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Defecation Rates of Captive Brown Bears1 DEFECATIONRATES OF CAPTIVEBROWN BEARS1 HANS U. ROTH, Department of Morphology and Biology of Vertebrates, Institute of Zoology, University of Bern, Switzerland. Abstract: The numberof scats droppedby captive Europeanbrown bears (Ursus arctos) was recordedin all months of the year, 1971-73. An overall total of 3,634 scats was recorded in 1,094 bear-days. Clear seasonal differences were found, with low values of about 2 scats per bear-dayfrom November throughJune and higher values in the remainingmonths, and with a distinctpeak in August of 7.19 scats per bear-day for adults. Extremes observed rangedfrom 0 to 11 scats per bear-day. Preliminarydata indicate at least a 28 percent higher defecation rate for cubs. Significant (P < 0.01) differences were found among individual bears kept under identical conditions. Possible applicationof these findings to estimation of bear densities or bear use in the wild is discussed. While studying the last autochthonousbrown bears private zoo near Gossau, Switzerland (3 males; 99 of the Alps (province of Trento, also called Trentino, bear-days, September and October). In both places, northernItaly), we were forced by the secretive habits feeding by the public is prohibited. of the animals and the dense cover to use indirect Most of the data (from 4 males, 6 females, 8 cubs; methods to arrive at least at an informed guess of 957 bear-days, all months except October) originated population size and distribution.Since the species ap- from the bear pit of Bern, where the public is encour- parentlydoes not select special locations for defecation aged to feed the bears; carrots, feed cubes, and dried (although exceptions have been noted by Tratz figs are sold for this purpose. This bearpit consists of 3 1963:47f and Ustinov 1974), and because finding semicircularoutdoor compartmentsand 9 unheatedin- droppings depends much less on ground conditions door stables. The 2 larger compartmentseach have a than finding tracks, scats are the best indicatorsof bear maximumlinear dimensionof about23 m and a surface presence. This study was made in the hope that infor- area of roughly 300 m2; the smaller compartment, mation about defecation rates would enable us to draw about 15 m and 150 m2. direct conclusions from numbersof scat finds. The adults are kept in pairs (sometimes 1 male with 2 Pelton (1972) used scat counts to monitor distribu- females) except when the females are in late pregnancy tion of black bears (Ursus americanus), and he cites or have their cubs (November-Decemberuntil spring). Spencer (1955) as having used scats to estimate black Being, as a rule, separated from their offspring by bear density. In a less quantitativeway, scats were used mid-May, the females usually breed every year. Each by Lentferet al. (1969:29) as indicatorsof relative bear pair normallyis kept in an outdoorcompartment in the use of various habitats. I am aware neither of others morning or afternoonand in an indoor stable the other having systematicallyused scats to document the pres- half day and the night. The females, usually pregnant, ence of bears nor of any literaturedealing with bear generally remain voluntarily in the stables all winter defecation rates, except for a single observationmade (mid-November, or December, until April). by Zunino (1971). On days when visitors are few, additional food is Special thanksare given to E. Hanni, Sr., who made offered so that the animals feed practicallyad libitum most of the daily scat counts. throughoutthe year. The main diet consists of carrots and supplementaryitems such as artificial feed cubes METHODS AND MATERIALS (containing fish flour, meat flour, and cereals), dried and old bread and The diet little Scats were counted daily by zoo keepers cleaning the figs, apples. changes the stables and runs of the captive bears. Since it was often throughout year. not possible to determine the defecation rates of indi- vidual bears, only part of the data could be used in RESULTS some analyses. All counts were made during 1971-73 and involved 26 different bears adult 9 adult (8 males, Defecation rates observedranged from 0 (or 0.13 for females, and 9 Small of the cubs). proportions counts longer periods: 1 female in December had 2 scats in 15 were made in the zoo of Basel (1 male, 3 1 femals, cub; days) to 11 scats per bear-day (10 or 11 scats a total of 38 all in and in a day bear-days, September) small counted 4 times for a male and 8 times for a female in 24 calendardays in August). The overall average was 'This paper was preparedwith supportfrom the Swiss Na- 3.3 (3,634 scats in 1,094 bear-days). This last figure, tional Science Foundation (Grant No. 3.566-0.75). however, is of little significance, since seasonal varia- 250 BEARS THEIR BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (N * (I) CD)umo (N7 ca Ct) 0 /^ ! b ou sag ~ m O o X c D Number of ear-days Fig. 1. Seasonal variation of the defecation rate. Counts made for 8 adult males and 8 adult females in 3 different years (1971-73) were combined. tions were large (Fig. 1). Although the bearseat practi- day during January-May.We suspect that the visiting cally ad libitum throughoutthe year, some doubt arose public to some extent stimulatesthe bears to eat more as to possible influences of visitor frequencies on the food than they would otherwise consume, even with defecation rates through intensity of feeding. Figures unlimited food available. from the Swiss Federal Bureau of Statistics show that But increased tourism can explain only a small part the greatest numbers of tourist-nightsand tourist arri- of the August peak in defecation rates. The July- vals in Bern occur in August, the time when bear defe- August increase in defecation rates amounted to 69 cation rates are highest. The breakdown of data ac- percent (Fig. 1), which is 4.6 times (95 percent confi- cording to the day of the week (Table 1) shows highest dence interval, 2.8-7.4) as great as the increase in defecation rates on Mondays ("weekend effect" with tourist-nightsand 3.9 times (2.3-6.3) as great as the some time lag; footnote a, Table 1). But this weekly increase in tourist arrivals (statistics summed over the patterndiffered seasonally, with no consistent peak in years 1971-73 when scats were counted). The differ- August-November (no data from October), whereas ence between the increase in defecation rates and the the weekly maximum was usually on Sunday or Mon- increase in tourismis highly significant(P < 0.01; test _ DEFECATIONRATES * Roth 251 Table 1. Defecation rate of bears of the pit of Bern as a function of the day of the Because the bears in Bern are usually kept in pairs, week. Combined data from 18 bears adult 6 adult females, and 8 (4 males, cubs) we have few data to clarify differences of defecation and from all months except June, July and October (data lacking because year was inadvertently omitted from 2 record sheets). rates between the sexes, but from spring throughfall, these differences do not seem to be important(Table Number of Number of Defecation Day of week In the females show a scatsa bear-days rate 2). winter, however, pregnant much clearer tendency than males to enter winter dor- Monday 393 105 3.74 mancy and often refuse food and water for up to 1 Tuesday 266 89 2.99 month, also after birth to cubs (E. Hanni, per- 231 75 3.08 giving Wednesday sonal their defecation Thursday 363 106 3.42 communication). Accordingly, Friday 380 108 3.52 rate approacheszero (Table 2: Jan. 1973). Also, the Saturday 196 70 2.80 temporarydecrease in the rate of defecation from April Sunday 202 65 3.11 to June (Fig. 1) may be attributableto males and not to For technical reasons the afternoonscats of those bears that had to spend the females (Table 2). The males show little appetitedur- afternoon indoors were recorded as being of the following day. ing the rut (May-June) (E. Hanni, personal communi- cation). and confidence limits arbitrarilytaking Poisson limits Comparedwith seasonal variations, small but statis- for numbers of scats, tourist-nights, and tourist arri- tically significantdifferences among defecationrates of vals, and using proceduresgiven in Roth 1976). The individual bears were found. In August-September seasonal variations in defecation rates appear to be 1971, for a group of 5 adults (2 males, 3 females), a largely caused by annual physiological cycles still defecation rate of 5.0 was determined (302 scats/60 functioning in captive bears living out-of-doors much bear-days),whereas for a pairthe rate was 6.0 (145/24) of the time. over the same days (higher rate for 10 of 12 calendar The few counts available from cubs indicate that days, difference significant, P < 0.05, sign test). they have a higher defecation rate than adults. In 11 Again, in November, the same pair had a higher value calendar days in late August and early September, 8 of 2.1 (50/24) than the group of 5 with 1.8 (110/60, cubs had a rate of 6.9 (608 scats/88 bear-days). In the difference significant, P < 0.05). The figures for same period, 7 adultshad a rate of 5.4 (415/77, cubs 28 single adults (Table 2) substantiatethe hypothesis that percenthigher). Data from the zoo of Basel point to an there are individual differences in defecation rates. even largerdifference. There, a group of 3 adults pro- Male 1 showed consistently low rates. From Januaryto duced 92 scats in 21 bear-daysin September, a defeca- March, defecation rates of all 4 males increased, but tion rate of 4.4.A sow-cub group in the same days the order from low to high remained M1-M4-M3-M2 achieved a rate of 7.6, which is 74 percenthigher (107 in all 3 months.
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