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Toronto's 2008 Olympic Bid and the Regulation of Waterfront

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Toronto's 2008 Olympic Bid and the Regulation of Waterfront Bidding for the Future: Toronto’s 2008 Olympic bid and the Regulation of Waterfront land By Robert Douglas Oliver A thesis submitted to the Department of Geography in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada December, 2008 Copyright © Robert Douglas Oliver, 2008 Abstract This research examines the process by which rights to public resources, including public land, were negotiated during the Olympic bidding process in one modern western city. Toronto’s 2008 Olympic bid involved not only the framing of an important public symbol but also the shaping of symbolically significant space, the city’s waterfront. Toronto’s waterfront has always reflected a negotiation between large institutional interests and the voice of the local citizenry. The nature of this space and the implied right of the public to define and use this space has made the representation of urban public interest a matter of crucial significance. To examine the relationships between sport, space and symbols during the bidding process for the Olympic Games is to expose an ongoing ideological battle over the ownership of public land. When the development of a particular parcel of public land is said to be in the public interest, it suggests that city residents from a wide variety of publics have collaborated and developed a shared and agreed upon position about how that development should proceed. The process of adjudication that serves to legitimate the production of space and symbols is important because it has crucial implications for the production of urban order. This research demonstrates that the Olympic bidding process can be understood as a moment that fosters an articulation of social and cultural claims, that offers an opportunity for masses of citizens to mobilize, and that facilitates visions of progress. On the other hand, it can also be the occasion for the defeat of public interest. i Acknowledgements I have always thought that deciding to write a dissertation is one of the most selfish decisions someone can make. I believe this not simply because it requires that numerous individuals have to act selflessly to help you get done, but because the principal researcher often fails to consult these same individuals ahead of time to assess their willingness to be accomplices. My friend and advisor, Dr. Peter Goheen, made my life extraordinarily difficult at times. Peter is a rare academic, he has the unique ability to exercise patience when you get stuck and to convince you to let your ideas marinate when you think you have got it right. Either way he leaves you alone with your thoughts a predicament that can be more than mildly disconcerting. He is a master of dealing with moments of frustration, anger and tears. On more than one occasion I simply gave up on the idea of completing the dissertation at the beginning of a week only to emerge with a greater confidence in what I had written in the following days. Peter listened to everything and commented only on the important issues, shape-shifting through various roles as counselor, critic and cheerleader seamlessly. Put bluntly, I am very fortunate that Peter does not hold grudges. The careful reader of this dissertation will realize that this piece of work could not have been done without the intellectual contributions he has made over his career. The point is, I could not have produced this dissertation without him, but more importantly I would not have wanted to. The truth is Peter has forgotten more about the power of public space that most scholars could reasonably hope to produce in a lifetime. I think this fact scares many people, especially those who consider themselves experts on public space—it certainly rattles me. ii Numerous other individuals contributed to the production of these pages. The insightful comments from George Lovell, Ian McKay, Don Mitchell, and Betsy Donald during the various thesis committee meetings forced me to strengthen my arguments. A special thank goes to Dr. Anne Godlewska for asking the hard questions with a smile. I tried not to let her see how much my confidence was shaken when she would casually ask, “oh by the way, what is a symbol?” I knew that she knew that I was rattled. I guess my smile was not nearly as convincing. Conversations with Brian Osborne, John Holmes, Paul Treitz, Harry McCaughey, Phillip Mackintosh, Catherine Nash, Kyle Hodder, David Atkinson and many other members of the department helped me to refine my geographical imagination. To my student colleagues who shared my frustration, thank you for listening. To Joan Knox, Sheila MacDonald, Kathy Hoover, and Sharon Mohammed, we all know that the four of you are the true puppeteers of the department. Thank you for helping me to laugh, dance and occasionally tip-toe through the degree. The Social Science and Humanities Research Council generously awarded me a Doctoral Fellowship that afforded me the luxury of concentrating on the task at hand. The departments of Geography at Queen’s University, Trent University and Virginia Tech were generous with their teaching posts, allowing me to focus on making sense, not cents. The Oliver, Parker and Thomas families provided spaces of rest and recovery that allowed me to deal with the struggle in a dignified way. Finally, I am delighted to have fallen for Valerie Thomas during the writing of this dissertation. She made finishing possible. When I successfully defended I think her iii sigh of relief was as genuine as mine. Now we can finally get to the business of arguing about different topics. My dissertation was not something I ever asked her if she would sign on for, but I think it is a piece of work that she could reasonably sign for. My work is stronger because of her contributions and my smile is bigger because of her presence. iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures and Illustrations ......................................................................................... ix Chapter 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................1 Chapter 2. The Production and Power of Symbols ........................................................7 Chapter 3. Rethinking the meaning of the public for geographic study ....................20 The Public Sphere ..........................................................................................................21 Hannah Arendt ..............................................................................................................23 Jurgen Habermas ...........................................................................................................28 A transformed public sphere ..........................................................................................35 The Public in the City ....................................................................................................37 The politicization of urban public space ........................................................................41 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................45 Chapter 4. Sport, Status, Sociability and Spectacle .....................................................47 Everyday Sport...............................................................................................................49 Locating a moral playing field .......................................................................................51 Toronto: A sporting city? ...............................................................................................54 Defining sport in Toronto: the middle class put their world in order ............................56 v Organizing Amateur Sport .............................................................................................62 Organizing sport in Toronto: .........................................................................................67 Sport for all? ..................................................................................................................71 Protecting the amateur ideal ...........................................................................................73 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................75 Chapter 5. The symbolic importance of Olympism and the Olympic Games ...........77 The Reviving of the Olympic Games ............................................................................83 The Defense of Amateurism: Olympism Reconsidered ................................................94 The International Olympic Committee (IOC): Structure and Organization ................100 The Canadian Olympic Committee (COC) ..................................................................103 Sport, the Olympics and the Canadian Federal Government .......................................108 The Commitment to a National Hosting
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