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The Organisation

Astronomy in the

Jan Palouš, Petr Hadrava (Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic)

A brief historical outline of the develop- ment of in the is presented, followed by an overview of the current observational, research and educational facilities.

Historical development

In the Czech lands, astronomy has rather deep roots, covering at least all the last millenium. A significant milestone for pursuing astronomy in Bohemia and surrounding countries was represented Photo: Hadrava, P. Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic by the establishment of the University in by the Emperor Charles IV in 1348. Astronomy, as one of the seven liberal arts, was greatly emphasised right from the beginning of the lectures, and Prague Figure 1: The Astronomical in the Figure 2: New of 1572 in the of University soon began to support the Old Town of Prague. Cassiopeia from “Dialexis” by Thaddaeus Hagecius (Frankfurt am Main 1574). creative development of astronomical knowledge brought especially from Paris, planetary motions, while evaluating the physiology of the human eye. Of abso- Oxford and other places in Europe. It positions of Mars observed by Tycho lutely cructial importance for the reached a remarkable level, e.g. in wide- Brahe. He published numerous treatises, development of astronomy and other ly spread treatises “On the construc- among them “Astronomia ” includ- sciences was the idea of the influence of tion and on theuse of the ” by ing the laws of planetary motions, texts a ’s motion on the colour of Cristannus de Prachaticz (1407) or in the on the “New Star” of 1604 in the constel- their light, which Christian Doppler, the design of the Prague lation , and he wrote his first professor of the Prague Polytechnic, pre- (1410) by Johannes Schindel. version of “The Dream, or Posthumous sented in his lecture held in the Caroli- Work on Lunar astronomy” on the astron- num in 1842. He published his result in a The most famous era of astronomy in omy viewed from the surface of the Prague was probably the period of rule of . the Emperor Rudolph II at the turn of the 16th and 17th century, when Tycho After the Thirty War, was Brahe and dwelt and predominantly provided and controlled worked at the Emperor’s court. The fact by the Jesuit order. Astronomy, as well as that Brahe, and later also Kepler, came other sciences, was pursued mainly in to Prague, as well as Kepler’s success the Clementinum College in Prague. achieved in this city, were not a result of In 1722 the Astronomical Tower was built some lucky coincidence or the Emperor’s there. Thanks to the care of the first direc- Photo: I. Král, National , Prague generosity and eccentric nature. To a tor of the Clementinum , great degree, these were logical conse- Josef Stepling, the Astronomical Tower quences of the gradual development was equipped with new instruments of Prague’s cultural and scientific environ- around 1750, becoming the first state- ment. It was mainly Tycho’s friend supported astronomical observatory in Thaddaeus Hagecius, who prepared the Czech lands. grounds for Tycho’s arrival. Hagecius was the Emperor’s physician, and at the The advance of astronomy went hand in same one of a few European as- hand with the development of other Figure 3: The allegory of sciences on the ceiling tronomers of that time, who, like Tycho sciences. Among the important scientific fresco in the New Mathematical Hall in Prague Brahe, studied the skies with a critical personalities in the 19th century were Clementinum. It shows the Clementinum Astronomi- scientific approach. It was in Prague the mathematician Bernard Bolzano and cal Tower along with the extrasolar planetary sys- tems according to Giordano Bruno’s idea of the where Kepler found, during his stay in the the biologist Jan Evangelista Purkyneˇ, “multiplicity of worlds” ( of the Czech years 1600–1612, his first two laws of who studied, besides other things, the Republic).

The Messenger 128 – June 2007  The Organisation Palouš J. and Hadrava P., Astronomy in the Czech Republic

local Bohemian journal, consequently his servatory at Ondrˇejov near Prague. In Current Facilities principle was later rediscovered by H. A. 1928, Josef Jan Fricˇ donated his observ- Fizeau. In the half of the 19th cen- atory to the state. The Astronomical Institute of the Acad- tury, Ernst Mach contributed enormous- emy of Sciences of the Czech Republic ly to the education of a whole generation After the establishment of the Czechos- has a prominent position as the largest of both German and Czech physicists lovak Academy of Sciences in 1953, the professional place in the Czech Republic. and . He also helped in the former State Observatory in Clementi- The names of the Institute’s four scien- general recognition of Christian Doppler’s num, together with the Ondrˇejov Observ- tific departments suggest a lot about its achievement. atory, became the basis of the Astro- scientific profile: Solar Physics; Interplan- nomical Institute of the Czechoslovak etary Matter; Stellar Physics; and Galax- In 1886, the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences. One historical root ies and Planetary Systems. in Prague was estab- of this institution thus reaches to 1722, lished by August Seydler, who served as when Clementinum observatory was The Solar Physics department focuses its first director. He elaborated sophisti- established by the Jesuits, and another on active solar phenomena such as cated methods for determination of to the Fricˇ’s foundation of the Ondrˇejov sunspots, solar flares and coronal mass of minor and wrote textbooks Observatory in 1898, which was inspired ejections. The data coming from the on theoretical physics and many popular by the interest of his poetic godfather instruments of the Ondrˇejov observatory, articles on . In the last de- Jan Neruda. including optical and wavebands, cade of the 19th century, Seydler’s suc- are combined with X-ray and UV obser- cessor, Gustav Gruss, observed variable vations from satellites and space probes and carried out visual observations of stellar spectra.

Albert Einstein spent one and a half years (1911–1912) in Prague, being appointed professor at the German Prague Univer- sity. During his Prague time he published eleven papers, including the first one on the deflection of light by the gravitational field of the , containing the formula- tion of the first fundamentals of the theory of General Relativity.

There is an interesting connection be- tween astronomy and literature: Jan Neruda (1834–1891), Czech poet, writer and journalist, was born in Prague, and grew up in a colourful part of the town called Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter). His first laurels came from the success of his collection of poetry called “Cosmic Songs” that documented his good astro- nomical knowledge. The song No. XXII “… are there frogs there, too?” was, on the occasion of the 26th General Assembly of the IAU in Prague, translated by Robert Russel into English. Jan Neruda was godfather of Josef and Jan Fricˇ, the sons of the revolutionary Josef Václav Fricˇ, who were born in Parisian exile. Both brothers shared an interest in astronomy with their godfather. When they came back to Bohemia, they started their astronomical observations, at first with the support of professor Vojteˇch Šafarˇík. Later, they established a factory in Prague, which Figure 4: The observation of fireballs has a long produced optical devices, and developed tradition at the Ondrˇejov Observatory. The photo- graph taken on 12 September 1923 by Josef astronomical instruments. After the death Klepešta shows the M31 in Andromeda with of younger brother Jan, Josef built an ob- a fireball in front.

 The Messenger 128 – June 2007 Figure 5: Ha filtergram (left panel) and correspond- ing Ha spectrum (right) of a solar active region as obtained by the Ondrˇejov large horizontal solar tele- scope HSFA2 on 4 July 2006. Note the Doppler shifted features in the spectrum (wavelength increas- ing to the right).

to have a complex multi-wavelength in- formation on these fast non-equilibrium phenomena. The observations are com- pared to numerical simulations trying to discover the basic mechanisms ruling the Sun. The main goal is the study of mag- netohydrodynamic and radiative proc- esses in the solar plasma, which offers conditions unachievable in laboratories on . The Sun-Earth relation and cosmic weather are also studied with a lot of geophysical and other practical applications.

The department of Interplanetary Matter operates the European network of all-sky cameras, which records meteors, par- ticularly the brightest of them, which are called fireballs. This network holds the Photo: J. Havelka, Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic world’s primacy in finding meteorites upon observation of their passage through the Earth’s atmosphere. In 1959, parts of the meteorite Prˇíbram were found upon calculation of its path through the Earth’s atmosphere based on photographs tak- en by all-sky cameras. The network of all-sky fireball cameras and spectral cam- Figure 6: The 2-m eras has been in continuous operation in Ondrˇejov. since 1963 and is currently the only one in the world. The atmospheric fragmen- rotation and the detection of near-Earth cially binary stars. The photometric and tation and structural properties of me- asteroids. In recent years, new discover- spectral observations are combined to teoroids, chemical composition of me- ies have been made of several binary and disentangle the orbital parameters of bi- teoroids from spectroscopy, physics of very rapidly rotating asteroids. naries. The use of spectroscopy requires meteor radiation and ionisation, and long- the development of the theory of stellar activity of meteor showers from The Stellar Physics department operates atmospheres, as well as other methods observations, are studied. In 1993 a the largest telescope on the territory of of processing and evaluation of observa- new programme of CCD observations the Czech Republic, which has a primary tional data. Interacting binaries are usu- of asteroids using a dedicated 0.65-m mirror of 202 cm diameter. The main ally strong sources of X-ray radiation as telescope started with the focus on their focus is on the study of variable, espe- observed from space probes.

The Messenger 128 – June 2007  The Organisation Palouš J. and Hadrava P., Astronomy in the Czech Republic 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 X (kpc) X (kpc) X (kpc) X (kpc) X (kpc) –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 1590 1610 1630 1650 1670

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Figure 7: Gas stripping in galaxy clusters: formation grees with respect to the disc normal and observations mainly deal with orbits of a bow shock in front of a galaxy as seen in sim- sees the system from the left side. Su- and light curves of asteroids, including ulations using N-body SPH with a gravity tree code. From Jáhym, P., 2006, Ph.D. Thesis, Charles Uni- perposition of several tens of such spots new discoveries of such bodies. Studies versity Prague, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, then contributes to the source variability in cosmology, with special emphasis Paris. as the spots arise, trace some part of the on the properties of gamma-ray bursts, , and gradually fade away (c.f. Eckart are performed. Studies in of as- The department of and Plane- et al. 2006). tronomy focus particularly on the Bohe- tary Systems resides in the Prague part mian region. of the Astronomical Institute, but it has its In the Institute of Physics of the Academy own zenith telescope in Ondrˇejov. It deals of Sciences of the Czech Republic, a The Institute of Theoretical Physics of the with the study of the rotation of the Earth, research group participates in the project Charles University is also a part of the and with the theoretical problems of So- of the Pierre Auger Observatory which Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. Stu- lar System dynamics and . The is building an array of in Ar- dents are educated in mathematics and trans-Neptunian bodies are studied in- gentina to detect showers of high-energy computing, and in theoretical physics, cluding the resonance in the Kuiper Belt. cosmic rays. The contribution of the including classical and quantum mechan- Triggered in the turbulent Czech Republic includes mainly the fabri- ics, elementary particle physics, thermo- interstellar medium is studied both in cation of hexagonal mirrors for two the dynamics, relativistic physics and cosmol- observations and simulations. The influ- Schmidt cameras observing Cherenkov ogy. Research areas include gravitational ence of gas recycling on galaxy evolution radiation in the Earth‘s atmosphere. collapse with small non-spherical per- across a Hubble time, including gravi- turbations, black-hole electrodynamics, tational and hydrodynamic processes, is The Astronomical Institute of the Charles theory of gravitational radiation, exact considered (see Figure 7 for example). University, which is an integral part of the solutions of Einstein’s field equations and Study of relativistic astrophysics includes Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, has cosmological perturbation theory. accretion processes and resonances mainly educational duties in teaching in discs surrounding black holes. An ex- undergraduate and graduate courses of The Institute of Theoretical Physics and ample is shown in Figure 8 where the astronomy and astrophysics. The re- Astrophysics at the Faculty of Sciences, predicted variations of the X-ray spectrum search areas include the spectroscopic Masaryk University in Brno, provides ba- of an accretion disc at eight successive properties of hot stars, particularly in sic courses in astronomy and astrophys- phases are plotted during the entire orbit binaries and multiple systems, and explo- ics at the undergraduate and graduate of a single spot located at a distance of ration of the nature of Be stars. Stud- level. Research includes the physics of seven gravitational radii from the black ies of physical properties, dynamics and hot stars, non-LTE models of stellar at- hole and rotating clockwise. A distant ob- evolution of small bodies of the Solar mospheres, variable stars, carbon stars, server is placed at an inclination of 30 de- System include the Yarkovsky effect and K-type giants and properties of atmos-

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Figure 8: The predicted variations of the X-ray spec- trum of an accretion disc around a galactic nucleus black hole are plotted. (From Goosmann R. W. et al., in “The X-ray Universe 2005”, edited by A. Wilson, El Escorial, Madrid, Spain, in press. pheric . The Institute manages entific method by special astronomical This brief review presents the and the Masaryk University Observatory at research. The Klet’ Observatory, which current status of astronomy in the Czech Kraví hora equipped with a 0.6-m reflec- is equipped with a 1-m telescope with a Republic, which is the starting point for tor with a CCD camera. CCD detector, has its research pro- the entrance of the Czech Republic into gramme dedicated to the of ESO. The Relativistic Astrophysics Group of the asteroids with unusual orbits and com- Institute of Physics of the Silesian Univer- ets, providing precise determination of sity in Opava is active in the fields of neu- their orbits. The main part of the work is References tron stars, black holes and cosmology. devoted to the near-Earth orbits. The Eckart A. et al. 2006, The Messenger 125, 2 The anisotropies of the CBR are explored data are provided to the Central Bureau Hadrava P. 2006, “The European Southern as well as L-CDM cosmological models. for Astronomy Telegrams of the IAU. Observatory and Czech Astronomy”, Academia, Other include the Nicolaus Praha The Czech Republic can be proud of its Copernicus Observatory and Palouš J., Vondrák J. and Šolc M. 2002, “Astronomy and Astrophysics in the Czech Republic”, in unique net of planetaria and public ob- in Brno, Štefánik Observatory and Plane- “Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy III”, servatories. Their primary goal is to pro- tarium in Prague, Rokycany Observatory, ed. A. Heck, Kluwer, 163 vide natural science knowledge to a Úpice Observatory, Valašské Mezirˇícˇí Ob- broad public and to demonstrate the sci- servatory, and others.

The Messenger 128 – June 2007  Telescopes and Instrumentation laboratory. instrumentation ching Gar- ESO the in tested being and sembled as- camera, near-IR VLT new the HAWK-I,

Photo: H. H. Heyer, ESO