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Antioxidant Properties of Ficus Species – a Review

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Antioxidant Properties of Ficus Species – a Review International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304 Vol.2, No.4, pp 2174-2182, Oct-Dec 2010 Antioxidant Properties of Ficus Species – A Review N.Sirisha*, M.Sreenivasulu, K.Sangeeta, C.Madhusudhana Chetty Annamacharya College of Pharmacy, New Boyanpalli, Rajampet, Kadapa(dist), Andhra Pradesh,India. *Corres.author: [email protected] Abstract: Ficus is a huge tropical ,deciduous , evergreen tree with more than 800 species . Bark , root , leaves , fruit and latex of this plant are frequently usedfor the treatment of various illnesses. Ficus produces a unique fruit which is actually a inverted flower. Ficus species are rich source of polyphenolic compounds , flavanoids which are responsible for strong antioxidant properties that help in prevention and therapy of various oxidative stress related diseases such as neurodegenerative and hepatic diseases. The present review correlates antioxidant activity of Ficus species with its pharmacological activities. Key words : Ficus species, Free radicals, Polyphenols , flavanoids , Antioxidant property. Introduction Genus : Ficus Ficus, the fig genus, consists of over 800 species and is one of about 40 genera of the mulberryfamily. The Various species of Ficus are [2]– fig species of greatest commercial importance is Ficus Ficus altissima (council tree) carica L. (the common fig). Other notable species of Ficus aspera (clown fig) Ficus are Ficus religiosa L. (the Bo tree which Ficus auriculata, syn. Ficus roxburghii sheltered the Buddha as he divined the “Truths”), Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan) Ficus elastic Roxb. ex Hornem. (the rubber tree), Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) Ficus benghalensis L. (the banyan tree) and Ficus Ficus benjamina ‘Exotica’ racemosa L. (syn. glomerata, the giant cluster tree). All Ficus benjamina ‘Comosa’ Ficus spp. possess latex-like material within their Ficus binnendykii (narrow-leaf ficus) vasculatures, affording protection and self-healing Ficus carica (common edible fig) from physical assaults [1]. Ficus celebinsis (willow ficus) Ficus deltoidea (mistletoe fig) syn. Ficus diversifolia Taxonomy of Ficus Ficus elastica (Indian rubber tree) Domain : Eukaryota Ficus elastica ‘Abidjan’ Kingdom : Plantae Ficus elastica ‘Asahi’ Subkingdom : Viridaeplantae Ficus elastica ‘Decora’ Phylum : Tracheophyta Ficus elastica ‘Gold’ Subphylum : Euphyllophytina Ficus elastica ‘Schrijveriana’ Infraphylum : Radiatopses Ficus lacor (pakur tree) Class : Magnoliopsida Ficus lingua (box-leaved fig) syn. Ficus buxifolia Subclass : Dilleniidae Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) Superorder : Urticanae Ficus macrophylla (Moreton Bay fig) Order : Urticales Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan) Family : Moraceae Ficus microcarpa var. crassifolia (wax ficus) N.Sirisha et al /Int.J. PharmTech Res.2010,2(4) 2175 Ficus microcarpa ‘Variegata’ 4, 4, 24-trimelhyl-cholesta-8-en-3-B-ol, mixture of Ficus pseudopalma (Philippine fig) campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol, stigmasterol Ficus pumila (creeping fig) syn. Ficus repens 3-B-o`glucoside and 4, 5, 7-trihydroxy flavan-3-ol. In Ficus religiosa (bo tree or sacred fig) addition to xantholoxin, $-amyrin and "-amyrin from Ficus rubiginosa (Port Jackson fig or rusty fig) n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extract Ficus rubiginosa ‘Variegata’ Ficus sagittata of Ficus capensis (Thunb) leaves [8]. ‘Variegata’, syn. Ficus radicans ‘Variegata’ Uses of Ficus species Ficus saussureana, syn. Ficus dawei Fresh juice(50-100 ml) of leaves of Ficus racemosa L. Ficus stricta is given with water for about 10 days to treat Ficus subulata, syn. Ficus salicifolia gastrointestinal problems [9]. Ficus tikoua (Waipahu fig) Bark of Ficus arnottiana and F.hispida shows hypoglycaemic activity [10,11]. Chemical constituents Roots of Ficus bengalensis shows anthelmintic Ficus species contain flavanoid glycosides , alkaloids , activity. The extracts also reported to inhibit phenolic acids , steroids , saponins , coumarins , insulinase activity from liver and kidney. Fruit extracts tannins , triterpinoids – oleanolic acid , rusolic acid , α- exhibits anti-tumour activity [12]. hydroxy ursolic acid , protocatechuic acid , maslinic Various pharmacological actions such as anti-ulcer, acid . The nonenzymatic constituents include phenolic anti-diabetic, lipid lowering and antifungal activities compounds , flavanoids , vitamin C . The enzymatic have been described for F. exasperata. Ethanolic leaf constituents present are ascorbate oxidase , ascorbate extract of F.exasperata shows anti-bacterial activity peroxidise , catalase , peroxidise . The phenolic [13]. Leaves exhibit hypotensive activity [14]. compounds present are gallic acid and ellagic acid . Ethanolic and aqueous wood extracts of F.glomerata Furanocoumarins that are reported are psoralen , shows Anti-HIV- 1 integrase activity[15]. bergapten .[3] Ficus religiosa is reported to have numerous β-sitosterol and a new tetracyclic tritepene – glaunol therapeutic uses in folk medicine. Leaf juice has been acetate are reported from the leaves , bark and used for the treatment of asthma, cough, sexual heartwood of F.palmata . Besides , ceryl behenate , disorders, diarrhoea, haematuria, ear-ache and lupeol , α-amyrin acetate are reported from the stem toothache, migraine, eye troubles, gastric problems bark of F.palmata . Taraxasterol tiglate in heartwood , and scabies; leaf decoction has been used as an quercitin-3-glucoside, rutin from leaves and three analgesic for toothache; fruits for the treatment of new methyl ethers of leucoanthocyanins (delphinidin- asthma, other respiratory disorders and scabies; stem 3-o-α- L-rhamnoside , pelargonidin-3-o-α-L- bark is used in gonorrhea, bleeding, paralysis, rhamnoside , leucocyanidin-3-o-β-D-glactosyl diabetes, diarrhea, bone fracture, antiseptic, astringent cellobioside) , methyl ether of leucoanthocyanidin , and antidote. In Ayurveda it is claimed that Ficus 20-tetra triaconten-2-one , pentatriacontan-5-one , 6- religiosa possesses anticonvulsant activity. Many such heptatriaconten-10-one , β-sitosterol-α-D-glucoside , reports had been validated pharmacologically for its meso-inositol were reported from the stem bark of actions on CNS . Different parts of Ficus religiosa F.benghalensis [3],[4]. showed acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity and Triterpinoid constituents rhoiptelenol , 3α-hydroxy- antianxiety activity. Figs (fruits) of this plant contain isohop-22(29)-en-24-oic acid were isolated from the numerous amino acids like asparaginase and tyrosine methanolic extracts of fresh leaves and stems of Ficus in fruit edible part, alanine, threonine, tyrosine and thumbergii . This species also contains lupenyl acetate valine in seeds, alanine and valine in proteins. The , β-amyrin acetate , α-amyrin acetate , lupeol , β- methanolic extract of figs of Ficus religiosa had amyrin , α-amyrin , glutinol , ursolic acid, betulinic anticonvulsant activity [16]. acid in its leaves and stems [5]. The fruit extracts of F. sycomorous L., F. benjamina Besides the leaves , bark and fruits of F.benjamina L., F.bengalensis L. and F.religiosa L. exhibit anti contains cinnamic acid , lactose , naringenin , tumour activity and anti bacterial activity, but no anti quercetin , caffeic acid , stigmasterol [6]. fungal activity [17]. Two new pentacyclic triterpenes 8,26-cyclo-urs-21-en- Fresh and dried fruit of F.carica is used in cancer, 3β,20β-diol and 3β-acetoxy-8,26-cyclo-ursan-20β-ol carcinoma, ulcers, hepatomegaly, spleenomegaly. and also 3-friedelanone, oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, Latex is used in ulcers and gout. Leaves are used in lupeol acetate, α and β amyrine, 3,5,7,4’-tetra hydroxyl cancer, tumours, dermatitis. Latex of F.racemosa is flavones, 3,5,7,3’,4’-pentahydroxy flavanate are used as aphrodisiac and bark powder is used in reported from the stem bark of Ficus cordata [7]. diabetes, ulcers, hiccups, gonorrhoea and fruits are used as laxative and digestive. N.Sirisha et al /Int.J. PharmTech Res.2010,2(4) 2176 Fruit of F.carica shows spasmolytic activity, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, mediated through the activation of K+-ATP channels superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low along with anti platelet activity. Hence, it can be used levels of antioxidants or inhibition of the antioxidant in gut motility and inflammatory disorders [18]. enzymes, cause oxidative stress and may damage or kill the living cells. Oxidative stress and role of antioxidants As oxidative stress is an important part of many Oxidation refers to transfer of electrons from a human diseases, the use of antioxidants in substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly in results in free radicals ,which immediately start chain the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative reactions that result in damage to the living cells [19]. diseases.Antioxidants are widely used as ingredients Metabolism in majority of complex living organisms in the dietary supplements in order to maintain health requires oxygen for its survival .But, oxygen being, a and to prevent diseases such as cancer and coronary highly reactive molecule damages living organisms by heart disease [27]. producing reactive oxygen species [20] . These These compounds may be synthesized in the body or reactive oxygen species produced in the living cells obtained from the diet [28].The different antioxidants include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) , hypochlorous are present at a wide range of concentrations in body acid (HOCl) and free
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