. Nives Widauer took us to, describing The day ended with a fascinating tour globes, to the surprise of many, as sen- Andreas Christoph related the inter- of the Mathematisch-Physikalischer sual objects of desire, Thomas Horst esting history of the firm of Paul Räth, Salon in the separate Museum called brought us back to historical reality founded in Leipzig in 1917, which be- the Zwinger. Wolfram Dolz was our with his lecture on Nicolaus Cusanus, came one of Germany’s most impor- guide and showed us the master pieces ecclesiastic and cosmographer of the tant globe makers of the 20th century. on display, among which, highlight 15th century. His two-volume Dialogus Preparations for its centenary are of the important globe section, an de ludo Globi is here analyzed for the currently under way. The production Arab celestial globe of 1279, a number first time in the context of the study of

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 INTERNATIONAL NEWS 33

Wulf Bodenstein [email protected]

globes. Hans Hooijmaijers then presented his findings on the planetarium made in Amsterdam for educational purposes by Hartog van Laun (died 1815), whilst Michael Korey cast some light on how planetary automata constructed in the 16th century for Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hessen and his brother-in-law, Elector August of Saxony, induced political claims on their part with respect to astronomical observations at the Kassel court.

A refreshing talk was given by Thomas Kaercher, a new collector of globes, who has developed, from the physical characteristics of the three items so far acquired (small, medium, large), a kind of methodology of globe collect- Coronelli Dresden group photo ing. The digitisation in 2D or 3D of the globes held in the Faculty of Science General Secretary of the Coronelli Brogiato, Head of the Central Library at the Charles University in Prague Society, presented each participant of the Institut für Länderkunde was the subject presented by Markéta with a souvenir postage stamp of 3 (Institute of Geography), gave an over- Hyndráková. Markus Wacker and Austrian Schillings that had marked view of the holdings of this Library Claudia Bergmann closed the lectures the 5th International Symposium of the (ca. 50 000 maps, archives of more of the second day with their report on Society in Vienna, in 1977. He indicated than 190 geographers and explorers, the modern media concept developed that the Symposium Proceedings are 120 000 historical photographs) and for the Mathematisch-Physikalischer to be published in 2016 in the Society’s presented some unusual pieces. Among Salon. Digital processing of items Journal No 63/64 of Der Globusfreund these was a town plan of Bogota of 1859 from the Museum’s collection (globes, and its English edition Globe Studies by the Italian geographer Agostino clocks, instruments) and of car- (visit www.coronelli.org). Codazzi. Wolfram Dolz gave some tographic principles (projections, explanations about the 13 globes in determination of longitude) has been Peter Allmayer-Beck closed this part their collection, including an 80 cm used to create films with a graphic de- of the Symposium with words of terrestrial globe by Heinrich Kiepert of sign that is easy to understand for any thanks for the speakers, expressed his 1892. The tour of the city closed with a kind of visitor. A promising technique appreciation for the excellent organ- visit to the St. Thomas Church where for wider application. isation and invited participants to a Johann Sebastian Bach was cantor dinner in the old town. from 1723 to his death in 1753 and where Jan Mokre, Director of the Map he is buried. This was followed by a Collection and the Globe Museum of On Saturday, an excursion to Leipzig most agreeable social evening in the the National Library of Austria and was on the programme. Heinz Peter historical Auerbachs Keller.

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rd The 33 IMCoS African continent and more specifically the holdings on International Symposium Central Africa. in Cape Town

By Ljiljana Ortolja-Baird

This was the Society’s first visit to Africa. It took place in Cape Town at the Taj Hotel from 19 to 21 October 2015, overlooked by Cape Town’s iconic landmark Table Mountain and opposite the Company Gardens, established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 to provide fresh victuals for the stream of ships making their way around the Cape of Good Hope and onto the Spice Islands. Participants in the IMCoS symposium

Among the maps he presented were Ptolemaic visions of Africa of the early 16th century, followed by the first ‘modern’ maps of the continent by Ortelius, Thevet, Mercator and his successors. A highlight was the reed- ition of Blaeu’s 1608 wallmap of Africa by Pieter Verbist (Antwerp, 1644), the only such copy known. The pro- gressive elimination of imaginary features, still abun- dantly present in the decorative maps of the 17th and 18th centuries by Visscher, de Wit, Allard, and Covens & Mortier, for example, culminates in d’Anville’s wallmap Jan Covens & Pieter Mortier, principal cartouche of th four-sheet wallmap of Africa, ca. 1725 (HO.1981.1.155, of 1749, before scientific exploration of the 19 century collections RMCA, Tervuren). could fill the white gaps again. This process was accel- erated in the context of the Berlin Conference (1884/85), The theme of the symposium looked broadly at travel to and Wulf showed some telling maps of the Congo by and through Africa. Papers ranged from an introduction Belgian and other explorers. to the first maps made of the Cape when they revealed little beyond coastal information; the ‘discovery’ of François le Vaillant’s map for Louis XVI; the map made Perthesforum inaugurated by Carel David Wentzel of the first VOC-sponsored expedition of the eastern area of the Cape led by August in Gotha (Germany) Frederik Beutler; missionary maps and Livingstone’s By Wulf Bodenstein mapping of south central Africa; the role of cadastral maps in the standardising of land claims; the mapping The geographical establishment of Justus Perthes in of the southern skies by Abbé Nicolas Louis de LaCaille Gotha began its operations in 1856 from premises in and his significance in the history of cartography; the the Friedrichsallee. On account of the Institute’s grow- discovery, mapping and management of the dripstone ing success with its atlas, map and journal production caverns known as Cango Caves; and the anxious bid of (Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen) the facilities were the British for maps of southern Africa in their conflict progressively extended to cover over 10 000 m² in the with the Boers. early 20th century. After a varied history of ownership, complicated by expropriation under the DDR regime, the Pages of the speakers’ slide show presentation can be city of Gotha bought the building complex from Stephan found on the symposium website www.2015imcos.com Perthes in 2009. Financial support amounting to EUR 18.2 and a selection of articles based on the presentations million was made available for renovation by the European will appear in future issues of the IMCoS Journal. Regional Development Fund, the Federal Republic, the Free State of Thuringia and the City of Gotha. One of the ten symposium speakers was Brussels Map Circle’s very own Wulf Bodenstein; others such as Elri The main building which is at No 5 in the same street, Liebenberg and Hans Kok will also be familiar names today renamed Justus-Perthes-Strasse, became the to readers. Wulf, a voluntary assistant at the Royal Perthesforum. It was officially opened on 6 November Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren spoke on the 2015, housing the Thuringian State Archives and acting museum’s extensive collection of maps, generally on the as a depository for part of the Schloss Friedenstein

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 INTERNATIONAL NEWS 35

Foundation with its workshops. But, more importantly for its social, economical, cultural and political conditions, our readers, it now contains the map component of the with 21 maps. Among these are a world map and maps of Perthes Collection of the Forschungsbibliothek. Books and the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean and the Caspian archives, however, are for the moment still kept in Schloss Sea, plus 17 maps of regions of Morocco, Egypt, Syria, Friedenstein, as are the holdings of other departments Iraq, some Persian provinces, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and of the Forschungsbibliothek, including the collection of Transoxiana (Central Asia). oriental manuscripts mentioned in the Notice following. The document in question is most likely the oldest surviving example, with maps, of the numerous copies that were made of this work. The south-oriented map illustrated here (sheet 40a of the Geography) shows the central and south-western part of today’s Iran, with Shiraz in the centre (yellow, within double red circle). The red and yellow dots to its left possibly represent caranvansary staging posts, spaced at intervals of a day’s march or about 20 km.

The new Perthes Forum building

Visits of collections by appointment only: sammlung- [email protected], postal address as before: Forschungsbibliothek Gotha, Schloss Friedenstein, D-99867 Gotha, contact Dr Petra Weigel, Tel + 49-(0)361- 737 55 30.

Arabic Geography in the Forschungsbibliothek Gotha now registered in the UNESCO Memory of the World (MOW) Programme

By Wulf Bodenstein

The Forschungsbibliothek in Gotha is probably best known to our readers for the extremely rich and important Archives of the Justus Perthes Geographical Kitāb al-Aqālīm, copy of 1173 AD, Forschungs- Institute which the Free State of Thuringia saved from bibliothek Gotha, Ms. orient. A 1521, fol. 40a international dispersal when it succeeded in acquiring them from private hands in 2002. This manuscript was bought in Cairo in 1807 by the German explorer Ulrich Jasper Seetzen who presented On 9 October 2015, two documents from its other, equally it to his noble patrons, the Dukes of Saxony-Gotha- important collections were added to the MOW Register. Altenburg. It was later integrated into the holdings of One is a first print of 1520 of Martin Luther’s Von der the Forschungsbibliothek Gotha. Its collection of orien- Freyheyt eynisz Christen menschen. The other, of more tal manuscripts (over 3 000 volumes) is the third largest relevance to our Maps in History readers, is a copy datable of its kind in Germany. to 1173 AD of an Arabic manuscript geographical description, with maps, of the late tenth century. Further reading: Gerald R. Tibbetts: ‘The Balkhi School of Geographers’, in: J.B.Harley/David Woodward (ed.), The Persian scholar al-Istakhri (died ca. 951) composed The History of Cartography, Vol. 2, Book 1: Cartography a Book of Climate Zones, a Kitàb al-Aqàlim, better in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, known in a revised version under the designation Kitab Chicago 1992, pp. 108-136 (available on-line). al-Masalik wa-‘l-mamalik, Book of Routes and Empires. (Based on information obtained, with thanks, It describes the world of Islam in the tenth century and from Dr Mareike Beez, Forschungsbibliothelk Gotha)

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 36 INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Malta Map Society the message ‘Venit hora eius. Veniet et tua’ (His hour came – yours will come, too). So – long life to the MMS launches its Journal and all lovers of old maps. By Wulf Bodenstein

In Maps in History, No 52 (May, 2015), we gave a brief ICA Commission on the account of a special edition of the Newsletter which the Malta Map Society published in January, 2015. This was History of Cartography - to mark the fifth anniversary of this very active map New Management society. With 76 pages it was also the most voluminous of all 9 issues, and the last of the Newsletters to appear. The 27th International Cartographic Conference and 16th General Assembly of the International Cartographic As- sociation (ICA) took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 23- 28 August 2015.

The General Assembly elected Dr Imre Josef Demhardt as the new Chair of the Commission on the History of Cartography, succeeding Elri Liebenberg (Chair 2007- 2015). He will be supported by Dr Mirela Slukan Altic (as Vice-Chair) and by Soetkin Vervust (as Secretary / Web Content Manager).

The Brussels Map Circle wishes this new management team every success, pledging that it will pursue the fruitful cooperation exemplified last year with the organisation of the Joint Symposium ‘Mapping in Times of War’ in Ghent. Malta MMS Journal cover

But, rest assured, the disappearance of this publication In Memoriam in its modest A-5 format heralded the arrival of the Malta Map Society Journal, the first edition of which (Volume Thomas D. 1 – Issue 1) has just come out. As Editor Joseph Schirò ex- Goodrich plains in the Editorial, members of the MMS were unan- imous in considering that the quality and number of the (1927 – 2015) articles published made the newsletter more of a journal than a newsletter. It was also felt that a larger format (i.e. Dr. Thomas D. Goodrich, born 1927, died on 5 November A-4) would facilitate better reading of the maps and other 2015. He was a foremost academic expert on the history illustrations which accompany the articles. of the Ottoman period, particularly on its maps; and was a pioneer of that field in the United States. Looking at this new publication of 44 pages, produced on strong paper and in colour throughout, one cannot agree After studying at the University of California (BA in more. The first article is by Michael Ritter who curat- history, 1952; MA in social studies, 1953) he went to Tur- ed the splendid Exhibition of Lotter maps in Augsburg key and taught maths for a few years. He then returned (reviewed in Maps in History No 50, September 2014). to the US to study at Columbia University, where he He presents Malta maps published in Augsburg, with 22 obtained a Middle East certificate and a PhD in history (1968). His thesis was expanded and published as The colour illustrations, as an update of the catalogue German Ottoman Turks and the New World: A Study of Tarih-i Malta Maps produced by the MMS in 2011. MMS President Hind-i Garbi and Sixteenth Century Ottoman America- Albert Ganado contributes two articles, one on late 18th na. (Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz, 1990), which became century French fortification plans of Valletta, and anoth- a recognised reference work in that field. er on the so far unknown Maltese cartographer Antonio Crespi’s Pianta della città et delle isole di Malta. Joseph Tom was Professor of history at the Indiana University Schiró offers an analysis of a French spy map of about the of Pennsylvania for many years (1967-94), doing research same period, and Rod Lyon adds an article on Early Malta and publishing on Ottoman knowledge of America and Bus Maps (early 20th century). Joseph Schiró closes this Europe and also Ottoman maps. In retirement he con- volume with a cartographic curiosity, a tombstone map tinued studying and publishing on that topic. In 2012, in St. John’s Cathedral (Valletta) with an epitaph bearing he was honoured by the publication of a Festschrift,

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 EVENTS CALENDAR 37

followed by having two volumes of the Journal of In general the exhibitors expressed concern about the Ottoman Studies dedicated to him. well-known ageing population of the collectors and the lack of younger persons to enter the field as buyers. He was also an active contributor to the Washington This trend is continuing since many years now and is Map Society and IMCoS. resulting in a much more difficult and more competitive business for the dealers with a well noticeable pressure on prices. As in past years there was a very active busi- Paris Map Fair ness between exhibitors, notably with the Americans. In general the exhibitors’ feedback regarding their sales participation by the results with collectors was rather disappointing, with a Brussels Map Circle few exceptions to the contrary. This was mainly driven by lower pricing. Some exhibitors had reduced their By Alex Smit ([email protected]) offering appreciably, considering that the Fair mainly served to establish contacts. The Fair continues to be As in previous years the BRUSSELS MAP CIRCLE partic- a very interesting venue for collectors, but the declin- ipated with a stand at the Paris Map & Travel Book Fair ing trend of the Fair is a concern for the organiser and held in the Ambassador Hotel on Saturday 5 November exhibitors as well. 2015. Pierre Dumolin and Alex Smit were present at the Fair to represent our Circle, distribute our Newsletters As usual there were very interesting maps, atlases and to interested visitors and explain our activities with the books on display. For example our sponsor Sanderus objective to enroll new members (see picture). displayed several Leo Belgicus maps (from Van den Keere/Kaerius and Visscher) and a very rare and an interesting mappemonde, dated around 1690, by the Dutch engraver and cartographer Gerard Valck, printed in the Wakkere Grond in Amsterdam and not listed by Shirley.

As usual the Fair had a very international participation with exhibitors from six European countries and the USA and Canada, but five less than last year. This caused the organiser, Librairie Loeb-Larocque, to re- duce the fair from three to two exhibition rooms. The number of visitors seemed about the same as last year, with many important buyers being present. Thanks to newspaper publicity by the organiser, it was good to see quite a number of first time visitors, not yet familiar with cartography.

Adv.BIMCC 2016.indd 1 09-12-2015 13:26:08

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 38 EVENTS CALENDAR

Events calendar

‘MAPS AND SOCIETY’ Cartography and Captivity MILANO MAP FAIR LECTURES SERIES, during the Napoleonic 27 February 2016 LONDON Conflicts, 1803-1815 Ancient maps and city views Lectures in the history of car- 28 April 2016 tography convened by Catherine Venue: Hotel Michelangelo, Milano Delano-Smith (Institute of Historical Lecture by Dr Elodie Duché (Alan From 11.00 to 18.00 Research, University of London), Tony Pearsall Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute [email protected] Campbell (formerly Map Library, of Historical Research, University of www.milanomapfair.it British Library), and Alessandro Scafi London) (Warburg Institute). THE OXFORD SEMINARS Paid to do a Hobby: A Map IN CARTOGRAPHY Construction and Dealer’s Reflections on the Reconstruction: Investigating Last Forty-five Years Marco Polo and maps: How Portolan Maps Were 12 May 2016 the question of evidence Produced by Reproducing a Lecture by Jonathan Potter (Jonathan 3 March 2016 Fifteenth-Century Chart of Potter Ltd) the Mediterranean Conference by Benjamin Olshin, University of the Arts, Philadelphia 4 February 2016 Venue: Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, Venue: Weston Library Lecture Theatre, Lecture by Dr Kevin Sheehan Woburn Square, London WC1H OAB Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BG (Librarian and independent scholar, Contact: Catherine Delano-Smith Durham University). Telephone: +44 20 8346 5112 E-mail: [email protected] Time schedule: 17.00 Oxford and cosmopolitan Cartography in the Sands: Entry fee: Admission is free and each science in Greenland, meeting is followed by refreshments. 1920-1940 Mapping Oman at 1:100 000 www.maphistory.info/warburgprog.html and Fixing the Position of the 12 May 2016 Kuria Muria Islands in 1984 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY Conference by Richard Powell, School 25 February 2016 LIBRARY CONFERENCES, UK of Geography, Oxford Lecture by Major Tony Keeley (Royal Venue: School of Geography and the School of Military Survey, Thatcham, Plans of London buildings Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, Berkshire) drawn c. 1450–1720 OX1 3QY Time schedule: 16.30 - 18.00 23 February 2016 Contact: Nick Millea, Map Librarian, Mental Maps of the World Bodleian Library, Broad Street, Oxford, in Great Britain and France, OX1 3BG Alexander Ogg (1811-65 ): Telephone: +44 1865 287119 1870-1914 surveyor, farmer and gold E-mail: [email protected] www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/maps 10 March 2016 prospector, Aberdeenshire Lecture by Dr Isabelle Avila (Lecturer, and New Zealand MAASTRICHT University of Paris-Est Marne-la- 3 May 2016 Vallée, France) ANTIQUARIAN BOOK Conference by Dr Douglas Lockhart AND PRINT FAIR (Formerly University of Keele) Cultural Landscape in 11 – 13 March 2016 Early Modern Jewish and Venue: Gardner Room, Emmanuel Venue: The St-Jan Church, Christian Maps of the Holy College, St Andrew’s Street, Cambridge, Vrijthof, Maastricht England CB2 3AP Opening Hours: Friday 14.00 - 19.00, Land Contact: Sarah Bendall Saturday 10.00 - 18.00, Sunday Telephone: +44 (0) 1223 330476 14 April 2016 10.00 - 17.00 E-mail: [email protected] Info: www.mabp.eu, [email protected] Lecture by Dr Pnina Arad (Research Time schedule: 17.30 Fellow, The Hebrew University of www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/maps/cartog[...] Jerusalem, Israel)

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 EVENTS CALENDAR 39

11. INTERNATIONALE ATLAS-TAGE 2016 [11TH INTERNATIONAL ATLAS DAYS] 1 April 2016 – 3 April 2016 Schwerte, Deutschland

Venue: Haus Villigst, Iserlohner Str. 25, 58239 Schwerte Contact: Jürgen Espenhorst

6° SIMPOSIO IBEROAMERICANO DE HISTORIA DE LA CARTOGRAFÍA (6SIAHC) 19 April 2016 – 21 April 2016 Atlas nautique Med (JF Roussin, 1660) Santiago de Chile, Chile The Third ISHMap symposium will Org. Interuniversity Centre for the be held on Friday, 3rd and Saturday, History of Science and Technology, 4th June 2016 at the Auditório BNP, University of Lisbon (CIUHCT) and the National Library of Portugal, Lisbon. National Library of Portugal (BNP) Local organizer: Thomas Horst (Trustee Venue Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, of ISHMap and Postdoc at the CIUHCT). Campo Grande 83, 1749-081 Lisboa Representatives of the local partners: Entry fee: The event will be free of charges. View of Santiago de Chile. Brambila, Antonio Sanchez Martinez (CIUHCT), ciuhct.org/events/portmeeting Fernando (1764 - 1834) João Carlos García (University of Porto and CIUHCT) and Maria Joaquina Org. Universidad de Chile | Pontificia THE DISSEMINATION Universidad Católica de Chile Esteves Feijão (Curator of the Maps at the National Library of Portugal). OF CARTOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE: Venue Universidades de Chile y Católica The Scientific committee responsible de Chile PRODUCTION – TRADE Contact: Alejandra Vega (coordinadora for the content of the programme is Comité Organizador Local), Centro de Thomas Horst (Chair), Antti Jakobson – CONSUMPTION – Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos (ISHMap trustee, Finland), Júnia PRESERVATION Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades Ferreira Furtado (ISHMap trustee, 13 October 2016 – 14 October 2016 Universidad de Chile Av. Ignacio Carrera Brazil), Mary Sponberg Pedley (ISHMap Pinto 1025, 2° piso Ñuñoa, Santiago Dubrovnik, Croatia Telephone: +56 29787139 member, USA), Petra Svatek (ISHMap Org. The ICA Commission on the E-mail: [email protected] trustee, Austria) and Emmanuelle Vagnon (ISHMap trustee, France). History of Cartography together with the ICA Commission on Map RD 3 ISHMAP SYMPOSIUM Venue: Auditório BNP, National Library of Production and Geoinformation ENCOUNTERS AND Portugal, Lisbon Management, the ICA Commission on TRANSLATIONS: MAPPING ciuhct.org/pt/activity/ishmap-symposi- Use, User, and Usability Issues, and the um-lisbon-2016 AND WRITING THE Institute of Social Sciences ‘Ivo Pilar’ WATERS OF THE WORLD ON THE ORIGIN Venue Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik 3 June 2016 – 4 June 2016 www.histacartodubrovnik2016.com Lisbon, Portugal AND EVOLUTION OF PORTOLAN CHARTS. Org. ISHMap in collaboration with the FIRST INTERNATIONAL Centro Interuniversitario das Ciencias e da Tecnologia (CIUHCT), University WORKSHOP of Lisbon, and the Biblioteca National 6 June 2016 – 7 June 2016 de Portugal (BNP) Lisbon, Portugal

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 40 EXHIBITIONS CALENDAR

Exhibitions calendar

Handwritten in stone : how vary according to the objective and Made in Algeria – Généalogie William Smith and his maps context of creation. Whether ancient d’un territoire [Genealogy of or contemporary, a map can thus be changed geology geopolitical, philosophical, military, a territory] 9 October 2015 – 31 January 2016 touritic or artistic. To understand this 19 January – 2 May 2016 Oxford, U.K. particular media, the exhibition has Marseille, France different modules from the history of cartography to its use in contemporary art, through measurement instruments and ‘below the maps’.

Venue: TreM.a, Hotel Gaiffier d’Hestroy, Rue de Fer 24, 5000 Namur. Org. Museum of Natural History Time schedule: Tuesday to Sunday 10.00 - 18.00. Monday closed. There are also accompanying events: www.lasan.be/flash/expositions/58-ex- Tuesday 13 October, 18.00 - 19.00. po-au-milieu-du-monde Lecture: ‘The map that changed the This is the first major exhibition ever World’ by Simon Winchester Op zoek naar Van Santen & devoted to the representation of a territory and its manufacturing: that Tuesday 3 November, 18.00 - 19.00. de kleuren van de Gouden of Algeria. For this event, rare maps Lecture: ‘Mapping the Himalaya – the Eeuw [Looking for Van from the Defence History Service will legacy of William Smith’ by Mike Searle Santen & the colors of the be exhibited for the first time. Saturday 21 November, 10.00 - 17.00. Golden Century] They show how the map invention Day school: ‘How to read geological Until 31 January 2016 accompanied the conquest of Algeria maps’. GBP 65.00. Book at www.bit.ly/ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and its description. Major works, in mhnevents Org. University of Amsterdam (UvA) particular those from the Palace of Versailles illustrating the conquest Venue: Museum of Natural History, Parks of Algeria, will finally be presented Road, Oxford OX1 3PW Venue: Old Turfmarkt 129 , 1012 GC Contact: Nick Millea Amsterdam again to the public. Contemporary Telephone: +44 1865 272950 bijzonderecollecties.uva.nl/nieuws-agen- designs, some made of unpublished E-mail: [email protected] da/tentoonstel[...] iconographic material, will be inau- Time schedule: 10.00 - 17.00 gurated. Entry fee: Admission Free www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/maps De Atlassen [The Atlases] Zahia Rahmani, head of Art and Globalization’, INHA Until 2 April 2016 Au Milieu du monde : Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jean-Yves Sarazin, Directeur du Département des cartes et plans, BnF Namur - Cartes et plans, Org. Het Scheepvaartmuseum 16e - 21e siècle [Namur in the Middle of the World: Plans Venue: MuCEM, 7 Promenade Robert Laffont, 13002 Marseille th st and maps, 16 -21 century] mia.hypotheses.org/140 Until 31 January 2016 Namur, Belgium Quando l’Italia designava Org. Archaeological society Namur il mondo [When Italy was The exhibition reveals how Namur oc- drawing the world] cupies a position of prime importance 19 February - 22 May 2016 since the 16th century at the heart of Bergamo, Italy political and strategic issues, at the Cartographic treasures of the crossroads, as tourist capital and, now, Atlas Ortelius 1597-Het-Scheepvaart- Renaissance presented by Associazione as regional capital. museum Almagià. To know a specific location, discover the Venue: Kattenburgerplein 1, 1018 KK whole Earth, move, measure distances, Amsterdam Venue: Palazzo del Podesta, have various data reinterpret the world www.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl/ont- Piazza vecchia, Bergamo ... the uses of a map are numerous and dek/tentoonstellingen[...] www.associazionealmagia.it

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 AUCTION CALENDAR 41

Auction calendar

De Eland Bubb Kuyper Paulus Swaen Internet Auctions Weesperstraat 110, Jansweg 39, NL-2011 KM Haarlem NL-1112 AP Diemen tel. +31 23 532 39 86 www.swaen.com tel. +31 20 623 03 43 www.bubbkuyper.com [email protected] www.deeland.nl, [email protected] [email protected] 16/23 February, 15/22 March, 31 January, 10 April, 19 June 2016 24/27 May, 22/25 November 2016 12/19 April, 17/24 May 2016

Henri Godts Loeb-Larocque Marc van de Wiele Avenue Louise 230/6 31, rue de Tolbiac, Sint-Salvatorskerkhof 7 B-1050 Brussels F-75013 Paris B-8000 Brugge tel. +32 (0)2 647 85 48 tel. +33 (0)6 11 80 33 75 or tel. +32 (0)50 33 63 17 fax +32 (0)2 640 73 32 tel./fax +33 (0)1 44 24 85 80 fax +32 (0)50 34 64 57 www.godts.com www.loeb-larocque.com www.marcvandewiele.com [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 22 March, 21 June, ? 5 March 2016 18 October, 13 December 2016

Peter Kiefer Buch- und The Romantic Agony Venator & Hanstein Kunstauktionen Acquaductstraat 38-40 Cäcilienstrasse 48, Steubenstrasse 36 B-1060 Brussels D-50667 Köln D-75172 Pforzheim tel. +32 (0)2 544 10 55 tel. +49 221 257 54 19 tel. +49 7231 92 320 fax +32 (0)2 544 10 57 fax +49 221 257 55 26 fax +49 7231 92 32 16 www.romanticagony.com www.venator-hanstein.de www.kiefer.de, [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 19/20 February 2016 22/23 April 2016 18/19 March 2016

This calendar is limited to those antiquarians and map dealers who support our Circle. For details please contact: [email protected]

MERCATOR mindseye R.C. Braeken graphic design Old maps Mapas Antiquos Cartes Anciennes Alte Karten David Raes

Achter Clarenburg 3511 JJ Utrecht Branding, design for print, The Netherlands catalogues and webdesign.

Business by appointment only Jan Palfijnstraat 26 [email protected] 8500 Kortrijk

www.mercatormaps.com [email protected]

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54 42 SPONSORS

Antiquariaat Antiquariaat Sanderus Plantijn F. Devroe D.R. Duncker

Old maps, atlases and prints Old maps, prints, atlases and illustrated books.

Nederkouter 32, 9000 Gent Ginnekensmarkt 5, 4835 JC Breda Tel +32 (0)9 223 35 90 Tel +31 76 560 44 00 Fax +32 (0)9 223 39 71 [email protected] [email protected] www.plantijnmaps.com www.sanderusmaps.com

Venator & Hanstein Book and Print Auctions

Rare Maps and Views, Manuscripts, Old and Modern Prints, Rare Books

Auctions in spring and fall. Consignments are welcome. Catalogues maps views decorative prints books upon request and online.

Jakob-Klar-Straße 12 Cäcilienstrasse 48, 50667 Cologne 80796 München - Germany Tel +49 221 257 54 19 Tel/Fax +49 89 27 37 23 52 Fax +49 221 55 26 [email protected] www.venator-hanstein.de www.pahor.de

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54

THE BRUSSELS MAP CIRCLE (BIMCC ASBL/VZW) 43

The Brussels Map Circle

AIMS AND FUNCTIONS HONORARY PRESIDENTS • Alain Servantie [email protected] The Circle was created, as the Wulf Bodenstein • Jean-Christophe Staelens Brussels International Map Collectors’ Avenue des Camelias 71 [email protected] Circle (BIMCC), in 1998 by Wulf B-1150 Bruxelles - Bodenstein. telephone: +32 (0) 2 772 69 09 BECOMING (AND STAYING) e-mail: [email protected] Now known as the Brussels Map A MEMBER Circle, it is a non-profit making as- Eric Leenders Members receive three Newsletters sociation under Belgian law (asbl/vzw Zwanenlaan 16 per annum and have free admission 0464 423 627) . B-2610 Antwerpen to most of the Circle’s events. Non- telephone: +32 (0) 3 440 10 81 Its aims are to: members pay full rates. e-mail: [email protected] 1. Provide an informal and convivial Annual membership: EUR 30.00, forum for all those with a special- EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Students and Juniors under 25: ist interest in maps, atlases, town PRESIDENT EUR 12.00. views and books with maps, be they Caroline De Candt To become (and stay!) a member, collectors, academics, antiquarians, Burggravenlaan 341 please pay the membership dues or simply interested in the subject B-9000 Gent EXCLUSIVELY by bank transfer (no 2. Organise lectures on various as- telephone: +32(0)9 222 80 14 cheques please) to our bank account: pects of historical cartography, on e-mail: [email protected] IBAN: BE52 0682 4754 2209 regions of cartographical interest, BIC: GKCCBEBB and notify the on documentation, paper conserva- VICE-PRESIDENT Membership Secretary tion and related subjects AND EDITOR (ÉDITEUR ([email protected]) indicating your name and address. 3. Organise visits to exhibitions, and RESPONSABLE) to libraries and institutions holding Jean-Louis Renteux MAPS IN HISTORY important map and atlas collections. Rue des Floralies 62 The Brussels Map Circle currently pub- B-1200 Brussels In order to achieve these aims, the Circle lishes three issues per year. It is distrib- telephone: + 32 (0)2 770 59 03 organises the following annual events: uted, not only to members of the Circle, e-mail: [email protected] • A MAP Afternoon in March or April, but also to key institutions (universities, bringing together all those interest- TREASURER AND libraries) and to personalities active in the field of the history of cartography, ed in maps and atlases for an infor- MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY mal chat about an item from their located in 26 different countries. collection – an ideal opportunity to Eddy Masschalck Please submit calendar items and oth- get to know the Circle. Ridder van Ranstlei 77 er contributions to the editor (e-mail: • An EXCURSION to a map collection B-2640 Mortsel [email protected]) by the following or exhibition. telephone: +32(0)474934761 deadlines: • AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE e-mail: [email protected] • 15 March for the May edition. on a specific major topic in December. WEBMASTER • 15 July for the September edition. The Brussels Map Circle also publishes Pierre Parmentier • 15 Nov. for the January edition. Maps in History formerly known as e-mail: [email protected] Items presented for publication are ‘BIMCC Newsletter’, three times a year submitted to the approval of the and maintains a website. SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR Editorial Committee. OFFICIAL ADDRESS Wouter Bracke Signed articles and reviews reflect solely the opinions of the author. Avenue Louise 230/6 OTHER OFFICERS Books for review should be sent to B-1050 Brussels • Lisette Danckaert Nicola Boothby (Uwenberg 13, B-1650 www.bimcc.org • Karen De Coene Beersel, Belgium, [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]) who will • Jan De Graeve arrange for their review by a member [email protected] of the Circle. • Henri Godts [email protected]

JANUARY 2016 – MAPS IN HISTORY NO 54