Wegwijs in Religieus En Levensbeschouwelijk Nederland

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Wegwijs in Religieus En Levensbeschouwelijk Nederland © Uitgeverij Kok – Kampen, 1995 Omslag Dik Hendriks ISBN 90 242 8247 0/CIP NUGI 631 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of op enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Over "Wegwijs"..... Als u dit leest, staat u op het punt de CD-ROM versie van Wegwijs te ontdekken. Hieronder vindt u een aantal tips met betrekking tot het zoeken van informatie. 1. Wegwijs is opgebouwd volgens een "uitklapstruktuur". Links op uw beeldscherm ziet u voor alle letters een driehoekje staan. Dit betekent dat er achter deze letters meer informatie ligt. Door met uw muis in zo'n driehoek- je te klikken klapt de informatie zich als het ware open. Door nogmaals te klikken, sluit u de informatie weer. Zo blijft de hoeveelheid informatie op uw scherm overzichtelijk en dat maakt het zoeken weer gemakkelijker. 2. Wegwijs bevat 3 registers: - het register zoals dat links op uw beeldscherm zichtbaar is. Dit register bevat alle religies, kerken, stromingen en organisaties in alfabetische volgorde gerangschikt. Het register werkt volgens de hierboven genoemde uitklapstruktuur en is bedoeld om snel informatie over bovengenoemde onderwerpen op te zoeken. Zoekt u bijvoorbeeld informatie over de Islam, dan klikt u met uw muis op het driehoekje voor de "i". Er verschijnt dan een aantal stromingen waaronder de Islam. Door met uw muis op het woord "Islam" te klikken springt u direct naar de plaats waar die informatie zich bevindt. - het alfabetisch register. Dit register vindt u in de linkerkantlijn. Ook hier is weer de uitklapstruktuur van toepassing Dit register bevat naast alle religies, kerken, stromingen en organisaties tevens een groot aantal namen van personen die binnen die groepen een rol van betekenis hebben gespeeld. Bij het zoeken in het alfabetisch register moet u de ZWARTE kaders in de TEKST volgen. U komt dan vanzelf weer in het register terug. - het systematisch register. Dit bevat een groot aantal stromingen, kerken en groeperingen. Bij het zoeken in het alfabetisch register moet u de RODE kaders in de MARGES volgen. Op een monochroom monitor zijn dit dus de zwarte kaders in de marges. Sommige namen komen op meerdere plaatsen in de registers voor. Het kan daarom voorkomen dat u bij het zoeken in een van de registers op een andere plaats terecht komt dan u verwacht. 3. Als u bepaalde passages wilt gebruiken in uw eigen boeken, scripties e.d. kunt u deze via het "copy"- commando naar het klembord kopiëren. U verlaat daarna Acrobat Reader. Vervolgens start u uw tekstverwerker en vraagt de passage met het "plak"-commando weer op. U kunt het nu naar eigen inzicht opmaken. N.B. Op het citeren, cq. overnemen van bepaalde passages uit Wegwijs zijn vanzelfsprekend de bepalingen van het auteursrecht van toepassing. Voor vragen over de werking van Acrobat Reader alsmede een verklaring van de gebruikte symbolen verwijs ik u naar de helpdesk van het program- ma. U vindt deze vrij complete hulp in uw menubalk (Windows en Dos) of onder het vraagteken rechtsboven (Mac) op uw scherm. Wij hebben getracht Wegwijs zo te construeren dat u als gebruiker er optimaal gemak van heeft. We houden ons echter aanbevolen voor opmer- kingen en/of suggesties zodat we eventuele volgende uitgaven nog completer en betrouwbaarder kunnen maken. Deze kunt u sturen aan Wegwijs CD- ROM, postbus 5018, 8260 GA Kampen. Woord vooraf In 1987 verscheen de eerste druk van de boekuitgave Wegwijs in gelovig Nederland. In 1990 bleek een ongewijzigde herdruk nodig. In 1995 ver- scheen een compleet herziene en bijgewerkte druk, waarbij de titel tevens een uitbreiding van de inhoud aangeeft. En nu zit u achter uw computer en hebt u, op CD-ROM, een geactualiseerde versie in handen. Alle adresgegevens zijn aangepast en het cijfermateriaal is zoveel mogelijk geactualiseerd. Een gids als Wegwijs is echter nooit 100% up-to-date. Daarvoor zijn we mede van u afhankelijk. Wij zijn u daarom dankbaar voor iedere correctie, aanvulling of opmerking. Het adres is Wegwijs, Postbus 5018, 8260 GA Kampen. Heeft u vragen of aanvullende informatie nodig, dan willen wij u via eerdergenoemd adres graag verder helpen. Gerard Hoekstra Rien Ipenburg Inleiding Het Nederlands geestesmerk kent een aantal boeiende karakteristieken. Twee ervan vallen direct en duidelijk in het oog: een diepgewortelde religiositeit en de veelheid aan religieuze opvattingen, groeperingen en organisaties. Al tijdens de Middeleeuwen kwamen in wat nu Nederland is vele groeperingen voor met afwijkende en vooral kritische opvattingen. Omdat zij door de officiële kerkleer van die tijd als ketters werden beschouwd, werden zij met alle heftigheid vervolgd. Een enkele kritische opvatting vond evenwel haar vorm in een nieuwe kloosterorde, die in ons land een gemakkelijke vestiging had. De meeste bleven echter de gewetensdwang van de kerk trotseren, met alle gevolgen van dien. Vooral vanaf de zestiende-eeuwse kerkhervorming ontstonden er in wat toen de Noordelijke Nederlanden waren, vele stromingen, kerken en groeperingen die alle, vanuit welk oogmerk dan ook, zochten en bleven zoeken naar de oorspronkelijke waarheden, waarden en normen van het vroege christendom. Immers, alleen de vroeg-christelijke kerk was nog niet gecorrumpeerd door de vele misstanden en latere menselijke toe- en bijvoegsels. Hoewel zowel de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk met haar contrareformatorische opvattingen als de Nederduytsche of Gereformeerde Kerk deze ontwikkeling tegen probeerden te gaan, slaagden zij daar niet in. Was de religieuze ontwikkeling in de Noordelijke Nederlanden al afwijkend van die in het grootste deel van West-Europa, nog meer speciaal wordt deze - de Verenigde Staten uitgezonderd - vanaf het einde van de negentiende eeuw en het begin van de twintigste eeuw. Afgezien van een enkele groepering die niet stoelde op de traditionele westerse religies, waren alle geënt op de joodse en vooral op de christelijke traditie. De vele nieuwe vormen van religieus beleven worden trouwens als het ware ‘geïmporteerd’ uit de Angelsaksische landen en met name uit de VS. Toen waren het nog opvattingen, die vooral geïnspireerd waren op het pinkstergebeu- ren, het naderend einde van de wereld en de wederkomst van Jezus Christus. Vooral vanaf het begin van de jaren zestig veranderde er veel. Hetzelfde bleven de vele revivalbewegingen, die vanuit de VS in Nederland actief werden, maar daarbij schoten hier de vele levensovertuigingen met hun schier onbeperkt aantal organisaties wortel, die hun oorsprong hebben in het Verre en Midden Oosten. Opvallend is dat de vele met name (neo) hindoeïstische of boeddhis- tische groeperingen vanuit de VS als een soort tussenstation naar ons land zijn gekomen. Al hebben de vele groeperingen hun achtergronden gemeen, hun functioneren in de Nederlandse samenleving is onderling sterk verschillend. Sommige leven een stil en onopvallend leven, terwijl andere immense en opvallende zendingsactiviteiten ontplooien. Verder is de praktijk dat relatief veel groeperingen ‘eendagsvliegen’ zijn die bijna even snel weer verdwenen zijn als zij zijn ontstaan. Ook is in vele gevallen het aantal volgelingen klein tot zeer klein. Heel duidelijk kent Nederland ook het verschijnsel van de vele kerksplitsingen, vaak gevolgd door eigen kerk- of gemeentevorming. Met name is dit het geval in het gereformeerd protestantisme en in de evangelische- en pinksterbeweging. Een enkele afsplitsing heeft geleid tot een landelijke kerkorganisatie, de meeste afsplitsingen resulteren echter in plaatselijke kerken of gemeenten. Daarnaast zijn er veel zogenaamde pinkstergemeenten, en in de evangelische beweging de Volle Evangelie Gemeenten, Gemeenten Gods e.a. Samen vormen zij een belangrijk element in het geesteskenmerk van ons land. De Nederlandse samenleving kwam in de jaren zestig niet alleen in aanraking met de volgelingen van de vele hindoeïstische en boeddhistische groeperingen, maar ook met de vertegenwoordigers van de culturele minderheden. Kwam voor die tijd de gemiddelde Nederlander, religieus of nietreligieus, bijna niet in aanraking met de islam, vanaf de jaren zestig veranderde dit sterk. De dekolonisatie van Indonesië deed ons land ondermeer in aanraking komen met vele Zuid-Molukkers, over het algemeen een vorm van het orthodox protestan- tisme belijdend, die van Suriname met hun verschillende religieuze overtuigingen. Verder versterkten de vele gastarbeiders, afkomstig uit de landen rond de Middellandse Zee, onze economie. Noord-Afrikaners, zoals Marokkanen en Algerijnen en verder Turken, vaak afkomstig van het platteland, met hun opvattingen werden een vertrouwd beeld in onze samenleving, die mede door de verschillende groepen van ethnische minderheden snel en sterk veranderde. Nederland werd van een monoculturele tot een pluriforme samenleving: in ons stadsbeeld zijn kerken even vertrouwd als moskeeën of islamitische gebedsruimten. Verder verrijken ook andere ethnische minderheden met hun cultuur en religie het religieus Nederland. De massamedia, en speciaal de televisie, zorgden er voor dat een ieder even gemakkelijk als vanzelfsprekend in contact kwam met vaak tot aan die tijd
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