DOCSLIB.ORG

Regaining a Perspective on Holistic Mission: an Assessment Ofthe Role Ofthe Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church in Southern Ethiopia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regaining a Perspective on Holistic Mission: an Assessment Ofthe Role Ofthe Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church in Southern Ethiopia Regaining a perspective on holistic mission: An assessment ofthe role ofthe Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church in Southern Ethiopia H.T. Wotango, Rev. Student~o.210694l7-2007 Mmi-dissertation submitted in Partial fulfillment ofthe requirements ofMasters of Arts (Missiology) in the Faculty ofTheology ofthe North West University .... Supervisor: Prof. Dr. T.D. Mashau Co-Supervisor: Dr. ~adine Bowers Du Toit Potchefstroom Campus. ~ovember 2009 Acknowledgements The involvement of various people in the process of -writing this dissertation needs to be acknowledged. First, I would to extend my appreciation to Prof. T.D. Mashau who was my supervisor at the North West (NWU) and contributed an invaluable part in the structure and over all supervision ofthe work. Secondly, my warm and deep appreciation goes to Dr. Nadine Bowers Du Toit who is my co-supervisor. She has been involved in my work extensively making both grammatical and conceptual corrections with vigilant and inspiring approach. She worked with me almost each and every big and small steps and has been a source of great encouragement to me to work to its final stage. Thirdly Mrs. Lorraine Seccombe's commitment in editing this dissertation is a noteworthy input. She contributed a significant part to add flavor to the work language wise. I am also indebted to George Whitfield College (GWC) faculty and administration who have been involved in one or the other way in the course ofthis work, especially Dr. David Seccombe, the principal of the college, who closely followed up the process of the -writing in order to it on time and made possible my whole education through the financial support from sources related to the college. Getting necessary current information on W olaita Heywet Church's mission work was not an easy task. My wife Rachel Mena and my Eyob Denio played a significant role in gathering information and sending it by email. They to be credited. Further, I would like to extend a special appreciation to my wife for her sacrificial commitment to take care of our four children and fulfIll all social responsibilities in my absence. Finally, my recognition goes to the Wolaita Kale Heywet Church leaders and missionary u.uj:;'-'-C;,OCO who were cooperative in delivering information on the interview questionnaire. The goodness of God is indescribable. He has been the source of knowledge wisdom and strength throughout my work .1 wish to praise Him for and grace and sincerely hope that this dissertation will bring due glory to His name. Acronyms AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CCFC- Christian Children's Fund of Canada CMA- Christian and Missionary Alliance CMS- Church Missionary Society EKHC- Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church EOTC- Ethiopia Orthodox Tewahido Church EPRDF- Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front GWC- George Whitefield College HIV- Human Immunity deficiency Virus LMS- London Missionary Society MDGs - Millennium Development Goals NIV- New illtemational Version NT- New Testament J\TWU- North West University OT- Old Testament PLWAS- People Living With AIDS SEM- Swedish Evangelical Mission SIM- Serving ill Mission WZKHC- Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church ii Abstract Based on the missional experiences of the Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church (WZKHC) in Southern Ethiopia, this dissertation argues the indispensable nature of the holistic approach to mission in order to fulfil the missional responsibility of the church effectively. Balance must be kept between the two aspects of mission (evangelism and social concern) and they need to be integrated as working towards a single goal ofproclaiming the Kingdom of God. In other words, neither of the two aspects of mission may to be magnified at the expense of the other nor should they be dichotomized as two unrelated parts. J\1ission emerges from the nature of God. Ever since the creation ofthe universe God has been at work and the church takes part in what he is doing. God's mission is holistic. Through Jesus Christ, He is working towards the redemption of the whole creation to its originally intended state. The research attempts to give attention to this concept as the Kingdom-oriented (Messio­ Dei) mission versus church-centered mission in light ofholistic approach. To weigh the experience of the church (WZKHC) from the perspective of the Scripture, OT and NT analysis will be done in detail. Furthermore, the eschatological views pertinent to the final state of the creation and millennium will also be assessed in order to find out their contribution as a root ofimbalance or polarization between evangelism and social concern. The aim the study is to frod out the factors that contribute to the imbalanced and non integrated approach to mission in the WZKHC in order to help the church regain the holistic perspective. This would be done mainly through qualitative research method, although quantitative approach is also employed rarely. Key terms- Church, Gospel; Holistic mission; Integral mission; Shalom; Kingdom of God; Missio Dei; Transformation; End time. iii Table of contents Acknowledgement.......................................................................................... Acronyms......................................................................................................ii Abstract........................................................................................................................................ .iii Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................... 1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................1 1.2 Background and problem statement.....................................................................................1 1.2.1 Backgrolllld....................................................................................................1 1.2.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................6 1.3. Aim and Objectives..........................................................................................11 1.3.1 .Aim..............................................................................................................11 1.3.2 Objective.......................................................................................................11 1.4. Central theoretical argument............................................................................11 1.5. Methodology.................................................................................................11 Chapter 2 Reflections on the historical background of the WZKHC and its involvement in missions............................................................................................................14 2.1 Ethiopia...................................................................................................14 2.2 The introduction of Christianity to Ethiopia................;....................................15 2.2.1 The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church.........................................................15 2.2.2 Evangelical mission history in Ethiopia.............................................................17 1 Swedish Evangelical Missions (SEM) ......................................................... 2.2.2.2 Society ofInternational Missions (SIJ\1) .........................................................18 2.3 Wolaita people and their former religious experience.......................................... 19 iv Contents (continued) 2.3.1 Briefbackgrol.IDd on Wolaita........................................................................19 2.3.2 The primal Religious experience .....................................................................20 2.4 Ground-breaking work of the SThI in Wolaita and the opposition faced by Believers.................................'" ...............................................................21 2.4.1 The birth ofWZKHC.................................................................................21 2.4.2 Persecutions endured................................................................................... 23 2.4.3 Ministry ofSlM in light of contextualization..................... " ........................23 2.5 The Role ofthe Wolaita Zone Kale Heywet Church (WZKHC) in lVIission...................24 2.5.1 Evangelism....................................................................................................24 2.5.1.1 The First Phase (1928-84) ............................................................................25 2.5.1.2 The Second Phase (1985-2008) ..................................................................27 2.5.2 Social Concern ..........................................................................................30 2.5.2.1 Period one (1928-73) ................................................................................31 2.5.2.2 Period two (197 4-91 ) ........................................................................................................34 2.5.2.3 Period three (1992- 2009) ............................................................................36 Chapter 3 The biblical view ofholistic mission and its implication for the WZKHC.. .40 3.1 Biblical basis ofMission...................................................................................40 111ission in the Old Testament.............................................................................................. 40 v Contents (continued) 3.1.1.1 God's
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toward a Theological Response to Prostitution: Listening to the Voices of Women Affected by Prostitution and of Selected Church Leaders in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Middlesex University Research Repository Toward a Theological Response to Prostitution: Listening to the Voices of Women Affected by Prostitution and of Selected Church Leaders in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Jennifer Andrea Singh OCMS, Ph.D. August 2018 ABSTRACT This feminist, qualitative research project explores how the voices of women affected by prostitution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and of selected evangelical church leaders in that city, could contribute to a life- affirming theological response to prostitution. The thesis engages sociological and theological sources to interpret the data gathered; contextual Bible study sessions provided access to the women’s voices, and semi-structured interviews revealed church leaders’ perspectives. During conversations with the women, six core themes emerged, reflecting their contextual understanding of the social and theological ramifications of prostitution: their entrance into prostitution; God; sin; humanity (Christian anthropology); justice; and the church. The women articulated that: 1) prostitution was a means of survival; 2) God is a protective figure in their lives; 3) sin is equated with prostitution and uncleanliness; 4) humanity is rejecting; 5) injustice is a normalised experience; and 6) they are unwelcome in the church due to their status as ‘sinners,’ and have few expectations that the Christian church or its leaders would help them exit prostitution. These themes reportedly resonated with interviewed church leaders, who expressed empathy for the women. Bringing both sets of voices together in a discussion of the Story of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), however, revealed several theological deficiencies held by the evangelical church that currently impede the formation of a life-affirming theological response to prostitution.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Survey of Missions
    2 A Brief Survey of Missions A BRIEF SURVEY OF MISSIONS Examining the Founding, Extension, and Continuing Work of Telling the Good News, Nurturing Converts, and Planting Churches Rev. Morris McDonald, D.D. Field Representative of the Presbyterian Missionary Union an agency of the Bible Presbyterian Church, USA P O Box 160070 Nashville, TN, 37216 Email: [email protected] Ph: 615-228-4465 Far Eastern Bible College Press Singapore, 1999 3 A Brief Survey of Missions © 1999 by Morris McDonald Photos and certain quotations from 18th and 19th century missionaries taken from JERUSALEM TO IRIAN JAYA by Ruth Tucker, copyright 1983, the Zondervan Corporation. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI Published by Far Eastern Bible College Press 9A Gilstead Road, Singapore 309063 Republic of Singapore ISBN: 981-04-1458-7 Cover Design by Charles Seet. 4 A Brief Survey of Missions Preface This brief yet comprehensive survey of Missions, from the day sin came into the world to its whirling now head on into the Third Millennium is a text book prepared specially by Dr Morris McDonald for Far Eastern Bible College. It is used for instruction of her students at the annual Vacation Bible College, 1999. Dr Morris McDonald, being the Director of the Presbyterian Missionary Union of the Bible Presbyterian Church, USA, is well qualified to write this book. It serves also as a ready handbook to pastors, teachers and missionaries, and all who have an interest in missions. May the reading of this book by the general Christian public stir up both old and young, man and woman, to play some part in hastening the preaching of the Gospel to the ends of the earth before the return of our Saviour (Matthew 24:14) Even so, come Lord Jesus Timothy Tow O Zion, Haste O Zion, haste, thy mission high fulfilling, to tell to all the world that God is Light; that He who made all nations is not willing one soul should perish, lost in shades of night.
    [Show full text]
  • Dem (Däm) (A,Geez) 1. Blood; 2. Sap of Plant; Deem (O) Go ?? Dem Bahir
    dem (däm) (A,Geez) 1. blood; 2. sap of plant; deem (O) go ?? Dem Bahir ../.. [Ch] Lake about a mile in diameter, formed in a depression on a lava field - lava blocks instead of mud can be seen on the bottom through the clear water. Close by is another similar lake, Kurt Bahir. [Cheesman 1936] HEF80 Dem Bet 11°36'/39°23' 1908 m 11/39 [Gz] HDK21 Dem Gijo 09°14'/37°41' 1688 m 09/37 [AA Gz] dema: demma (dämma) (A) bleed, make bleed; dema, deemaa (O) lustful, lewd, lecherous, promiscuous HED70 Dema, see Deyma HED92 Dema (area) 11/37 [WO] JEC50 Dema Lay Terara (Dema'lay T.) 11°19'/41°37' 831 m 11/41 [MS] JEC40 Demaali (Dema'ali), see Damahale JDC72 Demadegu, see Gicha GCU33 Demai 07/34 [WO] demb (dämb) (A) usage, established custom, rule HBL37 Demb (Uamore Demb?) (area) 03°54'/39°08' 03/39 [WO Gz] HFF23 Demba Mikael (church) 13°49'/39°41', east of Wikro 13/39 [Gz] dembal doro: dooro (Som), doro (A) chicken HBM73 Dembal Doro (Dembeldora, Dambaldoro) 04/39 [Gz LM WO] 04°19'/39°38' 1133 m HDE37 Dembala (area) 08/39 [WO] dembar (T) awkward, bashful; dembara (A) border, boundary; denbari (dänbari) (A) shy, skittish HCK78c Dembara, 2120 m, cf Denbera, Dimbira 07/38 [Gu] HCK79 Dembara 07°01'/38°20' 1789 m 07/38 [Wa Gz] HC... Dembara, see Denbara Kela ?? Dembaro ../.. [20] Menilek made submission to Yohannes IV at his camp at Dembaro on 20 March 1878 in an elaborate ceremony. Menilek was crowned King of Shewa on 26 March.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Draft 3
    BIOMEDICAL DISENCHANTMENTS: PRACTICES, DISCOURSES, AND IMAGINARIES OF TRANSNATIONAL BIOMEDICALIZATION IN RURAL ETHIOPIA BY STEPHANIE MARGRIT RIEDER DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Zsuzsa Gille, Chair Associate Professor Claire Laurier Decoteau, University of Illinois Chicago Associate Professor Brian Dill Associate Professor Assata Zerai ABSTRACT This dissertation examines practices, discourses, and imaginaries of biomedicine within hospital spaces produced by transnational processes in a rural Ethiopian community. I examine how Ethiopian and volunteer American physicians navigate intersections of globalized standards and technologies with site-specific clinical realities and sociopolitical structures to provide patient care and engage in professionally-satisfying endeavors. Extending sociological theories of biomedicalization into this postcolonial space constructed by unpredictable mobilities of global health technologies, but largely disconnected from formal networks of biocapital reveals biomedical imaginaries of physicians in tension with severely limited material and symbolic resources. The instability that characterizes biomedicine in Gelel, Ethiopia, is evident in physician practices and discourses in two community hospitals, representing different forms of institutional governance and fraught engagements with
    [Show full text]
  • With Recourse to the Broader Ethiopian, Evangelical and Biographical Contexts, Identify the Missional Motivations and Strategies of Dick Mclellan
    With recourse to the broader Ethiopian, evangelical and biographical contexts, identify the missional motivations and strategies of Dick McLellan. S.T.F. (the author is in a missionary location overseas and has asked that for security reasons his initials rather than his full name be indicated as the author of the article) Voyaging across the Indian Ocean, Dick and Vida McLellan wrote: ‘anyone on board that we mention to that we are going to Africa, looks at us as though we are crazy. With all the uncertainty in Africa today, we, too would much rather stay at home where we are free and safe’.1 Nevertheless, this self-confessedly ‘very ordinary Australian couple’ would serve for twenty years as missionaries with Serving in Mission (SIM) in Ethiopia (1954–1974).2 There, they would pioneer the evangelisation of unreached tribes and fan flames of revival. Thereafter, despite having returned to Australia with four children, and in the face of the Socialist uprising of 1974, Dick would visit Ethiopia over twenty times to encourage the underground church. This paper seeks to explain both the motivations and strategies of Dick McLellan as he ministered in this unique context. It is by analysis of early correspondences, later books, and recent interviews that his missional motivations and strategies will be identified. We will argue for five major motivators that inspired McLellan’s missionary endeavours: his conviction that there is only one way to be saved, that much of southern Ethiopia was unreached, that all Christians have a responsibility for mission, that he was personally called to go, and the encouragement received from observing church growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Cahiers D'ethnomusicologie, 25
    Cahiers d’ethnomusicologie Anciennement Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles 25 | 2012 La vie d’artiste Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ethnomusicologie/272 ISSN : 2235-7688 Éditeur ADEM - Ateliers d’ethnomusicologie Édition imprimée Date de publication : 31 décembre 2012 ISSN : 1662-372X Référence électronique Cahiers d’ethnomusicologie, 25 | 2012, « La vie d’artiste » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 31 décembre 2014, consulté le 06 mai 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ethnomusicologie/272 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 6 mai 2019. Article L.111-1 du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. 1 « La vie d’artiste » envisagera le statut social du musicien, et plus particulièrement du musicien professionnel. Dans certaines sociétés, ce statut est reconnu de longue date, et il fait l’objet de codifications qui déterminent son rôle, ses prérogatives et ses devoirs ; en d’autres cas, la professionnalisation de l’activité musicale est une donnée récente, qui s’est imposée sous l’influence de divers facteurs : nouveaux contextes de performance, nouveaux débouchés, tournées à l’étranger, tourisme, médiatisation, instrumentalisation de la musique... Dans quelle mesure la professionnalisation de l‘activité du musicien influence-t-elle les divers paramètres de son expression : les répertoires, les contenus esthétiques, le comportement des musiciens, leur rapport à leurs auditeurs, etc. ? Ce dossier propose d’examiner ces questions à partir d’une série d’études de cas et de réflexions générale sur le devenir
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia Gama - Garumuda © Bernhard Lindahl (2005)
    Local History of Ethiopia Gama - Garumuda © Bernhard Lindahl (2005) ?? Gam (historically recorded area) ../.. [Pa] Emperor Bä'edä Maryam (1468-1478) despatched Jan Zeg, the local ruler of Bali, into the nearby country of Gam, but he was killed and his army routed. [Pankhurst 1997 p 110] gama, game (A) kind of shrub or small tree, Ehretia cymosa var. silvatica; gama (O) 1. joy, consolation; 2. other side, beyond /the border/; gamaa (O) militant; gama' (Som) fall asleep, sink; gama (T) bandage HDG02 Gama 1832 m, cf Geme 09/35 [WO] HED82 Gama (mountain) 2275/2680 m 11/37 [Gu] JCT35 Gama (area) 07/43 [WO] JDK22 Gama (Bur Gul Gama) (hill) 2135/2154 m 09/42 [Gu WO] JDK22 Gama, see under Jijiga gamaad: gemed (gämäd) (A) string JDE73 Gamaad (area) 08/43 [WO] JEG54 Gamabolu (mountains) 658 m 12/40 [WO] HCR38 Gamachisa (Gamacisa, Ghemachisa) 07/35 [+ Gu n] HCR38 Gamachisa 07°31'/37°22' 1949 m gamachisu (O) 1. joy, delight, pleasure; 2. glad, pleased HCN15 Gamadura, see Gemadura HDG48 Gamalimo, see under Nejo 09/35 [WO] HEH46 Gamandi Maryam (G. Mariam) (church) 12/36 [LM WO] HDL79 Gamanya (Gamania) 09°43'/39°19' 2681 m 09/39 [n] HCF05 Gamara (area) 05/39 [WO] gamarri: gamaari (Som) extinguish, put out fire JEC92 Gamarri (Gamari) (area) 11/41 [WO MS] JEB93 Gamarri (lake)coord.11°40'/41°00' wrong? 11/41 [x] JEH09 Gamarri (Ounda Gamarri) (high plateau) 11/41 [Gu WO] gamas (O) opposite, across from; (Som) small spear HDE95 Gamasa (area), cf Gemase 09/38 [WO] HCK93 Gambata (Gambatta, Cambatta) 07°20'/37°50' 2400 m 07/37 [WO Gz] (mountains) coordinates
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia : Dem
    Local History of Ethiopia Dem Bet - Dhera © Bernhard Lindahl (2005) dem (däm) (A,Geez) 1. blood; 2. sap of plant; deem (O) go ?? Dem Bahir ../.. [Ch] Lake about a mile in diameter, formed in a depression on a lava field - lava blocks instead of mud can be seen on the bottom through the clear water. Close by is another similar lake, Kurt Bahir. [Cheesman 1936] HEF80 Dem Bet 11°36'/39°23' 1908 m 11/39 [Gz] HDK21 Dem Gijo 09°14'/37°41' 1688 m 09/37 [AA Gz] dema: demma (dämma) (A) bleed, make bleed; dema, deemaa (O) lustful, lewd, lecherous, promiscuous HED70 Dema, see Deyma HED92 Dema (area) 11/37 [WO] JEC50 Dema Lay Terara (Dema'lay T.) 11°19'/41°37' 831 m 11/41 [MS] JEC40 Demaali (Dema'ali), see Damahale JDC72 Demadegu, see Gicha GCU33 Demai 07/34 [WO] demb (dämb) (A) usage, established custom, rule HBL37 Demb (Uamore Demb?) (area) 03°54'/39°08' 03/39 [WO Gz] HFF23 Demba Mikael (church) 13°49'/39°41', east of Wikro 13/39 [Gz] dembal doro: dooro (Som), doro (A) chicken HBM73 Dembal Doro (Dembeldora, Dambaldoro) 04/39 [Gz LM WO] 04°19'/39°38' 1133 m HDE37 Dembala (area) 08/39 [WO] dembar (T) awkward, bashful; dembara (A) border, boundary; denbari (dänbari) (A) shy, skittish HCK78c Dembara, 2120 m, cf Denbera, Dimbira 07/38 [Gu] HCK79 Dembara 07°01'/38°20' 1789 m 07/38 [Wa Gz] HC... Dembara, see Denbara Kela ?? Dembaro ../.. [20] Menilek made submission to Yohannes IV at his camp at Dembaro on 20 March 1878 in an elaborate ceremony.
    [Show full text]
  • Some of the Consequences of the Christian Mission
    SOME OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHRISTIAN MISSION METHODS AND CONTEXTUAL EVANGELISM AMONG THE OROMO OF ETHIOPIA WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE ETHIOPIAN EVANGELICAL CHURCH MEKANE YESUS (EECMY) 1880-1974 BENTI UJULU TESSO Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Theology in the School ofTheology at the University ofNatal, Pietermaritzburg DATE: NOVEMBER 1999 Under Supervision ofDr. Anthony Balcomb DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my father, Ujulu Tesso Lubo, who died when I was about five years old and to my mother, Walalitu Cewaaqa Iteyyaa, who under difficult conditions sacrificed a lot to educate me and died on 05 May 1996 at the age of sixty-four. 11 DECLARATION Unless specifically indicated in the text, this thesis is the original work ofthe writer. ~~.~~~..... ~ ( ENTI UJULU TESSSO 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My special thanks to the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus head office and to the Western Wollaga Bethel Synod for the study leave. I am so thankful to the Presbyterian Church of the United States Of America (PCUSA) for granting a scholarship for my family and myself. My sincere thanks and gratitude to the following friends: to Rev Dr Debala Birri, Rev Iteffa Gobena, Obbo Abarra Baqqale, Obbo Mitikku Tucho, Obbo Tasfaye Nurasa, Miss Anna, Rev G. Decke and Professor Mead for sending me books, journals and periodicals which were used as sources for this study. I am also thankful to Professor Tinyiko Sam Maluleke for borrowing a copy of his Missiology book and prescribing other books that were helpful for my work.
    [Show full text]
  • (CQ) Experiences of Ethiopian Immigrant Church Leaders And
    LIBERTY UNIVERSITY JOHN W. RAWLINGS SCHOOL OF DIVINITY EXPLORING THE CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE (CQ) EXPERIENCES OF ETHIOPIAN IMMIGRANT CHURCH LEADERS AND CHURCH FAMILIES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INQUIRY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by Worku Tegegn Wolderufael Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 2021 2 EXPLORING THE CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE (CQ) EXPERIENCES OF ETHIOPIAN IMMIGRANT CHURCH LEADERS AND CHURCH FAMILIES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INQUIRY by Worku Tegegn Wolderufael A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 2021 APPROVED BY: __________________________________ Gary J. Bredfeldt, Ph.D., Dissertation Supervisor __________________________________ Jeffrey M. Davis, Ph.D., Second Reader 3 ABSTRACT The purpose of this phenomenological research was to explore the cultural intelligence (CQ) of the Ethiopian Evangelical immigrant church leaders’ and families’ experiences in the Washington metropolitan area, including the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. In this study, nineteen participants were sampled to gather data. The data was collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Following this, the data was analyzed through the transcendental phenomenological analysis. Through these analyses, the investigation presented the lived experiences of immigrant church leaders and church families. It described how the immigrant church leaders dealt with cultural conflicts through cultural intelligence to lead their church families. Then, it showed how cultural intelligence was applied to deal with immigration issues and about relationships between the first and second generations. Thematic analysis revealed that participants used cultural intelligence to minister immigrants in the US. They used cultural intelligence to help newcomers settle and thrive in the US, manage conflicts, provide spiritual services, and minister to the first and second generations.
    [Show full text]