Improving Human Security in Africa

Improving human security in Africa

Annual Review 2019 Contents

An African partner ...... 2 Transnational organised crime...... 4 Crime, justice and violence prevention...... 8 Maritime security and the blue economy ...... 12 Conflict analysis and peacebuilding...... 16 Terrorism and violent extremism ...... 22 African futures...... 26 Migration and governance...... 30 Communication...... 34 Human resources and finance...... 36 Development partners...... 37 Financial statements...... 38 ISS Trustees and Advisory Council...... 40

The Institute for Security Studies partners to build knowledge and skills that secure Africa’s future An African partner ready to face global challenges

ISS aims to build resilience from the ground up through evidence that guides policy and practice

The high-impact work in this annual review integrated into ISS programme development and shows how the ISS works in trusted informs the strategies of governments, donors partnerships with governments, regional and regional partners. organisations and civil society to respond Trusted partnerships to complex and interconnected human security threats. One of our major projects in 2019 was with South Africa’s National Prosecuting Authority Innovative responses to emerging threats (NPA). For 10 years the NPA was undermined by The ISS remains focused on all dimensions of powerful politicians and corrupt private sector human security, including the cause and effect of actors determined to weaken institutions that crime, conflict and instability. New work began might hold them accountable. With a multi-year in 2019 on the impact of technology in Africa, programme of strategic support from the ISS, including future cyber threats and how emerging the NPA is rebuilding itself as an independent technologies can benefit rather than weaken and trusted organisation. ISS is ready to help Africa respond to the governance and economic competitiveness. The strength of our regional offices underlies negative impacts of COVID-19, especially Nobody was adequately prepared for COVID-19. ISS’ 2019 achievements. The expanding team in ‘ The ISS has however long warned about African Dakar has built a reputation for ground-breaking on the rule of law and human rights vulnerabilities from under-funded health research and policy analysis, and is forging systems, and our recent forecasts show how relationships at the highest levels of government Anton du Plessis, ISS Executive Director to mitigate the pandemic’s worst effects and and international organisations dealing with build future resilience. threats like violent extremism. ISS’ African Futures and Innovation programme In Addis Ababa, the ISS is consolidating its uses data to question mainstream perspectives partnership with the African Union and the on Africa’s growth prospects. Forecasting and Ethiopian government and works closely with analysis of long-term trends is increasingly key ministries to support the country’s transition. New leadership In the next five years, Africa will need to respond Fonteh will steer an organisation that builds with agility to the effects of COVID-19, a realignment resilience from the ground up through in global power, and the rise of authoritarianism and evidence that guides policy and practice, and economic nationalism. These are challenges the partnerships focused on Africa’s security and ISS is ready to confront in its 2021–2025 strategy development challenges. under the leadership of Fonteh Akum who moves from our Dakar office to take up the position of ISS Anton du Plessis executive director from January 2021. ISS Executive Director

2 3 Transnational organised crime 2019 highlights: Africa’s new Organised Crime Index, and regional alliances for rapid policing of cross-border crime

New index measures Africa’s risk and resilience Africa’s drug problem exposed Heroin streams into South Africa An innovative online tool shows which countries The index aims to stimulate debate on organised ISS research revealed that sub-Saharan New research revealed a widespread and are most affected by organised crime, and crime in Africa and how best to deal with it. Africa will see the world’s biggest surge in lucrative heroin market across South Africa, which can best withstand it. The ENACT The data informs research, policy analysis and illicit drug users in the next 30 years, with its facilitated by gangs, organised crime and Organised Crime in Africa Index was launched technical support for law enforcement and share of global drug consumption projected to corrupt police. This could fuel a surge in on the margins of the UN General Assembly. governance stakeholders. ENACT is funded by double. Findings from a series of studies were drug use in sub-Saharan Africa, which is It is the result of a two-year process of the European Union, and implemented by the released in Addis Ababa and New York, on the expected to have 20 million users of hard collecting, scoring and verifying data from ISS and INTERPOL in affiliation with the Global sidelines of the UN General Assembly. drugs by 2040. across the continent. Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime. African law enforcement lacks the institutional, ISS advised that policy responses should technological and financial capacities to include public health initiatives, and address significantly reduce drug trafficking markets. community vulnerability to drugs and gangs. A regional response against corruption that ISS advised that government action must facilitates the heroin transit route along Africa’s include public health responses, as an east coast is also needed. over-reliance on policing has caused a disproportionate amount of harm for limited results achieved.

High criminality - Low resilience I am pleased to note the collaboration with

High criminality - High resilience people working on drug policy, harm reduction, Low criminality - Low resilience healthcare and criminal justice

Low criminality - High resilience Raul de Luzenberger, EU Deputy Head of Delegation to South Africa

4 5 TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME

In 2050 sub-Saharan Africa will see:

Drug users 150%

23 million drug users in total

Biggest global surge in drug users

Africa strategy against wildlife crime Pangolins threatened with extinction At the request of the African Union (AU), ISS Research by the ENACT project showed is helping the Lusaka Agreement Task Force how syndicates threaten the pangolin with ensure that the AU Strategy against Wildlife extinction in an illicit trade that stimulates Crime is implemented. First steps focused corruption and undermines economic on improving cooperation among wildlife development. Profits help finance authorities in each of Africa’s regions. Police, terrorism and smugglers are linked to border control officers and prosecutors criminal syndicates who also traffic Regional alliances take aim at crime networks Guns and syndicates in Southern Africa discussed the investigation of wildlife crimes people, guns and drugs. The study at workshops in Zambia, Ethiopia, Congo and examined African, regional and national Over the past two years, ISS technical support ISS experts are preparing a strategy against Senegal. Heads of national wildlife authorities strategies for countering the illicit trade, has helped police and customs bodies in transnational organised crime for the Southern from countries in each region also met to map and advised on law enforcement and West, Central and East Africa jointly tackle African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation out strategies against wildlife crime. governance responses. cross-border organised crime. In 2019, the ISS Organisation (SARPCCO). The policing body facilitated workshops to draft a cooperation also asked ISS to review the Southern African agreement between the Eastern Africa Police Development Community (SADC) protocol on Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (EAPCCO) and firearms and ammunition. ISS was also included the Central African Police Chiefs Cooperation in SADC’s task team on illicit firearms. With ISS Organisation (CAPCCO). technical support, the ‘zero draft’ of the updated Firearms Protocol was accepted by SADC’s The agreement allows police from both regions legal sub-committee. to share information, and facilitates mutual legal Wildlife trafficking strategies focus assistance. Joint operations and increased on iconic species such as rhino border surveillance will speed up cross-border ‘ pursuit and responses requiring rapid access to and elephant at the expense of states’ territories. lesser-known animals Police heads from all member countries have signed the agreement, along with Central Africa’s Richard Chelin, Researcher, ISS ENACT project security ministers. Once East African police ministers give their approval, the agreement comes into force.

6 7 Crime, justice and violence prevention

2019 highlights: showing how violence prevention can work, and helping rebuild South Africa’s prosecution service

Family violence prevention in the workplace Positive parenting prevents violence ISS partnered with GIZ, the University of Cape Queen Silvia of Sweden held talks with Town’s design school and an agro-processing ISS during a visit to violence prevention packhouse to develop a family violence projects in South Africa supported by the prevention intervention for the workplace. This Queen’s World Childhood Foundation. is the first of its kind in South Africa, and breaks ISS helped start and implement two of new ground globally. The initiative draws on the projects – the Violence Prevention positive parenting programmes as a way to Forum and Seven Passes Initiative. The reduce violence. It creates the possibility for forum is an interdisciplinary effort to quickly and effectively scaling up projects to ensure programmes are taken to scale. prevent violence, with the private sector as a The Seven Passes Initiative’s positive key partner. parenting programmes build healthy Improving responses to sexual violence relationships between men and women, parents and children. Working closely with government officials, ISS sharpened procedures and goals of the Drawing on the parenting programme’s Western Cape province’s Victim Empowerment success, ISS helped police in Western Forum. ISS also helped solve challenges at the Cape province’s Eden District develop new Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Care Centre for rape approaches to preventing youth violence. survivors. There is now better coordination The police and municipality are set to take between service providers and a clear plan for over the initiative, with continued support further improvements and more staff. from ISS in 2020.

We showed Queen Silvia that her World Childhood Foundation projects are producing tangible results Dr Chandré Gould, Senior Research Fellow, ISS

8 CRIME, JUSTICE AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION

Crime categories Helping to rebuild SA’s prosecution service Drugs With ISS research and technical support, Murder the National Prosecuting Authority’s (NPA) Police station capacity is being restored after years of Robbery damaging political interference. ISS is helping solve the NPA’s operational and institutional challenges. Experts designed and helped facilitate the NPA’s strategic planning conference and conducted the body’s first all-staff survey. A budget analysis showed the extent of resource shortages, and helped the NPA motivate for more operational and financial independence within government. A capacity building programme for prosecutors is being designed to boost performance and staff morale. ISS also set up a civil society network to support prosecutorial reform. Police decisions must be based on evidence, ‘ not merely a “belief” in what works Andrew Faull, Senior Researcher, ISS

Trusted expertise on policing Police Minister Bheki Cele asked ISS to ISS is also fostering a vibrant community of contribute to his Ministerial Retreat on Crime, police, academics, researchers and policy SA’s battle against corruption How state capture infected the justice system and ISS also helped the national police develop makers committed to evidence-based policing. their strategic outcome indicators for the next With ISS input, the approach has attracted In 2019 ISS supported both government and civil In the most detailed analysis of its kind, ISS five years. ISS advised Gauteng provincial national and local government attention. Police society to act against corruption. ISS contributed and Corruption Watch showed how political government on its new safety and policing in Western Cape’s George area are piloting it at to a draft policy released by the Presidency as interference in South Africa’s police and plans, and presented at the Premier’s strategic three police stations in 2020. part of the process to develop a National Anti- prosecution service helped entrench state planning session on safety. In the Western Cape, Corruption Strategy. ISS also helped the National capture. The report was submitted to the Zondo ISS continued to work with the province on its Planning Commission review government’s commission of inquiry into state capture, and innovative safety plan. National Development Plan recommendations disseminated to the public. against corruption. The research revealed that corruption Civil society has led South Africa’s efforts to expose proliferated as the capacity to investigate and stop corruption. ISS boosted these initiatives complex crimes was slashed. Mismanagement with its Anti-Corruption Portal that analyses graft, saw criminal justice performance fall and violent its impact and state responses. The portal released crime surge. Analysts concluded that South the first publicly available review of the Special Africa’s political culture increases the risk that Investigation Unit’s role in tackling corruption. criminal justice agencies can be manipulated.

10 11 Maritime security and the blue economy 2019 highlights: first maritime strategy for Southern Africa, and funding to strengthen Africa’s maritime capacity

Strategies to secure Africa’s seas Boosting Africa’s maritime capacity ISS is the foremost source of maritime strategy ISS received funding from the government of expertise in Africa. Its experts have contributed Norway for a three-year project to inform African to national, regional and continental policy. maritime strategy implementation and create ISS wrote the Southern African Development effective and accountable maritime institutions. Community’s (SADC) first integrated maritime ISS has strong relationships with government strategy, and help organise the working groups to officials across the continent, and is skilled in finalise the plan. capacity building. The chairperson of SADC’s Standing Maritime Norway’s continued support for the ISS, said Committee, Vice Admiral Mata Linguma, the country’s Ambassador to South Africa Astrid attributed the region’s enhanced capability to Emilie Helle, was in part due to the organisation’s ISS support. The SADC strategy emphasises presence across the continent. the links between an effective blue economy and The AU, regional economic communities and more secure ports and seas. It could significantly selected countries will benefit from the project. improve the region’s maritime prospects. An important outcome will be the development of ISS experts shaped maritime strategies for a sustainable Maritime Strategic Support Group the African Union (AU) and regional economic at the AU. communities in West and East Africa. ISS informed the AU Development Agency-NEPAD Blue Economy programme and was asked by the South Africa to help draft its national maritime security strategy.

12 MARITIME SECURITY AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

Evidence-based support on Indian Ocean security ISS provided research and technical support to South Africa during its three-year term as chair of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) that ended in 2019. The 22-member organisation is an economic community of countries bordering the Indian Ocean. During 2019, both South Africa’s foreign affairs department and IORA drew on ISS’ maritime expertise. South Africa’s Department of International Relations Southern Africa’s new strategy and Cooperation (DIRCO) invited ISS to speak at IORA’s strategic planning workshop in Mauritius on ‘ is an enormous breakthrough for the Indo-Pacific concept. ISS also shaped South sustainable maritime development Africa’s and IORA’s position on the Indo-Pacific concept in maritime strategy. Both IORA and DIRCO Tim Walker, Senior Researcher, ISS asked ISS for support on maritime security and the blue economy in SADC, women’s economic empowerment, and how to improve implementation of AU maritime policies through a closer alignment with IORA.

From strategy to action Maritime council for East Africa ISS is the AU’s key partner on maritime issues, ISS worked with the Intergovernmental Authority not only for strategy development but also on Development (IGAD) to develop a regional implementation. Together with the AU and maritime council for East Africa. IGAD member the Norwegian Embassy in Addis Ababa, states, shippers’ councils and associations, and ISS organised and presented at the AU’s first regional, continental and international maritime retreat on implementing Africa’s Blue Economy bodies were called on to support the creation Strategy. ISS also collaborated with the AU of a regional body to deal with the industry’s Commission and the Norwegian Embassy many challenges. on a meeting to decide how to implement the AU’s maritime charters, strategies and other instruments.

Indian Ocean Rim Association states The ISS is a trusted partner for African decision makers and for us that is the best endorsement Astrid Emilie Helle, Norway’s Ambassador to South Africa

14 15 Conflict analysis and peacebuilding

2019 highlights: expertise on Africa’s role in the UN Security Council, and Ethiopia’s political transition

Africa’s role in global peace and security ISS is a leading source of expertise on UN An effective UN–AU partnership is key to Africa’s Security Council (UNSC) dynamics as they relate peace and security. ISS signed a three-year to Africa. ISS advised South Africa’s Department agreement with the UN to provide research, of International Relations and Cooperation briefings and policy discussions on how to during the country’s term on the UNSC. Insights improve AU–UN collaboration. were based on field work and research in African ISS partnered with the AU’s Permanent Observer capitals and New York, as well as ISS’ ability Mission to the UN and the International Peace to work as a trusted partner in the corridors Institute on joint research and technical support, of government. ISS convened a civil society including on better coordination among African meeting on South Africa’s first six months in the member states in New York. UNSC and helped develop the strategy for the remainder of its term.

Country focus: Ethiopia In 2019 ISS helped understand and support Ethiopia’s political transition and the challenge of nation building. ISS and the Prime Minister’s office hosted a discussion of over 16 research papers on Ethiopia’s reform since April 2018. Civil society and the diplomatic community ISS also reviewed Prime Minister Abiy were also beneficiaries of ISS’ Ethiopia work. Ahmed’s new book on Ethiopia’s policy Analysts took part in three conferences on development. At the request of Ethiopia’s nation building, political transition and the Our research in African capitals and New York Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ISS contributed to a challenge of nationalities and group rights. review of the country’s foreign policy. ISS briefed embassies, foreign representatives informs our work as a trusted partner in the and inter-governmental organisations on ‘ ISS helped build the capacity of diplomats Ethiopia’s transition. corridors of government at the Ethiopian Foreign Relations Services Training Institute. The Ministry of Foreign ISS research on the drivers of ethnic conflict Gustavo de Carvalho, Senior Researcher, ISS Affairs awarded a certificate of appreciation to was widely disseminated and discussed with ISS Senior Researcher Dawit Yohannes government and the international community. for his outstanding contribution to the ISS insights were applauded by leading figures training programme. with divergent visions for the country.

16 17 CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND PEACEBUILDING

Regional focus: The Horn ISS field research provided new perspectives on the Somaliland–Puntland border dispute. Options for resolution were discussed in Addis Ababa with the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), UN, EU and Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ISS analysis of Red Sea dynamics among states in the Gulf and Horn of Africa was discussed at public seminars and closed events involving the African Union (AU), IGAD, League of Arab States, UN and key littoral states. ISS advised on how to improve cooperation in the region. Approaches to conflict resolution in Sudan and South Sudan were informed by ISS research. Regional focus: Sahel ISS convened a series of closed meetings with Analysis by the ISS and Center for AU and IGAD officials, and civil society partners. Humanitarian Dialogue provided the basis ISS also helped IGAD’s Mediation Support Unit for the AU’s policy framework for the host a workshop on lessons from the 2013–15 prevention, mediation and resolution of local South Sudan mediation process. IGAD member conflicts in the Sahel. The closed report states, officials involved in the mediation process requested by the AU Commission outlined and civil society attended. ISS reports on both Regional focus: Southern Africa the nature and causes of local conflicts countries helped establish broad consensus in the Liptako-Gourma region. When the ISS ramped up its analysis of electoral politics, among meeting participants. findings were presented, Mali’s president with field research and commentary on polls in ISS researchers contributed to the AU’s strategy Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta recognised ISS’ Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and Namibia. for Somalia. ISS provided insights on AMISOM’s important contribution to accurately shaping Closed briefings to diplomats in Pretoria, as achievements and advised on a political strategy the discourse on the Sahel. A public version well as visiting officials from these Southern for the AU in the country. of the report will be launched in 2020. African states, informed perspectives on the elections and projections for each country’s stability. Details of alleged vote rigging ahead of Mozambique’s elections, covered in ISS reports and seminars, revealed the risks facing the polls. Regional focus: DRC and Great Lakes ISS provided a nuanced understanding of the ISS analysis covered the leadership change policy reforms needed in Zimbabwe. Drawing in the Democratic Republic of Congo on fieldwork and a network of specialists, The sessions have been extremely useful as (DRC), rising tensions between Great Lakes ISS explained the nexus between politics countries, and Burundi’s upcoming elections. and economics. Findings were debated in we can interact and think creatively on new ISS gave 20 briefings and 68 interviews in Zimbabwe and South Africa, including the weeks after DRC’s contested polls. ISS avenues for engagement among officials from foreign affairs and briefed the US National Security Council in diplomatic missions. Boitshoko Mokgatlhe, Coordinator for Sudan and South Sudan, Washington DC on implications of DRC’s Peace and Security Department, AU Commission leadership change. After analysing rising ISS’ political economy analysis was tensions between Uganda and Rwanda, ISS recognised by decision makers, including was invited to brief US State Department South Africa’s Presidential Economic officials on Uganda’s role in the region. Advisory Council.

18 19 CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND PEACEBUILDING

The Commission would ‘ like to express its utmost appreciation to the ISS–TfP’s commitment to deliver the next generation of professional police trainers on the African continent Note verbale, AU Commission

Africa focus: role of youth and women Africa focus: conflict prevention and peace operations ISS collaboration with the AU is framed by a joint As the AU prepared for the 20th anniversary action plan developed for 2019–20. ISS provides of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on ISS worked with the AU’s Permanent At the request of the AU’s Conflict Prevention research and technical support to boost capacity women, peace and security, ISS organised Representatives Committee, PSC and the and Early Warning Division, ISS–TfP produced of various AU Commission departments. a roundtable on how to improve Africa’s AU Commission to understand and prevent lessons learned on conflict prevention at the AU. implementation of the resolution. To build conflict. The creation of dialogue forums for ISS helped develop the AU’s youth, peace and ISS–TfP plays a leading role in training African capacity on gender issues, ISS ran a train-the- ambassadors and member state officials security policy. With financial and technical support police for peace support missions. Technical trainers course on gender mainstreaming and provided informal spaces for debate and from the ISS–Training for Peace Programme (TfP), support was provided to standardise training sexual violence in peace support operations for information sharing on policy issues. The ISS’ a study was launched and consultations held in for the Africa Standby Force. Pre-deployment SADC states. monthly PSC Report complements this work North, Southern and East Africa. training of trainers was delivered to AMISOM ISS helped review civil society’s role in peace with research-based insights into pressing police contributing countries. ISS wrote the Southern African chapter of the PSC agenda items and interviews with leading and stability and how to contribute to African A train-the-trainers course for police from report on the youth’s role in peace and security, African decision makers. Peace and Security Architecture reform. Ethiopia was run with the British Peace Support which was presented to the Peace and Security Seminars were held before and after AU ISS–Training for Peace (TfP) supported Team – Africa and the Ethiopian Police University Council (PSC). summits by the ISS and Addis Ababa-based implementation of the AU’s Post-Conflict College. Once approved by the AU Peace The AU invited ISS to join an independent Institute for Peace and Security Studies. Reconstruction and Development policy. Support Operations Division, training will be committee to select the continent’s first African ISS–TfP helped publish and launch the report delivered to all regions and peace operations Youth Ambassadors for Peace. on lessons for Silencing the Guns. training institutions in Africa.

20 21 Terrorism and violent extremism 2019 highlights: preventing the spread of extremism in West Africa, and re-thinking dialogue with terrorists

Terrorism spreads from the Sahel Preventing extremism in Togo and Benin ISS has for several years warned about the Regional governments, the African Union and ISS helped Togo’s Inter-ministerial Technical assistance to Benin to prevent danger of terrorism spreading from the Sahel to Economic Community of West African States Committee for the Prevention and Fight terrorism began in 2018. ISS briefings West Africa’s coastal states. ISS collaborates have benefited from ISS insights. ISS expertise against Violent Extremism understand the to development partners in 2019 helped with Switzerland’s Federal Department of informed a workshop in Ouagadougou and ISS evolution of terrorism in West Africa, and shape donor support to civil society and Foreign Affairs and the Conseil de l’Entente – also briefed the Conseil de l’Entente’s annual why Togo is at risk. Using ISS analysis, the national agencies working to prevent violent a sub-regional organisation comprising Benin, gathering of security ministers and its expert government established and trained local extremism in Benin. Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Niger and Togo – and ministerial meetings. ISS was the first committees in the northern regions of Togo ISS has since been asked to partner with to provide technical support, share knowledge independent policy organisation to brief these bordering Benin, Burkina Faso and Ghana. government to build capacity in the defence and identify best practices. closed, high-level meetings. ISS briefed counter-terrorism leaders, local and security forces, civil society and media, authorities, heads of defence, security forces help organise a national workshop, and train and administrative services, civil society and young Beninese researchers on preventing the media. violent extremism.

G5 Sahel We are deeply grateful for your invaluable Terrorism is spreading to contribution to efforts to preserve Togo’s peace, West Africa’s security and stability coastal states Lt Col Akobi Messan, Secretary General, Ministry of Security and Civil Welfare, President of Togo’s Inter-ministerial Committee for Prevention and Fight against Violent Extremism

22 23 TERRORISM AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM

Dialogue with terrorists Skills to counter terrorism Negotiating with Africa’s violent extremists is As an implementing partner of the Global Counter a bold option proposed by new ISS analysis. Terrorism Forum’s (GCTF) East Africa Working Military campaigns have not ended the threat Group, ISS supported government efforts to counter posed by Boko Haram or al-Shabaab. Instead violent extremism. ISS helped the working group they risk alienating communities and breeding co-chairs report to the GCTF and developed its a new generation of radicalised youth. ISS 2019 to 2020 workplan. explored dialogue as part of a peacebuilding ISS helped train army trainers in Mali’s General strategy. ISS was invited to brief United States Staff as part of a course organised by the UN High Congresswoman Ilhan Omar and colleagues in Commissioner for Human Rights, the G5 Sahel Washington. ISS also discussed the options on Defense College and the G5 Sahel Joint Force Center the side-lines of the UN General Assembly in Axis. The Nigerien army requested similar training, New York. and the G5 Sahel Defence College asked ISS to help present its master classes.

Web of terrorism, organised crime and conflict ISS field research on the links between violent This battle cannot be won with guns and extremism, organised crime and local conflicts in the Liptako-Gourma region were launched in the ‘ bombs. It makes sense to explore talks if we capitals of Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali to over 100 want lasting peace government, civil society and donor representatives. Ministers presided over the Burkina Faso and Niger Akinola Olojo, Senior Researcher, ISS meetings, and Mali’s former president Dioncounda Traore opened the Bamako event. The findings were covered in the national and international media. ISS’ [policy] brief has Gender and violent extremism been essential to our The West Africa and Lake Chad Basin regions are ‘ battling a surge in extremist violence. ISS provided work on the Africa evidence-based research on why women join subcommittee of the Search for stability in Lake Chad Basin Advising Commonwealth prevention efforts extremists, and how some resist recruitment. The ISS was invited to participate in the Second ISS joined the Commonwealth Secretariat’s 30-month study is providing gender-specific guidance House Foreign Affairs Governors’ Forum for Regional Cooperation on ‘cadre of experts’ on preventing extremism. for counter-terrorism strategies. Committee Stabilisation, Peacebuilding and Sustainable At Wilton Park, ISS drew on its research Interpol’s Regional Bureau for Eastern Africa asked ISS Development. The forum launched the fund of over 300 prevention projects in African Ryan Morgan, advisor to US Congress- to train police on gendered approaches to terrorism to help Lake Chad Basin’s recovery in Boko terrorism hotspots to discuss woman Ilhan Omar and organised crime. The course for 65 senior officials Haram-affected areas. ISS experts briefed the ethics of focusing on violent extremism focused on recruitment practices, and dealing with stakeholders, donors and Nigerian civil and ahead of other community priorities. sexual harassment and abuse of women police military authorities on security dynamics in the Commonwealth officials were urged to officers. Heads of counter-terrorism, intelligence and region. The Lake Chad Basin Commission asked follow development-based approaches human resources participated, along with the gender ISS to conduct research to inform programming and learn from interpersonal violence focal point for all nine East African countries. for the Regional Stabilisation Strategy. prevention practitioners.

24 25 African futures 2019 highlights: timely forecasts on the G5 Sahel, and options for Zimbabwe in the face of economic crisis

Policy choices to stabilise the Sahel Ethiopia’s pathways to prosperity Continental conflict prevention In 2019 ISS released ground-breaking and timely ISS’ policy recommendations met an important In its second analysis of Ethiopia’s development ISS’ latest analysis on the long-term future research on a troubled region facing multiple demand for longer-term planning about a prospects, ISS showed that steady, measured of security sector governance in Africa was challenges. ISS data and analysis showed how complex region that is attracting significant reforms could help the country reach its presented to top continental and United fundamental development interventions, rather global attention. The final report was launched in potential. Ethiopia’s 20-year outlook is fraught Nations decision makers at the 10th African than militarised approaches, could improve the Mali and distributed to key continental decision with uncertainty, but also great promise. Union High-Level Retreat on the Promotion dire long-term prospects of G5 Sahel countries – of Peace, Security and Stability held in makers including at the African Union. The ISS data and forecasts were discussed with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger. Djibouti. The event reviewed the AU’s Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sahel Ethiopian government officials in Addis Ababa. effectiveness in preventing, managing and Using the International Futures forecasting Multi Annual Strategy referred to some of the The country’s new leadership has opened the resolving conflicts. system, ISS analysed the development trajectory findings. ISS discussed its analysis in Brussels, door to external inputs, and ISS showed the of the five countries in agriculture, demographics, Berlin and The Hague, and at a side-event importance of broader human development, and infrastructure, governance and education. during the 2020 Munich Security Conference. economic growth options beyond the current focus on industry and infrastructure projects.

> 40% live below extreme poverty threshold

G5 Sahel 3.6 yrs: average education for those > 15 yrs ± 1.2 tons p/ha: very low crop yields Poor governance is at the centre of the MAURITANIA MALI NIGER Low quality governance Sahel’s complex problems CHAD Complex security threats Stellah Kwasi, Researcher, ISS BURKINA FASO

26 27 AFRICAN FUTURES

40% of Zimbabweans are undernourished

Zimbabwe has the 7th highest rate of undernourishment worldwide

By 2030, Zimbabwe could still rank in the 10 most undernourished countries

Amidst economic crisis, Zimbabwe still has options ISS research mapped out Zimbabwe’s long- With a combination of the right strategies, Agriculture is key to improving Zimbabwe’s prospects term prospects to 2040. The study provided Zimbabwe can take a higher growth path, evidence-based analysis to assist Zimbabwe’s but not under the existing state-centred Land and water are under-utilised government and its partners, advisors and development paradigm. ISS research findings neighbours make strategic decisions in the face were presented in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Area under irrigation could double of deep economic uncertainty. The research Options presented to stakeholders at was informed by several consultations with these events were considered against the Irrigation schemes need fixing stakeholders and experts. The ISS showed that backdrop of recurring drought, poor Dam management needs reform better management of under-utilised land and governance and an ideologically determined water resources could help turn things around. approach to development. Land must be legally tradable

The report provides an important perspective on the economic potential of the country Prof Ashok Chakravarti, Senior Economic Advisor to the Zimbabwe government

28 29 Migration and governance 2019 highlights: evaluating Africa’s refugee responses, and North African migration and security dynamics

Linking African and global actors Migration governance in Africa On the 50th anniversary of the OAU Refugee ISS researchers understand the structural Convention, ISS partnered with the UN drivers of migration, and work with African Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the African governments and the AU on policy responses. Union (AU) to assess the convention’s role ISS provided technical support to the AU in global and African refugee responses. Department of Social Affairs’ workshop on These partnerships enable ISS to inform migration governance. Participants reviewed comprehensive policies on refugees. a draft training curriculum along with the Migration Policy Framework for Africa. ISS–UNHCR reports on Africa’s role on refugees were launched in Addis Ababa, with support Field research on migration governance in from the AU’s Humanitarian Affairs, Refugees Africa covered North African dynamics, the and Displaced Persons Division. The findings effect of statelessness in Southern Africa on were discussed with decision makers in migration governance, and the need for Germany, at the European Union and in Geneva. better police–civilian relations to help reduce irregular migration. ISS draws attention to a range of migration issues to promote holistic responses. At the Aswan Forum’s inaugural meeting in Egypt, ISS argued for a paradigm shift in policy on forced displacement and mixed migration. ISS ensures Africa’s voice on migration reaches a wide audience. In 2019 ISS joined the Global Academic Interdisciplinary Network launched at the Global Refugee Forum in Geneva.

30 MIGRATION AND GOVERNANCE

We are building an evidence-based ‘ understanding that informs African migration governance and European responses Ottilia Anna Maunganidze, Head of Special Projects, ISS

North Africa – Europe dynamics Gender and forced displacement ISS field research examined the politics of At the AU’s symposium on gender irregular migration in the Maghreb, Libyan dimensions of forced displacement in Africa Irregular border security, and the views of migrants held in Nairobi, ISS debated normative migration returning to Africa from Europe. The and institutional frameworks with African routes to findings are relevant to policy makers on governments, the AU, UN agencies, both continents. ISS was invited to migration organisations, academics and TUNISIA Europe join the Foundation for European the media. ISS experts helped the AU MOROCCO ALGERIA Progressive Studies’ Global Migration develop the symposium’s discussion paper, LIBYA Group, which is advancing safe, regular and co-organised the civil society forum, and orderly migration. moderated sessions.

32 33 Communication 2019 highlights: growing demand for daily analysis of African peace and security issues, and digital outreach in French

576 225 Daily insights on Africa’s diverse human Effective digital outreach ISS Today views security challenges In 2019 ISS website views rose by 14% – the 1 397 411 17.5% increase from 2018 Every day, ISS researchers publish on topics largest annual increase to date. The share of website page views as diverse as terrorist attacks in northern African users grew, with a notable rise from 14% increase from 2018 334% increase from 2013 Mozambique, border conflicts in the Sahel, and West Africa largely due to the increase in decision making at the UN Security Council. French content. Social media is key to both The flagship ISS Today online series shows the growing the organisation’s general profile, relevance of ISS’ work and its analysts’ deep and reaching specific audiences. Simple yet knowledge of human security on the continent. insightful messages and graphics boosted In partnership with Daily Maverick in South the ISS’ social media presence. Visual Africa, ISS insights reach a wide African and communication remains a central part of the global audience. overall strategy. Facebook Twitter ISS Today views have increased steadily, averaging 30% growth per year since 2013 40 849 29 132 when the Communication department was set followers followers up. Between 2013 and 2019, views soared by 334% reaching an all-time high in 2019. ISS Today views account for 41% of all pages 1 777 761 6 962 902 accessed on the entire ISS website. post views tweet views Amelia Broodryk received the Focus on French ISS Excellence Award for her exceptional contribution to In 2019 ISS started providing timeous digital visual communication. Her content in French. French is an official language designs and photography have in nearly half of African countries and around transformed ISS’ annual reviews, 20% of the continent’s people speak French. publication covers, social media A French editor ensures quality control and content, presentations and enables the distribution of ISS Today articles, marketing materials. the ISS Weekly newsletter and media releases in French. ISS work is promoted in French on Twitter and Facebook, which alongside a growing body of French research reports, has 86 58 986 boosted overall online engagement. Publications Seminars Media interviews

34 35 Human resources and finance Development partners

A work environment geared towards achieving Efficient and effective financial services Partnership Forum Government of Namibia ISS goals Government of Senegal During 2019 a focus on improving finance European Union The ISS’ dedicated staff share a passion for services and providing accurate information Government of Australia Government of Switzerland improving human security in Africa. ISS offers to staff and donor partners delivered Government of Canada Government of United Kingdom an attractive work environment in which staff excellent results. Government of Denmark Igarapé Institute are supported through training and career The department’s scope of work covered development. Policies promote flexible working Government of Finland International Development Research Centre cashflow management, finalising the external arrangements, a home-life work balance and the Government of Ireland audit and donor certificates, reviewing Norwegian Institute for International Affairs intellectual freedom and opportunity to become and refining the reporting of management Government of the Netherlands Omega Research Foundation a credible voice on peace and security issues. information, ensuring accurate budgets, Government of Norway Open Society Foundations In 2019 a survey showed that ISS’ revising finance policy and monitoring Government of Sweden Open Society Policy Centre remuneration benefits compared favourably compliance with policies and donor Government of the United States of America/USAID with peer organisations in Africa. Findings led agreements. To improve planning and Seven Passes Initiative Hanns Seidel Foundation to new policy on medical insurance to staff, controls, a survey of awareness about ISS Social Justice Initiative for implementation in 2020. Armed conflict, policies was conducted among managers. Project funding Southern Africa Trust terrorism, crime and xenophobia pose a risk In a significant improvement on previous to staff, and training was provided on the Trust Africa years, the 2018 audit was closed four Business Leadership South Africa challenging and ever-changing environments in United Nations months earlier than in the previous year. ISS Carnegie Foundation which they work. also achieved a clean and unqualified audit Centre for Communication Impact United States Institute for Peace Ensuring legal and statutory compliance for with no significant findings, and only three Conseil de L’Entente University of Edinburgh all countries where the ISS has an office was housekeeping matters. EDCON University of Exeter an ongoing priority in 2019. Internal policies were reviewed, specifically on governance, GIZ Wellspring Philanthropic Fund remuneration and appraisals. Government of Germany World Childhood Foundation

Location of ISS staff in Africa

Tunis 58% Bamako female Dakar Maiduguri Abuja N’Djamena staff 129 ISS staff Addis Ababa come from Abidjan Lagos Yaoundé Nairobi 42% 21 African countries and male 8 outside Africa Harare staff

Cape Town Pretoria

36 37 Statement of Statement of financial position comprehensive income as at 31 December 2019 2019 2018 for the year ended 31 December 2019 2019 2018 R R R R Assets

Current Assets Donations income 207 841 404 174 474 102 Donor and other receivables 6 056 089 8 397 338 Other income 9 230 275 7 530 251 Current tax receivable 1 716 - Operating expenses -225 936 028 -179 551 239 Cash and cash equivalents 86 630 600 82 520 086 Operating surplus -8 864 349 2 453 114 92 688 405 90 917 424 Finance income 250 641 340 017 Non-Current Assets Finance costs -23 584 -349 034 Property, plant and equipment 16 475 239 15 615 576 Surplus before taxation -8 637 292 2 444 097 Intangible assets 30 105 48 648 16 505 344 15 664 224 Taxation -1 400 227 8 492 Total Assets 109 193 749 106 581 648 Surplus for the year -10 037 519 2 452 589

Equity and Liabilities Other comprehensive income: Exchange differences on translating foreign operations -153 170 1 249 793 Liabilities Total comprehensive income for the year -10 190 689 3 702 382

Current Liabilities Trade and other payables 11 678 058 8 450 164 Donations received in advance 81 322 683 71 021 353 Current tax payable - 214 071 Interest-bearing borrowings - 552 757 Note 1: Basis of Preparation 93 000 741 80 238 345

Non-Current Liabilities The summarised financial statements, which include the Statement of Financial Position and Deferred income tax 741 378 876 190 the Statement of Comprehensive Income, are an extract of the audited consolidated financial Interest-bearing borrowings 741 378 876 190 statements of the Institute for Security Studies Trust for the year ended 31 December 2019. Total Liabilities 93 742 119 81 114 535 The financial statements can be obtained from the Institute for Security Studies Trust at Block C, Brooklyn Court, 361 Veale Street, New Muckleneuk, Pretoria.

Equity Trust capital 100 100 Reserves 4 378 640 5 138 772 Accumulated surplus 11 072 890 20 328 241 15 451 630 25 467 113 The ISS Trustees take full responsibility for the correct extraction of the financial Total Equity and Liabilities 109 193 749 106 581 648 information from the underlying annual financial statements.

38 39 ISS Trustees

Amb Nicolas Bwakira held senior positions Prof Gilbert Khadiagala is the Jan Smuts at the UN High Commission for Refugees. He Professor of International Relations and has been Director for International Relations Head of Department at the University of and Partnership at the University of South the Witwatersrand. Africa, and the African Union’s Special Sakumzi (Saki) Macozoma is the Non- Representative for Somalia. Executive Chairman of Safika Holdings, Dr Jakkie Cilliers is Head of African Futures Chairman of Tshipi e Ntle and Ntsimbintle and Innovation at the ISS and Chairperson of Mining, and a board member of the Board of Trustees. He co-founded the ISS Volkswagen SA. and served as executive director until 2015. Dr Wendy Ngoma is the CEO of a Cassim Coovadia is Chairman of the South management consulting firm and African Banking Risk Information Centre. He alumni of the INSEAD Social is also Managing Director of the Banking Entrepreneurship Programme. Association of South Africa and Chairman of Prof Maxi Schoeman is Deputy Dean the Johannesburg Civic Theatre. of Postgraduate Studies and Ethics in the Anton du Plessis is Executive Director of the Faculty of Humanities at the University ISS. He has advised the UN Security Council’s of Pretoria. Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate and the UN Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force.

ISS Advisory Council

Amb Said Djinnit, UN Special Envoy for the Susanne Luther, Director, Hanns Seidel Great Lakes Region and President of the Foundation, Germany. Advisory Council. Vijay Makhan, independent consultant and Ibrahima Fall, independent consultant resource person, Mauritius. based in Senegal, and former UN Special Amb Konjit Sinegorgis, Ministry of Foreign Representative for the Great Lakes Region. Affairs, Ethiopia. Mohammed Ibn Chambas, Special Prof Elrena van der Spuy, University of Cape Representative of the UN Secretary-General Town, South Africa. and Head of the United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel. Frannie A Léautier, Partner and CEO, Mkoba Private Equity Fund, Tanzania.

40 CONTACT US

ISS Pretoria Block C, Brooklyn Court 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria Tel: +27 12 346 9500

ISS Addis Ababa 2nd floor, Kadco Group building #2 Ethio-China Friendship Avenue, Addis Ababa Tel: +251 11 515 6320

ISS Dakar 4th Floor, Immeuble Atryum Center Route de Ouakam, Dakar Tel: +221 33 860 3304

ISS Nairobi 5th Floor, The Pavilion Mwanzi Road, off Lower Kabete Road Westlands, Nairobi Tel: +254 20 237 8475

www.issafrica.org

IMAGE CREDITS Cover: Amelia Broodryk/ISS