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Phonopragmatic Manifestations in Iraqi Husseini Preachers' Discourse

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Phonopragmatic Manifestations in Iraqi Husseini Preachers' Discourse Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 www.alls.aiac.org.au Phonopragmatic Manifestations in Iraqi Husseini Preachers’ Discourse: A Qualitative Auto-segmental Metrical Analysis Fareed Hameed Al-Hindawi1, Basim Jubair Kadhim2*, Saeed Mahdi Abdul Raheem2 1Department of English, Faculty of Education for Human Sciences , University of Babylon, Babil, Iraq 2Department of English, Faculty of Education, Islamic University, Holy Najaf, Iraq Corresponding Author: Basim Jubair Kadhim, E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history This study is concerned with phonopragmatics, as a phenomenon that is based on phonological Received: October 19, 2019 factors to convey the speaker’s intentions in Husseini discourse. Husseini discourse is a genre Accepted: December 20, 2019 which is mainly characterized by the use of eloquent religious styles. Specifically, the study Published: February 29, 2020 aims to investigate the Husseini preachers’ use of prosodic patterns under the approach of phonopragmatics; that is, the pragmatic treatment of modifying the preachers’ intonation Volume: 11 Issue: 1 contours in their speeches. A workable model is designed for the analysis of the data, based on Advance access: February 2020 the exploitation of prosodic features. Twenty Husseini sermons are analyzed by means of the model. The most important findings of the analysis indicate that certain prosodic contours are Conflicts of interest: None pragmatically used by Husseini preachers in order to convey significant illocutionary forces and Funding: None to highly affect their audience. Key words: Phonopragmatics, Husseini Discourse, Religious Styles, Prosodic Features, Contours, Sermons INTRODUCTION The linguistic skills of Iraqi Husseini preachers are highly To pragmatically convey a message in a condensed way, creative in that they use various strategies to have the audi- the speaker employs prosodic factors. The utilization of ence tightly connected, especially the last part of the sermon phonological dynamics and processes to convey particular which includes weeping on the tragedy of Imam Hussein. illocutionary acts is called “phonopragmatics” (Hill (2009: Hence, they use utterances to communicate and affect the 83-108); Chen, 2010a, and b; Zhang (2010: 224-227) and audience in whatever strategies available such as manipu- Sperti, 2017, 159). This phenomenon, although relatively lating the prosodic features and intonation patterns. Due to new, has its manifestations in the relation between pros- time limitation and to the urge to influence the audience in a ody or intonation and pragmatics (Sperti, 2017: 71). Pro- rhetorical manner, the Husseini preacher intends to convey sodic features as rhythm, pitch, loudness, speech tempo and as many illocutionary forces as possible through using con- all other relevant elements considerably influence the way densed speech acts. One way to communicate the preacher’s that the speaker conveys their intentions when publically intention is by putting much focus on prosody and intonation addressing a certain type of audience (Romero-Trillo, 2013). in a pragmatic fashion. This issue has revealed the urgent Rather, supra-segmentals are regarded as the shortest way to need to address the Husseini preachers’ use of prosodic load speech with messages, a matter which is of good use to patterns under the phonopragmatic approach; namely, the public speakers (ibid). pragmatic treatment of modifying the preachers’ intonation Recently, the Husseini discourse has become one of the contours in their speeches. linguistic genres that seek autonomous division of labor from Based on the fact that prosody appears in the process of other rituals that are practiced under this heading. Pioneers oral communication as one of the key components of the in this field have started innovations at the levels of preach- pragmatic intention, the study aims to describe the speak- ing, the way of delivering the sermons and the strategies er’s use of prosodic factors in conveying speech acts that are employed to persuade the audience (Al-Khalidi, 2004: 13). utilized to have the perlocutionary effect on the audience. Published by Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD. Copyright (c) the author(s). This is an open access article under CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.11n.1p.69 70 ALLS 11(1):69-80 Another aim is to find out the phonoprgmatics strategies used in different situational contexts to convey the preach- er’s intention Hypothetically speaking, there are certain prosodic fac- tors and intonational levels that seem to be preferred by the Husseini preachers to be used in certain contexts serving the pragmatic ends. On the other hand, phonological schemata of the audience from the same cultural background can facil- itate the interpretation of the speaker’s intended message which is conveyed through prosodic features. The study is based on selecting a representative data from the highly accredited Husseini preachers in a spontaneous way. The data are tested against the normal Iraqi Arabic E.g. 2. In the English discourse, the following utterance prosody and/or intonational contour, and the register of the is intercepted differently due to the change in prosodic fea- preachers is also accounted for. Before starting with the anal- tures, yielding various illocutions: ysis, an acoustic transcription, following a certain notation Intonation seems to have the important role in deter- system, is provided so that the analysis is based on a valid mining the pragmatic interpretation of the spoken discourse transcription. To conduct the analysis, an eclectic model based on already existing models is developed by the study. (cf. Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg, 1990; Couper-Kühlen and Selting, 1996; Brazil, 1997; Wichmann 2000; Romero- Trillo 2013). It is argued that intonation can be the top cue in PHONOPRAGMATICS: A THEORETICAL context from which the listener might induce the speaker’s ACCOUNT intention. Phonopragmatics is considered as a relatively new domain Romero- Trillo (2014: 83) focuses on prosody as a prag- in the study of contextualized meaning, dealing with the matic strategy that serves minor pragmatic purposes in the relationship between phonological aspects represented by speaker’s context in collaboration with the pragmatic mark- certain suprasegmental elements and meaning in context ers like pauses, silence and others. The pragmatic markers (pragmatics). The suprasegmental elements, prosodic fea- which are under the prosodic features have variables such tures, and intonational contour are regarded as a catalyst as prosodic contour, the position of the tonic group and their for the speaker’s intended meaning to be clearly interpreted role in contextualizing the intended message (ibid). (Romero-Trillo, 2016: 44). Thus, prosody is utilized by pragmatics for the sake of Different definitions to this phenomenon have been identifying the utterance intentions, i.e., illocutionary forces introduced on the basis of particular issues that are dis- of any given speech act. The different features of prosody cussed in the area where the phenomenon in question is used by the speaker can pragmatically mark the pragmatic applied. However, there is a general umbrella definition use, otherwise, it could be an individual way of using lan- which reads as: the way how to convey illocutionary acts guage at the prosodic level (Snow and Balog 2002). This through phonological facts in order to affect the listener is one way through which phonopragmatics meets prosodic (Sperti, 2017: 72). pragmatics. This definition may open the door to the impact of pho- Following Mixdorff’s (2002: 31-38) classification of pro- nology on pragmatics; a domain which has been approached sodic oral communication, phonopragmatics only deals with variously. Inspired by speech acts theory – Austin 1962 and paralinguistic information which is related to the speaker’s Searle 1975 – intonation becomes an important factor that attitude, intention and sociolect. Precisely, phonopragmatics can play a crucial role in conveying various speech acts exploits the attitude and the sociolect to extend the speaker’s such as questioning, offering, requesting to mention but intention via modifying the intonation as well as the prosody few…. etc. of a given utterance (ibid). e.g. 1. Jack is HEREʹ? According to the phonopragmatic model proposed by In this example, the determinant factor is the intonational Sperti (2017: 71-72), prosodic and intonational elements contour by changing the tone from falling to rising, a matter such as pitch, loudness, utterance length, silence, tone types, which changes the statement into question. and utterance intonation units are all of the significance in The role that prosodic features – pitch, loudness, tone, that they occur at the acoustic level. This implicates that intonation… etc.- is very significant in that it could change the analysis of prosody and intonation is to be based on an the entire meaning of the utterance; meaning, in this sense, acoustic model of analysis through which all illocutionary indicates the communicative value that the speaker tries to choices involved and used by the speaker are demonstrated convey to the listener. Levinson (1983: 36) argues that into- (ibid). nation variations at the utterance level have considerable Intonational structure (Auto-segmental-metrical frame- importance message interpretation, a matter that is related
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