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Towards a Feminist Theatre in Nigeria: Julie Okoh’S Closed Doors Examined

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Towards a Feminist Theatre in Nigeria: Julie Okoh’S Closed Doors Examined ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY, POZNAN Journal of Gender and Power Vol. 10, No. 2, 2018 POZNAN 2018 2 Submissions Journal of Gender and Power is aimed at providing an international forum for discussing various issues and processes of gender construction. It is a scholarly, interdisciplinary journal, which features articles in all fields of gender studies, drawing on various paradigms and approaches. We invite scholars to submit articles and reviews reporting on theoretical considerations and empirical research. Journal of Gender and Power is published by Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland. Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Agnieszka Gromkowska-Melosik Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland Editorial Assistants Emilia Grzesiak & Jakub Adamczewski Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland Cecilia Asberg (Linkoping University, Sweden), Zygmunt Bauman (University of Leeds, England), Francesca Bettio (University of Siena, Italy), Mary Blair-Loy (University of Cali- fornia, USA), Doris Chang (Wichita State University, USA) , Miranda Christou (University of Cyprus, Cyprus), Lorraine Dowler (Pennsylvania State University, USA), Catherine Driscoll (University of Sydney, Australia), Virginia Ferreira (University of Coimbra, Portugal), Eva Fodor (Central European University, Hungary), Eleanor Gordon (University of Glasgow, Scotland), Lawrence Grossberg (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA), Anita Harris (Monash University, Australia), Michal Klichowski (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland), Beata Kowalska (Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland), Michael A. Messner (University of Southern California, USA), Joanna Pawelczyk (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland), Adriana Piscitelli (State University of Campinas, Brazil), Lydia Potts (Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany), Renata Siemienska (University of Warsaw, Poland), Krystyna Slany (Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland), Vappu Sunnari (University of Oulu, Finland), Bo- guslaw Sliwerski (The Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education & Christian Theologi- cal Academy, Poland), Sarah Thebaud (University of California, USA), Iris van der Tuin (Utrecht University, Netherlands), Valentina I. Uspenskaya (Tver State University, Russia), Denise Walsh (University of Virginia, USA), Eva Zamojska (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland) Language Editor Lukasz Pakula Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland Statistical Editor Krystyna Katulska Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland Publikacja sfinansowana przez Wydział Studiów Edukacyjnych UAM © Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2018 Wersja pierwotna czasopisma: drukowana Opracowanie komputerowe okładki: K. & S. Szurpit Zdjęcie na okładce: © NoSystem images/Getty Images ISSN 2391-8187 Contents Editor’s Preface (Agnieszka Gromkowska-Melosik) . ............................. 5 ARTICLES JOHN EBIMOBOWEI YESEIBO Towards a feminist theatre in Nigeria: Julie Okoh’s Closed Doors examined .................................................. ................................... 9 KATARZYNA KABACIŃSKA -ŁUCZAK Horses, toy sabers, toy soldiers—a few words about boys’ patriotic toys of the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century .............. 25 EDWARD EGBO IMO The “Chauvinistic” Men of Julie Okoh: Victims of Feminist Bias .............. 53 EZIWHO EMENIKE AZUNWO , EMMANUELLA OMAGA SOPURUCHI The dramatist’s dimensions in tackling child labour in Nigeria: the exemplar of Faith Ken-Aminipko’s Say no to child abuse . 73 EMILIA GRZESIAK Prisms of perceiving femininity. Theoretical and empirical reflections . 101 STANLEY I. OKOROAFOR The Origin of Slavery and The Incidence of The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Oguta, Nigeria ................................ ................................. 119 CHARLES OKWUOWULU Feminine Voyeurism in Ghana Films: Unmasking Frank Raja Arase’s Chauvinist Directorial Techniques . ............................. 137 WERONIKA MICHALINA URBAN Networked subversion: a catalyst for a change in thinking about sexuality . 151 BOOK AND JOURNAL REVIEWS JAKUB ADAMCZEWSKI Tomasz Gmerek. Polityka apartheidu w szkolnictwie RPA. Geneza, rozwój i konsekwencje . Poznań 2017: Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 291 . 165 4 Contents JUSTYNA MROZEK Renee Engeln, Beauty Sick. How the Cultural Obsession with Appearance Hurts Girls and Women . Warszawa 2018: Buchmann. Pp. 416. .. 167 Submissions ...................................... ..................................... 171 List of reviewers for 2018 year . .................................... 173 Editor’s Preface In contemporary societies present globalisation is a common sense concept, used in attempts to understand and explain the multidimen- sional social, cultural, economic, environmental and technological change. But of course we must be aware that it is not only diagnostic tool and it does not give ideologically neutral insight. It is always terrain of struggle for meanings; it is always full of values. And there are two prevailing approaches to globalisation, both are full of ideological assumptions. Proponents of the first one are convinced that globalisation is a vehicle of progress and having a huge impact on quality of life. They believe that due to globalisation the discoveries of mind can improve the conditions of life of people living in the all the parts of the world. They also suppose that thanks to globalisation even the smallest cultures can include their own traditions and values into the world culture. On the other side many people criticise globalisation as a more or less mechanical instrument of westernisation or even Americanisation. It is assumed in this approach that through powerful culture and technological devices globalisation dissolves indigenous identity and life. Even if the Author of these piece of writing supports more the second approach, the situation is not so simple. In the context of Journal of Gender and Power profile, one can ask the several questions. Is the globalisation the source of women’s emancipation in traditional, very patriarchal cultures as it provides with more rights, more education and more opportunities for women there?; Is globalisation only a simulacrum of emancipation which replaces the traditional patriarchate by more sophisticated version of western an- drocentrism? It is not easy way to answer these questions. And the pic- ture of the cover of this Journal of Gender and Power issue can be a symbolic representation of the complicated relationship between globalisation and women’s identities. Agnieszka Gromkowska-Melosik Editor-in-Chief 6 Editor’s Preface Editor’s Preface 7 ARTICLES 8 Editor’s Preface Vol. 10, No. 2, 2018 DOI: 10.14746/jgp.2018.10.001 John Ebimobowei Yeseibo University of Port Harcourt (Nigeria) Towards a feminist theatre in Nigeria: Julie Okoh’s Closed Doors examined ABSTRACT. Okoh is a prolific playwright whose feminist inclination is not anyway in doubt. In her plays, especially Closed Doors , she addresses issues bordering on the woman question. Such issues include generally sexual injustices against women such as pedophilia, rape, female geni- tal mutilation, forced abortion and unrequited love. Closed Doors focuses on the psychological crises of subaltern women whose lives have been vexed by a complex array of disturbing and thwarting personal relationships, particularly their relationships with their ‘treacherous’ lovers. The play is an expose on the vulnerability of women as a result of unbridled patriarchal arrogance. The main aim of this study is to situate Closed Doors as a feminist theatre. To achieve this, the salient characteristics of feminist theatre shall be teased out to serve as a tapestry against which this study shall posit whether Closed Doors is or is to become feminist theatre. The literary and sociological methodical approaches are adopted here; sociological because the point is established here that there is a dynamic and complex relationship between a work of art and the social realities under which it is produced. KEYWORDS: Close doors, Feminist, Theatre, Feminist theatre, Okoh Introduction Sexual domination obtains as the most pervasive ideology of our culture and provides its most fundamental concepts of power. (Kate Millet) The human being is the masculine gender. The human being is a boy as a child and grown up he is a man. Eve- rything on earth is for the human being, which is man … (Maria Irene Fornes, Fefu and Her Friends ) Feminist writing directs the attention of the readership to the inequ- alities and injustices girls and women experience in society. The challenge of the feminist scholar therefore is to find the ground to argue effectively 10 JOHN EBIMOBOWEI YESEIBO for the end of oppression of all women. Nigeria has produced many fe- minist playwrights. Julie Okoh is arguably one of the most visible femi- nist playwrights in Nigeria. Her feminist plays among others include: In the Fullness of Time , Edewede which treat her condemnation of female circumcision; Mannequins which treats among other themes the gender issue of Vesico Vagina Fistula, Our Wife Forever , which focuses on the social injustice and psychological trauma widows experience in society; Aisha , Closed Doors , the focus of this paper, The Trials , Who Can Fight the Gods and Mask. Her feminist inclination through her plays is not anyway in doubt. In her plays, she addresses such sensitive and vital issues bor- dering on sexual injustice against women such as rape,
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