IPP301 Public Disclosure Authorized Guizhou Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection and Development

Project of the World Bank Loan

Social Assessment Report

Public Disclosure Authorized

Center for Ethnic and Folk Literature and Arts Development, Ministry of Culture Guizhou Provincial Center for Tourism Research and Public Outreach April, 2008 Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized Abstract

The proposed Guizhou Cultural & Natural Heritage Protection and Development Project involves 18 villages, 4 ancient towns, 4 scenic sites, and 5 gateway towns, ranging over 19 counties in 4 prefectures and municipalities. Among the 19 counties, 13 are national poverty counties, and 13 are ethic autonomous counties. The total beneficiary population of the project is 66957. 65.7% of the beneficiaries are ethnic minorities, the population of which is 43965, and the total of Miao, Dong, Buyi accounts for more than 90%. Under the guidelines in OP4.10, the social consultant assessment team conducted field investigation in the project sites.

The social assessment report comprises 7 chapters, in 2 parts:

Part I: Project Fundamentals and Free, Prior, and Informed Consultation Chapter 1 Project background: project objectives/components/themes, purpose and principles of social assessment, site selecting and methodology of social assessment.

Chapter 2 Baseline information of project sites: project beneficiaries, socioeconomic profiles, ethnic minorities composition and the related policies. It is identified that, according to OP4.10, most residents in project sites are Indigenous peoples.

Chapter 3 Free, prior, and informed consultation: a summary of free, prior, and informed consultation in project stakeholders, problems found out in consultation process and proposed solutions, consultant methods and procedures of the social assessment consultant team, consultant processes in different project sites, and feedback from stakeholders. It is indicated that the proposed project has obtained broad community support and receive high expectancy from stakeholders in general.

Part II: Project Analysis Chapter 4 Stakeholders analysis: project stakeholder identification, project beneficiaries’ demand analysis, and project stakeholders’ benefit analysis.

Chapter 5 Impact analysis: categorized by project theme: villages, ancient towns, natural heritage and scenic sites, gateway towns, and capacity building. Analysis of different project components was to explore the general impact as well as specific impacts on particular sites. Meanwhile, the social risks are identified and analysis, In general, positive impacts overwhelmed adverse ones.

Chapter 6 Suggestions and social action plans: suggestions for optimizing project design are presented, and furthermore, social action plans for the Cultural Heritage protection and Indigenous Peoples benefits are also prepared.

Chapter 7 Assessment on the need of a separate IPP Special assessment has been conducted in project sites, according to the IPP requirements in OP4.10. It is concluded that a separate IPP is not needed. Contents

Contents ...... 3 Introduction ...... 5 Part I Project Fundamentals...... 6 1 Project Background ...... 6 1.1 Project Development Objective ...... 6 1.2 Project Components and Themes...... 6 1.3 Purpose and Principles of SA ...... 8 1.4 Site-Selection of SA ...... 9 1.5 Methodology of Social Assessment...... 13 1.6 Report Structure...... 15 2 Socioeconomic Condition of the Project Sites ...... 16 2.1 Baseline Information of the Project Sites...... 16 2.2 Identification of Indigenous Peoples in Project Sites ...... 24 2.3 Policies and Laws That Protect Ethnic Minorities’ Rights in the Project Sites ...... 39 2.4 Characteristics of the Ethnic Cultural Heritage in Project Sites...... 39 3 Free, Prior, and Informed Consultation ...... 43 3.1 Consultation with Project Stakeholders...... 43 3.2 Problems and Proposed Solutions...... 45 3.3 Consultation within the Social Assessment ...... 46 3.3.1 Framework of the Free, Prior and Informed Consultation ...... 46 3.3.2 Specifics in Each Project Site ...... 48 3.3.3 Feedback of Social Assessment Consultation ...... 53 Part Project Analysis...... 54 4 Analysis of Project Stakeholders ...... 54 4.1 Identification of Project Stakeholders ...... 54 4.1.1 Main Stakeholders ...... 54 4.1.2 Other Stakeholders...... 54 4.2 Demand Analysis of Stakeholders...... 56 4.3 Benefits Analysis of the Stakeholders...... 59 4.3.1 Potencial Project Componets Selection...... 59 4.3.2 Benefit Analysis of Main Stakeholders ...... 62 4.3.3 Benefit Analysis of Other Stakeholders ...... 63 5 Social Impact Analysis ...... 65 5.1 Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (in Villages and Ancient Towns) ...... 65 5.1.1 Investments in Infrastructure...... 65 5.1.2 Rehabilitation and Protection of Traditional Buildings...... 65 5.1.3 Safeguards and Support for Intangible Heritage Protection ...... 65 5.1.4 Tourist Information Centers and Culture Preservation Centers...... 66 5.1.5 The Small Loan Program...... 66 5.2 Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development...... 70 5.3 Gateway Town Facilities ...... 72 5.4 Capacity Building Support and Project Implementation Support ...... 74 5.4.1 Project management and monitoring...... 74 5.4.2 Community Support and Organization Capacity Building ...... 74 5.4.3 Architectural Guidelines and Business Planning Manual ...... 74 5.4.4 Update of the Guizhou Tourism Master Plan and Implementation..... 75 Support to VTAs...... 75 5.5 Problems and Risks for Cultural Heritage Protection...... 75 5.5.1 Lack of Community Participation and Villager-Participation...... 81 5.5.2 Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection...... 81 5.5.3 Lack of Protection of Ethnic Handicrafts, Folk Arts, Traditional Skills, and Rituals...... 81 5.5.4 The Great Risk of Over Commercialization ...... 82 5.5.5 The problems with the renovation of old buildings ...... 82 5.5.6 The Building of Village Hotel and Family Museum Should follow Certain Criteria ...... 82 5.5.7 Lack of Funding...... 83 5.5.8 Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities ...... 83 6 Suggestions and Social Action Plans ...... 85 6.1 Suggestions for Project Design ...... 85 6.1.1 Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (Investments in villages and ancient towns) ...... 85 6.1.2 Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development...... 85 6.1.3 Gateway Town Facilities ...... 85 6.1.4 Capacity Building Support and Project Implementation Support ...... 85 6.2 Actions to Protect Cultural Heritage...... 86 6.2.1 Safeguard the Interests of Minority Villages and Prevent from Over- Commercialization ...... 86 6.2.2 Income Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Minority Villages ...... 86 6.3 Actions to Benefit Indigenous Peoples...... 87 6.3.1 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection...... 87 6.3.2 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development...... 89 6.3.3 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Gateway Town Facilities 89 6.3.4 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Capacity Building project ...... 89 7 Assessment on the Need of a Separate IPP ...... 90 7.1 Assessment Criteria ...... 90 7.2 Assessment on each project category...... 90 7.2.1 Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection( in villages and towns ) 90 7.2.2 Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development...... 94 Introduction This social assessment report (SA) has been prepared for the proposed Guizhou Cultural & Natural Heritage Protection and Development Project (hereafter referred to as “the project”), complying with World Bank OP4.10. Field investigations were carried out at the 20 project sites for a total of 20 days, in May and November, 2007, by the joint-efforts of the social assessment consultation team and the resettlement consultation team. The final assessment results are therefore divided into two parts, the former is the social assessment report (by Tsinghua University experts) and the latter RIs (by Hohai University experts).

The PRA (participatory rural appraisal) methodology was adopted in the social assessment, including group discussions, semi-structured interviews, direct observations, questionnaire surveys, and desktop study. The first draft was completed in September, 2007, and the final report in March, 2008.

The project chooses Guizhou primarily based on its striking richness of intangible heritage and the natural beauty of the landscape, which not only represents valuable assets for tourism and thereby generate economic benefit, but also contains the potential to preserve cultural diversity, revitalize indigenous communities, and facilitate social development of indigenous peoples.

Guizhou province lies in one of the two extremely impoverished regions identified in China’s Agenda 21. Of the total 39.5 million people in Guizhou, 85% are rural population, distributed in more than 50 thousand villages. Per capita annual income of rural residents is 1877 RMB, the lowest in China. The natural environment in Guizhou is vulnerable, of weak agricultural infrastructure, frequent natural disasters, and heavy loss of soil and water. Despite of economic poverty, Guizhou is distinguished by its rich cultural resources and knowledge, preserved in ethnic minority groups, which constitutes 37.85% of the whole provincial population. Meanwhile, the cultural and natural heritage is made vulnerable by over- commercialization under social change and globalization, in particular.

The purpose of the Social Assessment is to provide evidence and safeguards for project design and implementation, through measurements on mitigating adverse impacts and promoting positive ones, after comprehensive evaluations on the project’s possible social/cultural impacts on local communities. The breadth, depth, and type of analysis are proportional to the nature and scale of the proposed project’s potential effects on the Indigenous Peoples.

The social assessment has received robust support from the Provincial and Local Project Management Offices, as well as local government and villagers in project sites. Guizhou Tourism Bureau offered substantial help to the social assessment process. The social assessment consultant team sincerely appreciates all the efforts made by the aforementioned people and groups. Part I Project Fundamentals

1 Project Background

1.1 Project Development Objective

Guizhou is a multi-ethnic province in south-western China, 37.85% of the population of which belongs to ethnic minority groups. Splendid indigenous cultures and resources distinguish the province as a diversified cultural field while make it vulnerable to social changes and globalization. The project chooses Guizhou primarily based on its striking richness of intangible heritage and the natural beauty of the landscape, which not only represents valuable assets for tourism and thereby generate economic benefit, but also contains the potential to preserve cultural diversity, revitalize indigenous communities, and facilitate social development of indigenous peoples.

The project objective is to better protect cultural and natural heritage in local communities including minority groups, national parks, and increase economic benefits through increased tourism in participating sites. In order to achieve the harmony of human development and rural tourism, actions would be taken, such as prioritized and sustainable investments in infrastructure, initiatives to enhance incomes of the ethnic population, and a set of tourism industry interventions paying special attention to the protection and development of Guizhou’s natural and cultural heritage, as well as by capacity building in tourism and protection sectors.

1.2 Project Components and Themes

Project interventions will be in Qiandongnan, Qianxinan Prefectures, Guiyang and Anshun Municipality, of 19 counties. Project implementations aim at following purposes: z Improvement in infrastructure and capacity building in cultural & natural heritage protection at village level; z Inheritance and development of ethnic cultural traditions and skills such as craft, rituals and arts; z Enhancement in sense of community participation, cultural protection and identity; z Innovation in management of cultural & natural heritage protection and development.

Project components are organized by 4 themes: Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (in villages and ancient towns), Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development, Gateway Town Facilities, Capacity Building Support and Project Implementation Support.

Tab 1.1 project themes and components

US$ Component Description Million A. Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection Investments in 22 villages and ancient towns* including: (a) small scale infrastructure facilities in villages and towns; (b) protection of unique historic buildings and establishment of cultural and visitor centers; (c) pilot rehabilitation of traditional private houses; and (d) intangible cultural heritage protection (arts, crafts and music, etc). Subtotal

48.85 B. Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development Infrastructure and facilities improvement in: (a) Guanlin Geo-Park in Anshun Municipality; (b) Dingxiao Geo-Park in Qian Xinan Prefecture; (c) Wanfenglin National Scenic Area in Qian Xinan Prefecture; and (d) Shibing Sanmu River Scenic Area in Qian Dongnan Prefecture. Subtotal 24.71 C. Tourism Gateway Town Facilities (a) Gateway Town Facilities: (i) Liping Tourism information Center; (ii) Jianhe Tourism Information and Training Center ; (iii) Leishan Tourist Information Center [US$ 4.74 million]

(b) Provincial Heritage Protection, Tourism Development and Information Center. (a) Heritage Protection and Tourism Development Research Center to include a building (16,000 km2) and operational budget for research sections on: (i) natural heritage, (ii) tangible cultural heritage, and (iii) intangible cultural heritage, (iv) an international academic research and exchange facility, (v) a performance hall (seating capacity 400) and a (vii) lecture hall (seating capacity 200); (b) Tourist Information Center including areas for information and services, and minority culture displays and sales; (c) Tourism Training Center for vocational and management training for tourism bureau staff, site managers and villagers; and (d) Tourist Destination Management Website for site information and marketing.** [US$11.05 million] Subtotal

15.79 D. Capacity Building and Project Implementation Support including: (a) technical assistance for project implementation and capacity building; (b) PMO strengthening and training for tourism sector staff; (c) revision of the Guizhou Tourism Master Plan and development of guidelines for the conservation of traditional buildings and environments in minority villages; and (d) tourism promotion in Qian Dongnan Prefecture. Subtotal 2.60

Total Project Cost Estimate 91.95

Tab 1.2 Project loan Summary

US$ Project Theme Project Site (thousand) Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Basha Miao Village Cultural Heritage Protection Protection Village Xiaohuang Dong Cultural Heritage Protection 3300

Zengchong Dong Cultural Heritage Protection Danzhai Shiqiao Ancient Handmade Paper Protection 883 Project Zhanliu Village Tin Embroidery Cultural Heritage Protection 2000 Wu Bao Village Miao Red Embroidery Cultural Heritage Protection Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Heritage 2000 Protection Jidao Village US$ Project Theme Project Site (thousand) Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Heritage Protection Huaienbao Village Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Heritage Protection Nanhua Village Balla River (Leishan) Miao Cultural Heritage Protection Langde Upper Village 3000 Balla River (Leishan) Miao Cultural Heritage Protection Xijiang Village Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage Protection (Zhaoxing Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage Protection (Tang’an 3000 Minority Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage Protection (Xiage Minority Village) Sanbao Dong Minority Village 1000 Shidong Miao Ethnic Cultural Heritage 2200 Protection Tangba Village Sanmentang Cultural Heritage Protection 1300

Nachan Buyi Cultural Heritage Protection 2086

Jiuzhou Ancient Town Protection 3000

Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Longli Old Town Rehabilitation 3700 Protectionancient towns Tungpu Cultural Heritage ProtectionTianlong 773

Tungpu Cultural Heritage ProtectionJiuzhou 2877 Shanmu River Cultural and Natural Heritage 2200 Protection

Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Guanling National Geo-Park 3938 Protection and Development Wangfenglin National Scenic Area: Lower Nahui 7296 Village Dingxiao Geo-Park 2020

Jianhe Tourist Information Center 1000

Liping Tourist Information Center 1000

Gateway Town Facilities Leishan Tourist Information Center 2740 Tourism Sector Capacity Building and Technical 1500 Assistance Provincial Heritage Protection and Cultural Tourism 6927 Center

1.3 Purpose and Principles of SA

The purpose of the Social Assessment is to provide evidence and safeguards for project design and implementation, through measurements on mitigating adverse impacts and promoting positive ones, after comprehensive evaluations on the project’s possible social/cultural impacts on local communities. The breadth, depth, and type of analysis are proportional to the nature and scale of the proposed project’s potential effects on the Indigenous Peoples.

Principles of social assessment echo the founding theories of this project, heritage protection and human development, to promote rural tourism. These include social justice, cultural freedom and respect, guarantee of property right and interests, poverty alleviation, moderate commercialization, community participation and self-governance, sustainable development, should be carried out throughout the design and implementation of the project.

1.4 Site-Selection of SA

The Social Assessment selected the project sites according to the following criteria: z Balancing among the four prefectures and municipalities; z Covering different project components and items; z Covering villages representative of different ethnicities.

20 project sites (including 2 resettlement sites) are investigated, including 3 natural and cultural scenic sites, 3 ancient towns, 11 minority villages, as well as 3 information centre and museum. Tab 1.3 SA Site Selection Summary Rehabilitation Support for and protection intangible Development Small Ethnic Investments in Area Project sites Cultural Heritage Project Category of unique cultural of cultural and loans Group infrastructure historic heritage visitor centers program buildings protection QIANDONGNAN Traditional Ethnic Minority Biasha Miao Miao Biasha Miao Cultural Heritage PREFECTURE Village culture ProtectionVillage (SOUTHEAST) Traditional Dong Zengchong Dong Minority Dong village architecture Traditional dong Xiaohuang Dong Minority song Dong village dance and opera Ancient Shiqiao Dong Handmade Paper village technique Xijiang Miao ethnic arts Miao Village and crafts Traditional Dong Langde Upper Miao Minority Village architecture Folk story Sanbao Dong Dong Minority Minority Dong song dance and Village opera traditional architecture/ Jidao Village Miao Miao Minority holiday and festival Cultural Relics Shidong town Miao Protection Rehabilitation Support for and protection intangible Development Small Ethnic Investments in Area Project sites Cultural Heritage Project Category of unique cultural of cultural and loans Group infrastructure historic heritage visitor centers program buildings protection Traditional Dong Sanmentang Dong Minority village architecture Traditional Dong Minority Zhaoxing architecture / Dong Village dong Minority song dance and opera Traditional Dong Minority Ethnic Minority Jiuzhou town dong architecture / Cultural Heritage Cultural Relics Protectionancient Protection towns Longli Old Traditional Han Han Town architecture Rehabilitation Support for Cultural & and protection intangible Development Small Ethnic Investments in Area Project Sites Natural Project Theme of unique cultural of cultural and loans Group infrastructure Heritage historic heritage visitor centers program buildings protection Natural Heritage Natural and Scenic Site QIANDONGNAN Shanmu River —— Heritage Protection and PREFECTURE Development Leishan (SOUTHEAST) Tourist Information —— Information Center Gateway Town Center Facilities Liping Tourist Information Information —— Center Center QIANXINAN Dingxiao Geo- Natural Buyi Natural Heritage Park Heritage PREFECTURE and Scenic Site Upper and Buyi ethnic arts Protection and (SOUTHWEST) Lower Nahui Buyi and crafts Development Village ANSHUN Han/ Traditional Ethnic Minority Miao/ architecture/ Cultural Heritage MUNICIPALITY Jiuzhou town Buyi Traditional Han Protectionancient arts towns GUIYANG Tourist Getway Town planning and —— training MUNICIPALITY Facilities development 1.5 Methodology of Social Assessment

The PRA (participatory rural appraisal) methodology was adopted in the social assessment, including group discussions, semi-structured interviews, direct observations, questionnaire surveys, and desktop study. Following methods were adopted in fieldwork: z Group discussions: the SA team organized detailed discussions with different target groups, including villagers (balanced between different gender and age groups), village- level NGOs, government officials of different levels, provincial and local project officials, and so on. In all, group discussions were held for 47 times, 37 in Qian Dongnan Prefecture, 5 in Qian Xinan Prefecture, 4 in Anshun Municipality, and 1 in Guizhou Normal University. z Semi-structured interviews: in-door and out-door interviews to impoverished families, family hotels, craftsmen, the village-elders (“Zhai Lao”), traditional song masters (Ge Shi), Shui Script (“le sui”) Masters, folk priests, folk doctors, village officials and ordinary villagers. The total number of interviewees was 289, 231 in Qian Dongnan, 31 in Qian Xinan, and 27 in Anshun Municipality. z Questionnaire surveys: Questionnaire surveys have been carried out, on villagers’ attitude and knowledge of the free, prior and informed consultation. The methodology is stratified sampling, taking considerations on the villages’ economic condition, project theme, ethnicity, etc, to select 6 sites out of 18. Then, household surveys are conducted in these 6 sites, through stratified sampling, taking considerations on various factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, education status, family income, political status, etc. The surveys are thus representative, after careful design and strict sampling. 289 copies were handed out, with 242 valid ones returned. Among the valid ones, 146 were male (60.8%) and 94 female (39.2%), the male/female ratio 1.55:1. The average age of interviewees is 40.9, the standard deviation 14.7.52.9% of interviewees were among 21-40 year-old. The ethnicity distribution is as follows: Dong 47.7%, Miao 40.9%, Han 10.5%, and a small number of Shui and Gelao. 28 of the interviewees (12.0%) are village officials, 206 are common villagers. As to education status, 10.8% are illiterate (the number is 26), 26.1% are primary school level (63), 19.5% middle school (74), 19.5% high school (47), 12.9% college level and above (31).2.5% of the households belong to high income level (6) (relatively, in the sense of average village economic situation), 15.4% mid-high level (37), 53.5% mid level (129), 19.1% mid-low (46), and 9.5% low (23). z Priority sorting: this method was used in some interviews and group discussions, and conducted for 59 times, 48 in Qian Dongnan, 6 in Qian Xinan, and 5 in Anshun Municipality. z Participant observation: most of the social assessment consultant team members resided in the target villages, and each sub-team consisted of 2 or 3 members, participating in the villagers’ daily life, to observe and get an in-depth understanding of project sites. Tab 1.4 SA Methodology Summary Group Valid In-depth Participant Project sites Sorting discussion questionnaire interview observation Biasha Miao Village 1 3 14 12 3

Zengchong Dong village 3 3 30 16 3

Xiaohuang Dong village 2 2 —— 17 2

Danzhai Shiqiao village 3 4 —— 15 2

Xijiang Village 2 3 51 17 3

Langde Upper Village 2 3 20 20 1

Jiuzhou Ancient Town 3 5 36 19 3

Shanmu River 2 2 7 3 Sanbao Dong Minority 5 5 91 23 3 Village Leishan Tourist 1 1 —— 6 2 Information Center Jidao Village 2 2 —— 12 1

Shidong town 3 4 —— 21 2

Zhaoxing Village 3 4 —— 19 2 Liping Tourist Information 1 2 —— 6 1 Center Longli Old Town 2 2 —— 16 2

Sanmentang village 2 3 —— 10 2

Dingxiao Geo-Park 2 2 —— 12 2 Upper and Lower Nahui 3 4 —— 19 2 Village Tungpu Cultural Heritage 4 5 —— 22 2 ProtectionJiuzhou Guizhou Normal 1 —— —— —— 2 University Total 47 59 242 289 45 1.6 Report Structure

The social assessment report comprises 7 chapters, in 2 parts: Part I is Project Fundamentals including Project background , ethnic composition and socioeconomic profiles, Baseline information of project sites and Free, Prior, and Informed Consultation; project beneficiaries; and Free, prior, and informed consultation; Part II is Project Analysis including Stakeholders analysis; Impact analysis; social action plans and Assessment on the need of a separate IPP. 2 Socioeconomic Condition of the Project Sites

2.1 Baseline Information of the Project Sites

The project involves a total of 18 villages, 4 ancient towns, 4 natural conservation zones and 5 gateway projects in 19 counties of the 4 Prefectures and Municipalities in Guizhou Province. Among these counties, 13 are national poverty counties and 13 are ethnic minority autonomous counties.

Table 2.1 Project Site Distribution QIANDONGNAN QIANXINAN ANSHUN GUIYANG Project Areas Prefecture Prefecture Total Municipality Municipality (Southeast) (Southwest) City/County 14 2 2 1 19 Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage 17 1 —— 18 Protection (village Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage 2 2 —— 4 Protection (ancient towns Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection 1 2 1 —— 4 and Development Getway Town Facilities 3 —— —— 2 5

Beneficiary population 35890 10111 15676 —— 66957 Ethnic minority 33804 6689 3472 —— 43965 beneficiary population Percent of beneficiary ethnic minority 76.9% 66.2% 22.1% —— 65.7% population

The project includes a total of 43,965 ethnic minority people, mainly involving Miao, Buyi and Dong ethnic minorities, accounting for more than 90% of the total ethnic minority population. The population of Miao is 15200, accounting for 34.6% of the total ethnic minority population. The population of Dong is 17826 and that of Buyi is 7631. The number of Miao, Dong and Buyi people, accounting for 40.5% and 18.8% of the total ethnic minority population in the project areas respectively.

The baseline information of the project areas provided by this report includes the number of minorities and their total population as well as the socioeconomic profiles in each of four project prefectures and municipalities. Also it includes lists of national and provincial designated non-physical cultural properties, lists of national and provincial designated geographical parks, scenic sites, natural conservation zones and forestry parks, and characteristics of minorities’ cultural heritage in project counties. WKHSURSRUWLRQRI%HQHILFLDU\ HWKLFSRSXODWLRQ

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Table 2.2 Summary of Project Site-Baseline Information I Percent of Ethnic National Ethnic Total Ethnic Project beneficiary ethnic minority Project Description City/County poverty minority beneficiary minority Theme minority structure County County population population population Ethnic Biasha Miao Village Cultural Conjiang yes yes 2258 2258 100% miao100% Minority Heritage Protection County Cultural Xiaohuang Dong Cultural Conjiang yes yes 3389 3389 100% dong100% Heritage Heritage Protection County Protection Zengchong Dong Cultural Conjiang yes yes 1284 1284 100% dong100% Village Heritage Protection County Danzhai Shiqiao Ancient Danzhai Handmade Paper Protection yes yes 2318 720 31% miao100% County Project Zhanliu Village Tin Embroidery Cultural Heritage Jianhe County yes yes 532 532 100% miao100% Protection Wu Bao Village Miao Red Embroidery Cultural Heritage Jianhe County yes yes 1232 1226 99% miao100% Protection Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Heritage Protection Kaili County no no 403 403 100% miao100% Jidao Village Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Heritage ProtectionHuaienbao Kaili County no no 350 280 80% miao100% Village Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Heritage ProtectionNanhua Kaili County no no 812 812 100% miao100% Village Balla River (Leishan) Miao Cultural Heritage Leishan yes yes 757 757 100% miao100% ProtectionLangde Upper County Village

Percent of Ethnic National Ethnic Total Ethnic Project beneficiary ethnic minority Project Description City/County poverty minority beneficiary minority Theme minority structure County County population population population Balla River (Leishan) Miao Leishan Cultural Heritage yes yes 5280 5254 99.5% miao100% County ProtectionXijiang Village Zhaoxing Dong Cultural dong100% Heritag Protection (Zhaoxing Liping County yes yes 3610 3610 100

Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritag Protection (Tang’an Liping County yes yes 797 797 100% dong100% Minority Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage Protection (Xiage Liping County yes yes 1701 1701 100% dong100% Minority Village) Ronjiang Sanbao Dong Minority Village yes yes 5190 5086 98% dong100% County Shidong Miao Ethnic Cultural Taijiang Heritage Protection yes yes 678 678 100% miao100% County Tangba Village Sanmentang Cultural Heritage Tianzhu yes yes 1570 1554 99 dong100% Protection County Nachan Buyi Cultural Zhenfeng yes yes 1182 1182 100 buyi100% Heritage Protection County Jiuzhou Ancient Town Huangping yes yes 4800 2688 56 miao100% Ethnic Protection County Minority Longli Old town Jinping miao40%d yes yes 3873 775 20% Cultural Rehabilitation County ong60% Heritage Tungpu Cultural Heritage Pingba no no 6500 0 0 0% Protection ProtectionTianlong County (ancient Miao80% Tungpu Cultural Heritage Anshun towns no no 9114 3472 38.1% Buyi14%o ProtectionJiuzhou City ther6%

Percent of Ethnic National Ethnic Total Ethnic Project beneficiary ethnic minority Project Description City/County poverty minority beneficiary minority Theme minority structure County County population population population Natural Shanmu River Cultural and Shibing Notes: this is the number of employees in the scenic yes yes 85 Heritage Natural Heritage Protection County site, as no villages are involved. and Scenic Guanling Guanling National Geo-Park yes yes 62 Site County Protection Wangfenglin National Scenic Xingyi no no 4498 2433 70% Buyi100% and Area: Lower Nahui Village City Developme Dingxiao Dingxiao Geo-Park no no 4431 3074 55% Buyi100% nt County Jianhe Tourist Information Center Jianhe County yes yes 25 Gateway Town Facilities: the beneficiaries are the employees in the proposed information centers, and Liping Tourist Information Center Liping County yes yes 35 the data is provided by the feasibility study.

Leishan Tourist Information Leishan Getway no no 48 Town Center county Tourism Sector Capacity Facilities Guiyang Building and Technical no no 75 city Assistance Provincial Heritage Protection and Guiyang no no 68 Cultural Tourism Center city

Table 2.2 Summary of Project Site-Baseline Information II Project Annual income Male Female Percent of Project Site City/County Theme AverageCNY population population migrant workers Ethnic Biasha Miao Village Cultural Heritage Conjiang County 1230 1242 1016 20% Minority Protection Cultural Xiaohuang Dong Cultural Heritage Conjiang County 500 1957 1434 19% Heritage Protection Protection Zengchong Dong Cultural Heritage Conjiang County 860 643 641 35% Village Protection Danzhai Shiqiao Ancient Handmade Paper Danzhai County 1768 1391 927 9% Protection Project Zhanliu Village Tin Embroidery Cultural Jianhe County 1280 283 249 20% Heritage Protection Wu Bao Village Miao Red Embroidery Jianhe County 700 654 578 18% Cultural Heritage Protection Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Kaili County 2000 173 230 38% Heritage ProtectionJidao Village Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Kaili County 600 172 178 13% Heritage ProtectionHuaienbao Village Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Kaili County 3000 414 398 27% Heritage ProtectionNanhua Village Balla River (Leishan) Miao Cultural Heritage ProtectionLangde Upper Leishan County 1600 420 337 11% Village Balla River (Leishan) Miao Cultural Leishan County 1490 2534 2746 30% Heritage ProtectionXijiang Village Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage Liping County 1446 1825 1785 15% Protection (Zhaoxing Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage Liping County 812 478 379 25% Protection (Tang’an Minority Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage Liping County 770 1020 681 26% Protection (Xiage Minority Village) Sanbao Dong Minority Village Ronjiang County 1900 2699 2491 23%

Project Annual income Male Female Percent of Project Site City/County Theme AverageCNY population population migrant workers Shidong Miao Ethnic Cultural Heritage Taijiang Protection 2500 407 271 15% County Tangba Village Tianzhu Sanmentang Cultural Heritage Protection 1200 800 770 14% County Zhenfeng Nachan Buyi Cultural Heritage Protection 1960 650 532 19% County Huangping Ethnic Jiuzhou Ancient Town Protection 3100 2592 2208 20% County Minority Jinping Cultural Longli Old Town Rehabilitation 2166 2014 1859 28% County Heritage Tungpu Cultural Heritage Protection Pingba Protection 2300 3575 2925 21% Tianlong County (ancient Tungpu Cultural Heritage Protection Anshun towns 1830 5013 4101 18% Jiuzhou City Natural Shanmu River Cultural and Natural Shibing Notes: this is the number of employees in the scenic site, as no villages are Heritage Heritage Protection County involved. and Scenic Guanling Guanling National Geo-Park Site County Protection Wangfenglin National Scenic Area: Lower Xingyi 2100 2266 1327 16% and Nahui Village City Developme Dingxiao Dingxiao Geo-Park 1600 2415 1976 22% nt County Jianhe Tourist Information Center Jianhe County Gateway Town Facilities: the beneficiaries are the employees in the proposed Liping Tourist Information Center Liping County information centers, and the data is provided by the feasibility study.

Getway Leishan Leishan Tourist Information Center Town county Facilities Tourism Sector Capacity Building and Technical Guiyang Assistance City Provincial Heritage Protection and Cultural Guiyang Tourism Center City

Notes: 1. items under the theme of “capacity building support and project implementation support” have been calculated in all the project sites above. 2. The population of beneficiaries in a village is the total population in that village, and the population of beneficiaries in a gateway town facility is the number of employees in the proposed information center. 3. The scenic sites comprise two kinds: a. those including surrounding villages, such as Wanfenglin and Dingxiao, the beneficiaries population of which is the population of surrounding villages plus the number of employees in the scenic site; b. those not involved in any villages, such as Shanmu River, the beneficiaries population of which is only the number of employees in the scenic site.

2.2 Identification of Indigenous Peoples in Project Sites

According to OP4. 10, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group. Their characteristics include: (a)self- identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories.(c) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (d) An indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region.

Based on the information above, it was concluded that OP 4.10 applies to the results 23 subprojects, including 18 villages, three ancient towns and two scenic areas. And OP 4.10 does not apply to other sub-projects including Tianlong Tunpu ancient town, Guanling National Geological Park Heritage Protection, Shanmu River Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection as well as the 5 gateway towns. The detailed justification is shown in Table 2.3 below.

Table 2.3 Indigenous Peoples Suitable for the OP4.10 Requirements in Project Sites Suitable Project Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Culture Language Population % for OP group to be met Theme 4.10 1. History: one of the tribes in Qiandongnan. 2. Language: Miao Language is common among villagers. Old people, women and children don’t speak Chinese. Their language belongs to a branch of Miao language in the Miao-yao language family. Ethnic Biasha 3.Religion: Tree worships and ancestor worship Minorities Miao 4. Social Organization: Zhailaos are leaders in moral and Cultural Village (a) (b) (c) Yes Miao agricultural life. Endogamy is common among men. Yes Miao 2258 100 Heritage Cultural (d) 5. Economy: Revenues come from agriculture, forestry and Protection Heritage tourism (Village) Protection 6.Others characteristics: (festivals and customs):traditional Miao costumes are common among villagers.Males have Hugun(a kind of hairstyle) on the head. Common festivals are Kaiyangmen Festival, Lusheng Festival, Swing Festival for lovers, New Rice Festival and Miao New Year.

Suitable Project Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Culture Language Population % for OP group to be met Theme 4.10 1. History: Originated from one of the Hundred Yue Peoples 2000 years ago, Today’s Dong people were called Luoyue People during Qin and Han Dynasty. After Wei and Jin Dynasty, they were called Liao people. Today’s Dong people are part of ancient Liao people. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Shui Xiaohuang language in the Zhuang-dong language family. Dong 3. Religion: The nature worship, ancestor worship and folk (a) (b) (c) Cultural Dong religion. Yes Dong 3389 100% Yes (d) Heritage 4. Social Organization: patrilineal family system. Zhailaos have Protection the authority on village issues. 5. Economy: Agriculture 6. Others characteristics: (festivals and customs): The main festival is Dong Bull Fighting Festival. Xiaohuang is called “the home of Dong songs”. There are many varieties of Dong songs in Xiaohuang. The most famous ones are lovers’ songs, Big songs, Pipa songs, Cicada songs and Road songs.

Suitable Project Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Culture Language Population % for OP group to be met Theme 4.10 1. History: Originated from one of the Hundred Yue Peoples 2000 years ago, Today’s Dong people were called Luoyue People during Qin and Han Dynasty. After Wei and Jin Dynasty, they were called Liao people. Today’s Dong people are part of ancient Liao people. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Shui language in the Zhuang-dong language family. 3.Religion: Polytheistic worships. Villagers mainly worship the Zengchon Earth God at every end of the bridge. Also they worship “Sazi” g Dong god, whom villagers invited to come to Zeng Chong to protect (a) (b) (c) Cultural Dong them. Yes Dong 1284 100% Yes (d) Heritage 4. Social Organizationpatrilineal family system. Zhailaos have Protection the authority on village issues. 5. Economy: Agriculture and Forestry 6. Others characteristics: (festivals and customs): The Zheng Chong Drum Tower is the most famous and oldest one among all drum towers in Dong habitats. Its architectural structures are unique and well preserved. The Zeng Chong Drum Tower is the center place for village gathering and recreation. The main festival is Dong Bull Fighting Festival on the ninth of September according to Lunar Calendar.

Indigenous Peoples Suitable for the OP4.10 Requirements in Project Sites (continued) Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 1. History: one of the hundreds-year old Miao tribes in Qiandongnan. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch Danzhai of Miao language in the Miao-yao language Ethnic Shiqiao family. Minorities Ancient 3. Social Organization: Zhailaos are leaders in Yes Cultural Han (a) (b) (c) Handmade Miao moral and agricultural life. No 720 31% Heritage Miao (d) Paper 4. Economy: Revenues come from agriculture Protection Protection and paper-making. (Village) Project 5. Culture and Arts: Caragana Dance, batik, embroider, Lusheng dance and silver garments. 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival and Miao New Year. 1. History: one of the hundreds-year old Miao tribes in Qiandongnan. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch Zhanliu of Miao language in the Miao-yao language Village Tin family. Embroidery 3. Social Organization: Guzangtou and Masters (a) (b) (c) Miao Yes Miao 532 100% Yes Cultural are leaders in moral and agricultural life. (d) Heritage 4. Economy: Revenues come from agriculture. Protection 5. Culture and Arts: Embroider, Lusheng dance and silver garments. 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival and Miao New Year.

Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 1. History: one of the hundreds-year old Miao tribes in Qiandongnan. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch Wu Bao of Miao language in the Miao-yao language Village Miao family. Red 3. Social Organization: Guzangtou and Masters (a) (b) (c) Embroidery Miao Yes Miao 1226 99% Yes are leaders in moral and agricultural life. (d) Cultural 4. Economy: Revenues come from agriculture. Heritage 5. Culture and Arts: Embroider, Lusheng dance Protection and silver garments. 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival and Miao New Year.

Indigenous Peoples Suitable for the OP4.10 Requirements in Project Sites (continued) Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 1. History: one of the hundreds-year old Miao tribes in Qiandongnan. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Miao language in the Miao-yao language family. 3. Social Organization: Village Administrative Committee and village Balla River Ethnic cadres are elected by the villagers’ (Kaili) Miao Minorities congress. The village has folk and religious Cultural Cultural rules to regulate daily affairs. Ghost (a) (b) (c) Heritage Miao Yes Miao 403 100% Yes Heritage Masters and Wizards have authority among (d) Protection Protection villagers. Jidao (Village) 4. Economy: Revenues come from Village agriculture. 5. Culture and Arts: Embroider, Lusheng dance and silver garments. 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival, the 8th of April Festival, Guzang Festival and Miao New Year.

Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural (a) (b) (c) Heritage Miao Same as above Yes Miao 280 80% Yes (d) ProtectionH uaienbao Village

Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural (a) (b) (c) Heritage Miao Same as above Yes Miao 812 100% Yes (d) ProtectionN anhua Village 1. History: the village is established at the end of Ming Dynasty (around the early 17 century). It is the home of Yang Daliu, a Miao hero who led the anti-Qing campaign. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Miao language in the Miao-yao language family. Balla River 3. Social Organization: Village (Leishan) Administrative Committee and village Miao Cultural cadres are elected by the villagers’ (a) (b) (c) Heritage Miao congress. The village has folk and religious Yes Miao 757 100% Yes (d) ProtectionL rules to regulate daily affairs. Zhailaos, the angde Upper Heads of the Clan, Ghost Masters and Village Wizards have authority among villagers. 4. Economy: Revenues come from agriculture. 5. Culture and Arts: Embroider, Lusheng dance, Mask Culture and silver garments. 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival, the 8th of April Festival, Guzang Festival and Miao New Year.

Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 1. History: The villagers believe they are the heirs of Jiangyang, an ancient god of Miao mythology. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a Balla River branch of Miao language in the Miao-yao (Leishan) language family. Miao Cultural 3. Social Organization: Guzangtou and (a) (b) (c) Heritage Miao Huolutou are leaders in moral and Yes Miao 5254 99.5% Yes (d) ProtectionXi agricultural life. jiang 4. Economy: Revenues come from Village agriculture. 5. Culture and Arts: Embroider, Lusheng dance and silver garments. 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival and Miao New Year.1. 1.History: One of the clans of the Dong people, originated from the one of the Baiyue people thousands years ago. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Shui language in the Zhuang- dong language family. Ethnic Zhaoxing 3.Social OrganizationZhailaos are Minorities Dong Cultural responsible for daily affairs and religious Cultural Heritage (a) (b) (c) Dong rituals. Yes Dong 3610 100 Yes Heritage Protection (d) 4.Economy: Agriculture Protection (Zhaoxing 5.Culture and Arts: Batik, Embroiders, (Village) Village) Silver Crafts, Big Songs, Drum Towers, Wind-and-rain Bridge and Traditional Folk Architectures. 6.Festivals: New Rice Festival, the 6th of June Festival, Mud Man Festival, Lusheng Festival and Carrying Gentlemen Festival.

Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage (a) (b) (c) Protection Dong See above Yes Dong 797 100% Yes (d) (Tang’an Minority Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage (a) (b) (c) Protection Dong See above Yes Dong 1701 100% Yes (d) (Xiage Minority Village) 1History: Chezhai Drum Tower was established in the year 1877 A.D. “ 2.Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Shui language in the Zhuang- Ethnic dong language family. Their pronunciation Minorities Sanbao Dong is typical of Southern Dong people. Cultural Dong (a) (b) (c) Minority 3. Social Organization: endogamy is Yes Dong 5086 98% Yes Heritage (d) Village common in the village. Protection 4.Economy: Agriculture (Village) 5.Culture and Arts: Pipa Song, Great Duoye, Xingge Zuoyue, Love stories. 6.Festival: Sama Festival, Maoren Festival and Festival for Senior Age.

Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 1. History: Ever since the mid 17th century, the village has become a market center in the transportation network that connects Hunan and Guizhou Province. It has been an important place for water transportation and wood trades. 2.Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Miao language in the Miao-yao language family. Shidong Miao 3.Religion: The nature worship, ancestor Ethnic worship and polytheistic worships. Cultural 4.Social Organization: Endogamy is Miao (a) (b) (c) Heritage popular among villagers. However, in Yes Miao 678 100% Yes (d) Protection recent years, inter-ethnic-group marriage Tangba began to increase. Village 5.Economy: Agriculture 6. Culture and Arts: Miao traditional costumes/Miao traditional performance Gabaifu, Silver garments, needle works, paper-cut art and traditional village architecture. 7. Festivals: Sisters’ Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Bridge Worship Festival, Cattle Worship Festival, New Rice Festival and Harvesting Zaojiao Festival.

Suitable Project Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Clustering Standards Project Site Ethnicity Language Population Percentage for OP Theme Culture group to be met 4.10 1. History: In the past, it was a commercial center along the “External Three Rivers”. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Shui language in the Zhuang- dong language family. Sanmentang 3.Social OrganizationEndogamy is Cultural (a) (b) (c) Dong common in the village. Yes Dong 1554 99 Yes Heritage (d) 4Economy: Agriculture Protection 5. Culture and Arts: Batik, Embroiders, Silver Crafts 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival 7. Others: Sanmentang ancient architectures. 1. History: the village has a history of several hundreds of years. 2. Language: People speak Buyi language but they don’t have their own writing system. Nachan Buyi 3. Religion: Ancestor worship, the nature Cultural (a) (b) (c) Buyi worship as well as polytheistic worships. 1182 100% Yes Heritage Yes Buyi (d) 4. Economy: Agriculture, especially rice Protection planting. 5. Arts and Culture: Horse riding, Traditional songs, sacrifice rituals and “Saozhai (sweeping the village)”. 6. Others: Limestone Caves

Indigenous Peoples Suitable for the OP4.10 Requirements in Project Sites (continued)

Clust Suitable Project Ethni Langua Popula Perce Standards Project Site Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Culture ering for OP Theme city ge tion ntage to be met group 4.10 1. History: one of the hundreds-year old Miao tribes in Qiandongnan. 2. Language: Their language belongs to a branch of Miao language in Ethnic the Miao-yao language family. Minorities Jiuzhou 3. Social Organization: Zhailao are responsible for organizing daily Cultural Ancient Han (a) (b) (c) Miao affairs and religious rituals. yes 2688 56% Yes Heritage Town Miao (d) 4. Economy: Revenues come from agriculture. Protection Protection 5. Culture and Arts: Embroider Lusheng dance and silver garments. (town) 6. Festivals: New Rice Festival, the 8th of April Festival, Guzang Festival and Miao New Year. 1. History: the village was established in 1386. 2. Languages: Chinese Han 3. Social Organization: The village committee administrates tourism. Han/ Longli Old (a) (b) (c) Yes Miao 4. Economy: Agriculture and tourism. No Miao/D 775 20% Town (d) Dong 5. Festivals: Villagers keep Han people’s customs and traditions. ong Festivals include Lantern Festival, River Lantern Festival, Ghost Festival and so on. 1. History: The villagers are descendents of the army of Ming Dynasty during the 14 century. 2. Language: Chinese 3. Religion: Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism. In the village, there Tungpu is a triangle temple. On the Tiantai mountain, there are temples for Cultural Buddhism and Daoism worship places. No Heritage Han No Han 0 0% 4. Social Organization: The village committee administrates tourism. Protection 5. Economy: Agriculture and Tourism. Companies, Travel agency, Tianlong association and local peasants are participants of the tourism business. 6. Others (festivals and customs): People keep customs dated back to Ming Dynasty (15th century). Festivals include Lantern Festival, River Lantern Festival and Ghost Festival.

Clust Suitable Project Ethni Langua Popula Perce Standards Project Site Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Culture ering for OP Theme city ge tion ntage to be met group 4.10 1. History: The villagers are descendents of the army of Ming Dynasty during the 14 century. 2. Language: Chinese Tungpu 3. Religion: Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism. Cultural Han Han 4. Social Organization: The village committee administrates tourism. (a) (b) (c) Heritage Miao No Miao 3472 38.1% Yes 5. Economy: Agriculture and Tourism. Companies, Travel agency, (d) Protection Buyi Buyi association and local peasants are participants of the tourism business. Jiuzhou 6. Others (festivals and customs): People keep customs dated back to Ming Dynasty (15th century). Festivals include Lantern Festival, River Lantern Festival and Ghost Festival.

Indigenous Peoples Suitable for OP4.10 Requirements (continued) Clust Suitable Project Ethni Lang Popula Perce Standards Project Site Brief Description of the Traditional Ethnic Culture ering for OP Theme city uage tion ntage to be met group 4.10 1. History: the village has a history of several hundreds of years. 2. Language: People speak Buyi language but they don’t have their Wangfenglin own writing system. National 3. Religion: Ancestor worship, the nature worship as well as (a) (b) (c) Scenic Area: polytheistic worships. 2433 70% Buyi Yes Buyi (d) Yes Lower Nahui 4. Economy: Agriculture, especially rice planting. Natural Village 5. Arts and Culture: Horse riding, Traditional songs, sacrifice rituals Heritage and “Saozhai (sweeping the village)”. and Scenic 6. Others: Limestone Caves Site 1. History: the village has a history of several hundreds of years. Protection 2. Language: People speak Buyi language but they don’t have their and own writing system. 3. Religion: Ancestor worship, the nature worship as well as Developme Dingxiao Buyi (a) (b) (c) Buyi polytheistic worships. yes 3074 55% Yes nt Geo-Park Han (d) 4. Economy: Agriculture, especially rice planting. 5. Arts and Culture: Horse riding, Traditional songs, sacrifice rituals and “Saozhai (sweeping the village)”. 6. Others: Limestone Caves Guanling National Geo-Park (indigenous peoples are not involved) Shanmu River Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection (indigenous peoples are not involved) Notes: Indigenous Peoples are not involved in the five gateway town project sites ((i) Leishan Tourist Information Center; (ii) Liping (Qiandongnan): tourist information center; (iii) Jianhe (Qiandongnan): tourist information center; (iv) Guiyang: tourist information center, and ethnic craft exhibition and sales shop; and (v) Provincial Heritage Protection and Tourism Development Center), and these five project sites do not meet the OP4.10 requirements.

2.3 Policies and Laws That Protect Ethnic Minorities’ Rights in the Project Sites

2.3.1 Laws and Policies to Protect Ethnic Minorities and Cultures

Certain laws and policies are outlined here, aimed to protect the rights of culture, environment and social development. Heritage protection in Guizhou province should be regulated by government laws and policies. Moreover, endogenous laws and regulations should be developed to meet the demands of local people.

The laws related to culture protection are: Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Regulation for the Implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Environmental Protection Law of the Peole's Republic of China, Measures for the Supervision and Inspection of National Nature Reserves, Traditional Arts and Crafts Protection Regulations, Temporary Regulations for Scenic Zone Administration, Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Environment Protection Standards for Related Industries, Environment Protection Regulations for Construction Projects, Fossils Administrative Regulations, State Council’s Requisition for Improving Relics Protection and so on.

Funded by the World Bank, People’s Government of Guizhou and the National Bureau of Tourism designed a set of plans to develop tourism and protect local cultures in Guizhou. The General Plan for Guizhou Tourism Development was completed by Ireland International Tourism Development Corporation under the commission of People’s Government of Guizhou and National Bureau of Tourism. The Plan not only included contents such as structural plans for provincial tourism, projects, schemes for taking actions and demonstrative projects, but it also developed systematic plans to sustain safeguard mechanisms for cultural and natural heritages. Several of the most important clauses are listed below:

Clause 21: For traditional ethnic villages that reflect endogenous traits and ethnic traits and that have research values, protection is necessary. For the objects, places and documents that are representative for life styles, culture and recreation, religions and festivals of ethnic minorities, actions of protection should be carried out.

Clause 22: On the basis of adequate investigations, all levels of culture administrative offices, in combination with environment protection offices for urban and rural construction, should evaluate the typical ethnic minorities’ village for their historical, cultural and architectural values and categorize them into different levels. Then they should report these to the appropriate government branches.

Besides, the Folk Culture Protection Regulations of Guizhou has been implanted. Langde Village in Leishan County has already constituted “folk rules” to protect local culture. The Measures to administrate Ecological Museum in Guizhou is now currently under amendment.

2.4 Characteristics of the Ethnic Cultural Heritage in Project Sites

Located in southwest China, Guizhou is inhabited by various ethnic minority groups including Miao, Buyi, Dong, Tujia, Yi, Shui, Hui, Gelao, Yao, etc. Different ethnic groups have diverse traditions and various culture patterns. To protect the cultural diversity of ethnic minority groups is one of the objectives of World Bank project.

Table 2.4 : Baseline Information of Cultural Heritage Protection Project Project Site Level of Protection Degree of Protection Theme Biasha Miao Village The last riflemen tribe Well preserved Cultural Heritage Protection The home of Dong songs Outside Capital changed the Xiaohuang Dong local culture. Cultural Heritage Commercialization greatly Protection influenced the local touris Zengchong Dong Zheng Chong Drum Drum Tower is well preserved. Cultural Heritage Tower (National and Not much commercialization Protection provincial heritage) Ethnic Minority Shiqiu Bao, the national The traditional techniques are Cultural Intangible cultural heritage well preserved Heritage Huangzu Batik Protection Techniques and leather villages and Danzhai Shiqiao paper making skills Ancient Handmade towns (national) Paper Protection Shiqiu ancient paper Project making techniques (provincial) Shiqiao white paper making historical sites (provincial and county) Jianhe Miao Minority Jianhe Miao embroidery The risk of over- Cultural Heritage (national) commercialization exists, and ProtectionZhanliu/ protection capacity is Wu Bao inadequate. Ethnic Miao ancient Balla River (Kaili) Minority songs(provincial) Miao Cultural Cultural Miao Lusheng Dance Heritage Well preserved Heritage (provincial) ProtectionJidao/ Protection Old houses, old barn, old Huaienbao/ Nanhua villages and walking path (provincial) towns Leishan Miao embroidery, Over Commercialization has Langde Upper Village Guzang festival, building damaged the conditions of Miao Cultural skills, Lusheng making local culture. Heritage techniques (national intangible cultural heritage) Xijiang Village Miao Building skills for a- Modernization has done some Cultural Protection thousand-household Miao damage to the local culture village Zhaoxing Dong Drum Zhaoxing Dong Tower (national) Over Commercialization has Cultural Heritage Dage (Dong song) damaged the conditions of ProtectionZhaoxing/ (national) local culture. Tang’an/ Xiage Dong Pipa song (national) Dong Pipa Song (national Over Commercialization has and provincial) damaged the conditions of Dong Sam Festival local culture. Sanbao Dong (national and provincial) Minority Village Folk literature (provincial) Sama Temple

Project Project Site Level of Protection Degree of Protection Theme Sidong Miao Sisters’ Over Commercialization has festival (national) damaged the conditions of Old songs (national and local culture. Shidong Miao Ethnic provincial) Cultural Heritage Sugong House (provincial) Protection Zhang boxiu Mansion, Liu Lineage temple and other Miao festival

Forty eight villages song Well preserved festival (provincial) Sanmentang Cultural She festival (provincial) Heritage Protection Goulin (provincial)

Buyi copper drum music Well preserved (national and provincial) Nachan Buyi Cultural Paper making techniques Heritage Protection (national) Xiaotun paper making techniques (provincial) Miao ancient songs Well preserved (national) Old buildings are listed as Jiuzhou Ancient Town the national cultural relics. Protection The old town is listed as the provincial cultural relic.

National ethnic culture Over Commercialization has Longli Old Town village damaged the conditions of Ethnic Heritage Protection local culture. Minority

Cultural Anshun opera (national and Over Commercialization has Heritage provincial) damaged the conditions of Protection Tianlong Ancient Anshun Tunbao culture local culture. villages and Town Protection (provincial) towns Pingba Tiantai Mountain, provincial scenic site. Anshun opera (national and Over Commercialization provincial) has damaged the conditions of Anshun Tunbao culture local culture. Jiuzhou Ancient Town (provincial) Protection Well known historical and cultural town (provincial).

Shanmu River Miao Kedao (national and Well preserved Cultural and Natural provincial) Heritage Protection Panjiang music (provincial) Over Commercialization has Guanling National Natural National and provincial damaged the conditions of Geo-Park Heritage and geological park local culture. Scenic Site Wanfeng forest is the main Over Commercialization has Protection part of national geological damaged the conditions of Wangfeng Lin and park local culture. National Scenic Area Development Buyi chorus (national and provincial) Buyi Chorus Well preserved Dingxiao Geo-Park National geological park Need systematic protection plan

Note: Gateway town facilities and capacity building items are not included

3 Free, Prior, and Informed Consultation

3.1 Consultation with Project Stakeholders

Consultations with communities of the 20 project sites selected by the SA consultant team showed that: the sub-projects in those sites had gain broad community support from both the villagers and local government, who held high expectations on the proposed project. Meanwhile, problems were identified in the consultation process, mainly due to insufficient prior, informed consultation conducted by the feasibility study team. Thereby, further consultation with project stakeholders was implemented in social assessment on each site, by means of group discussions, in-door interviews, questionnaire surveys, as well as posting announcements to inform villagers about the proposed project, and collect their specific suggestions and views. Such consultation helped project stakeholders better understand proposed project components, to ensure stakeholders’ participation in project design and revision.

A questionnaire survey of free, prior, and informed consultation was carried out in 6 out of 18 village sites (by random-sampling) investigated in social assessment, by our team-members with the help of local officials, sampling 10% of all the stakeholders in the site. Factors such as gender, age, family income, education status were taken into consideration, with women no less than 30% (the average percent was 40%), and different age groups (above 16 year-old), family income groups, and education status groups all averagely distributed. A total number of 242 people participated in the questionnaire survey, to answer questions in 4 themes: whether or not consulted, how consulted, attitude to the project, possible impacts of the project. The result is as follows: Table 3.1 Summary of Consultation Survey

Item Result Knowledge about the Project Much and clear: 19, 7.9%; (N=241) Some yet not very clear: 136, 56.4%; No idea: 86, 35.7% Means to Get Such Knowledge Group discussion: 48, 30.4%; Announcement: 14, 8.9%; (N=158) Learn from fellow villagers: 56, 35.4.0%; Other:40, 25.3%; Attitudes on the Project Very good: 185, 76.4%; (N=242) None of my business: 8, 3.3%; Hard to estimate now: 45, 18.6%; Not good, even detrimental: 4, 1.7%; Views on the Project’s Possible Beneficial to development of traditional culture: 214, Impact 88.4%; (N=242) Deleterious to development of traditional culture: 5, 2.1%; Hard to estimate now: 23, 9.5%.

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Graph 3.3 Stakeholders’ Attitudes on the Project

In order to better understand stakeholders’ perceptions of the project, interviews were held in all the sites, organized around the issue of free, prior, and informed consultation. It is indicated that project stakeholders, generally, had a limited knowledge of the project. However, stakeholders were very optimistic toward the proposed project, 76.4% of whom held rather high expectation on the project, and only 18.6% didn’t draw conclusions because of uncertainty. This result is based on investigation of reasonable sampling, and it is identified that most of the villagers are supportive to the project. Since it’s impossible to inform everyone who would be affected and benefited, and corresponding solutions should be planned.

3.2 Problems and Proposed Solutions

1 . to Solve the Problem of Lack of Knowledge about the Project Advocate and conduct the methods with which the social assessment consultation team operated in the villagers: First, to hold group discussions and village representative conference, put up notice about proposed project components, do telephone interviews to absent villagers, carry out in-door interviews and questionnaire surveys, to further inform and consultant the villagers. Secondly, to inform village officials and require them to make efforts to disseminate project objective, principles and components, to let villagers be aware of their rights and responsibilities. Thirdly, to hold a meeting with local project officials, inform them with problems found out during social assessment, and advised them to back check situation of consultation with villagers.

2. to Solve the Problem of Biased Consultation Instead of thorough information of all project components and possible consequences, some concrete activities which would exert direct negative impacts on some villagers were skipped during prior consultation. Such biased consultation had or would lead to conflicts between ordinary villagers and officials, which might impede project implementations.

Meetings with site officials are proposed to be held, to ensure thorough information to the villagers about project details; Consultation with higher-level officials is suggested to do better negotiation to solve conflicts at village level.

3. to Solve the Problem of Lack of Participation Enthusiasm Villagers in some sites showed low enthusiasm in participating into the proposed project, mainly due to low credit of local government among ordinary villagers. Several measures are proposed to solve this problem: Firstly, group discussions and village representative conference should be held, to inform them about the principles and components of the World Bank Project, and introduce the differences between this project and the others, especially the principle of benefiting the villagers, in order to gain their support. Secondly, as it was indicated that villagers had been more enthusiastic in the project until local government didn’t abide by its promises to villagers, specific consultation and negotiation with the project officials should be carried out, to ensure corresponding solutions by the project office. Thirdly, trainings should be launched to strengthen the villagers’ capacity to join in the project.

3.3 Consultation within the Social Assessment

As a complementary process to free, prior and informed consultation by the feasibility study team, the social assessment consultant team carried out consultation with stakeholders, to assess the consultation result and propose a consultation framework, as required by OP4.10.

3.3.1 Framework of the Free, Prior and Informed Consultation

During the SA process, the SA team conducted the free, prior and informed consultation with stakeholders , the main approaches are as below: z Questionnaire survey: after scanning through baseline information of every site, the team conducted questionnaire surveys accordingly. z In-depth interview: various stakeholders in each site were interviewed, including ordinary villagers, the “village-elders” (Zhai Lao), village committee members, government officials, employees in enterprises and public institutions, etc. Factors such as gender, age, profession, ethnicity were balanced. Interviews were designed to inform proposed project components, as well as collect suggestions and perceptions from stakeholders. z Group discussions: villagers were organized into groups, to talk about their views and suggestions on specific project components. z Announcements: team members posted relevant announcements in those places where people often went by, such as the “village gate” (Zhai Men) , drum tower, village committee office, and local government office. The content of announcements were project fundamentals, specific components to the project site, purpose and principles of the social assessment, villagers’ rights, as well as how to contact the team, to inform people of project information and make them possible to provide feedback. z Telephone interview and return visit: important stakeholders who were absent from the site were interviewed through telephone. Additionally, to better assess the consultation status and progress, the team carried out return visits to some sites, and got new information from former interviewees, on problems discovered during the first visit. z Meeting with local government and project officials: to report problems identified and solutions promoted by the social assessment consultant team, and urge the officials to improve the free, prior and informed consultation.

To sum up, consultation carried out by the social assessment consultant team completed the requisites of OP4.10. It occurred freely and voluntarily, without any external manipulation, interference, or coercion, for which the parties consulted have prior access to information on the intent and scope of the proposed project in a culturally appropriate manner, form, and language; consultation approaches recognize existing Indigenous Peoples Organizations (IPOs), including councils of elders, headmen, and tribal leaders, and pay special attention to women, youth, and the elderly.

Table 3.2 Structure of the Participants

Type of Number of Gender Ethnicity

Investigation Participants Male: 70% Dong: 1/3, Group Discussion 336 Female: 30% Miao: 1/3, Other: 1/3 (Han included) Male: 146, 60.8% Dong: 47.7%, Questionnaire 242 Female: 94, 39.2% Miao: 40.9%, Missing: 2 Han: 10.5% Survey Shui & Gelao: 0.9% 289 Male: 60% Dong: 1/3, In-depth Female: 40% Miao: 1/3, Other: 1/3 (Han included) Interview

Table 3.3 Structure of Consultation with Project Stakeholders Means of Type of Stakeholders Content and Objective of Consultation Consultation Fulfill the procedure of free, prior, and informed consultation: Group discussion; introducing project fundamentals; posting Project Officials In-depth interview; announcements, Announcement identifying problems of proposed sub-project design, putting forward corresponding solutions Understand sub-project components, Village Officials Group discussion; Participate in disseminating project information to In-depth interview; villagers, Convey villagers’ views and suggestions. Participate in design of specific sub-projects; Village representative Bring forward perceptions, suggestions, and Ordinary Villagers conference; expectations; Questionnaire survey; Establish relevant local organizations required by In-depth interview; the project; Negotiate in means of sub-project implementation; Direct Stakeholders(for Full knowledge of relevant sub-project instance, those who are Village representative components, such as compensatory measures to to be affected by conference; their possible loss; resettlement and house In-depth interview; Express their own views and suggestions; rehabilitation)

3.3.2 Specifics in Each Project Site

The participation and consultation processes in each project site are summarized in the following table 3.4, table 3.5 , table 3.6, and 3.7

Table 3.4 Consultation Summary in Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection(villages) Methodology of Project sites Social Time persons participant Ethnicity gender Assessment Biasha Miao Project 11.25p.m. 5 Project Officials Miao All male Village Officials /Village Officials meeting Ordinary 11.25- 12 Ordinary Male:7 Villagers in- 11.28 Villagers/Direct Female:5 depth interview Stakeholders Questionnaire 14 Survey Zengchong Project 11.22p.m. 17 Project Officials/ All male Dong Officials Village Village meeting Officials/Ordinar Dong y Villagers/ Zhai Lao Youth meeting 11.23a.m. 15 Youth All male Village 11.24a.m. 6 Village Male:4 Officials Officials/some Female:2 meeting Ordinary Villagers Ordinary 11.22- 16 Ordinary Male:10 Villagers in- 11.25 Villagers/ Direct Female:6 depth interview Stakeholders Questionnaire 30 Survey Xiaohuang Project 5.30p.m. 6 Project Officials/ Dong All male Dong Officials Village Officials village meeting Ordinary 6.1p.m. 11 Village male :9 Villagers Officials/Ordinar female :2 meeting y Villagers Ordinary 5.30-6.2 17 Ordinary Male: 9 Villagers in- Villagers/ Village Female:8 depth interview Officials Project 5.25p.m. 6 Project Officials/ Miao All male Officials Village Officials/ meeting Handmade paper professional Shiqiao Handmade 5.26p.m. 6 Handmade paper Han/Miao All male Miao paper professional village professional meeting Ordinary 5.25-5.28 15 Ordinary Miao Male:10 Villagers in- Villagers/ Direct female :5 depth interview Stakeholders Project 11.20p.m. 7 Project Officials Miao All male Xijiang Officials /Village Officials Village meeting

Ordinary 11.22p.m. 9 Ordinary Male:7 Villagers Villagers Female:2 meeting Ordinary 11.20- 17 Ordinary Male:11 Villagers in- 11.24 Villagers/ Direct Female:6 depth interview Stakeholders Questionnaire 51 Survey Project 11.22p.m. 5 Project Officials Miao All male Officials /Village Officials meeting Ordinary 11.23p.m. 9 Ordinary Male:6 Langde Villagers Villagers Female:3 Upper meeting representative Village Ordinary 11.22- 20 Ordinary Miao Male: 12 Villagers in- 11.25 Villagers/ Direct Female: depth interview Stakeholders 8 Questionnaire 11 Survey Project 11.21p.m. 8 Project Officials Dong/Han All male Officials /Village Officials meeting Female meeting 11.21p.m. 6 Female Dong All female representative Elderly meeting 11.22a.m. 6 Elderly All male

Sanbao Elderly meeting 11.23a.m. 6 Elderly Male: 4 Dong Female: Village 2 Elderly meeting 11.22 p.m. 20 Elderly All male Ordinary 11.21- 23 Ordinary Male: 15 Villagers 11.24 Female: Villagers/ Direct in-depth 8 interview Stakeholders Questionnaire 91 Survey Project 5.24p.m. 5 Project Officials All male Officials /Village Officials meeting Ordinary 5.25p.m. 8 Ordinary Miao Male:5 Villagers Villagers Female: Jidao Village meeting representative 3 Ordinary 5.24-5.27 12 Ordinary Male:8 Villagers Villagers/ Direct Female: in-depth Stakeholders 4 interview Project 5.24a.m. 8 Project Officials Miao Male: 6 Officials Female: meeting 2 Local 5.24p.m. 4 Project Officials All male government Shidong official meeting town Ordinary 5.25p.m. 9 Ordinary Male: 6 Villagers Villagers Female: meeting 3 Ordinary 5.24-5.29 21 Ordinary Male: 13 Villagers in- Villagers/ Direct Female: depth interview Stakeholders 8

Project 5.26p.m. 7 Project Officials Dong Male:6 Officials Female: meeting 1 Project 5.26p.m. 20 Project Officials/ Dong All male Officials/ Local Zhaoxing Village government Village Officials officials/ meeting Village Officials Ordinary 5.26-5.30 19 Ordinary Male: 11 Villagers in- Villagers/ Direct Female:8 depth interview Stakeholders Project 5.26p.m. 3 Project Officials Dong All male Officials meeting Ordinary 5.26p.m. 5 Ordinary All male Sanmentang Villagers Villagers village meeting Ordinary 5.26-5.28 10 Ordinary Male: 7 Villagers in- Villagers/ Direct Female: depth interview Stakeholders 3

Table 3.5 Consultation Summary in Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage ProtectionTown Methodology Project of Social Time persons participant Ethnicity gender sites Assessment Project 11.21p.m. 9 Project Miao Male: 8 Officials Officials Female: 1 meeting Some teachers Ordinary 11.22p.m. 6 Ordinary All male Villagers Villagers meeting representative Village 11.23p.m. 10 Village All male Jiuzhou Officials Officials Town meeting Ordinary 11.21-11.24 19 Ordinary Male:12 Villagers in- Villagers/ Female: 7 depth Direct interview Stakeholders Questionnaire 36 Survey Project 11.22p.m. 5 Project Han All male Officials Officials meeting / Local government officials Longli Ordinary 11.23p.m. 7 Ordinary All male Town Villagers Villagers meeting representative Ordinary 11.22-11.25 16 Ordinary Male: 10 Villagers in- Villagers/ Female: 6 depth Direct interview Stakeholders Project 5.20p.m. 6 Project Han/Miao/Buyi Male: 5 Tungpu Officials Officials Female: 1 Jiuzhou meeting /Village Officials

Ordinary 5.21p.m. 8 Ordinary Male: 6 Villagers Villagers/ Female: 2 meeting Direct Stakeholders Village 5.21p.m. 6 Village All male Officials Officials meeting Ordinary 5.20-5.25 22 Ordinary Male: 16 Villagers in- Villager/ Direct Female: 6 depth Stakeholders interview Local 5.25a.m. 4 Local All male government government officials officials meeting

Table 3.6 Consultation Summary in Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development Methodology Project sites of Social Time persons participant Ethnicity gender Assessment Project 11.24p.m. 3 Project All male Officials Officials meeting Ordinary 11.24p.m. 6 Ordinary Male: 4 Villagers Villagers/ Female: 2 Shanmu River meeting Direct Stakeholders Ordinary 11.24-11.25 7 Ordinary Male: 5 Villagers in- Villagers Female: 2 depth interview Project 5.25a.m. 6 Project Male: 4 Officials Officials Female: 2 meeting Ordinary 5.26p.m. 11 Ordinary Buyi Male: 6 Villagers Villagers/ Female: 5 Wangfenglin meeting Direct Upper and Stakeholders Lower Nahui Village 5.27p.m. 5 Village All male Village Officials Officials meeting Ordinary 5.25-5.28 19 Ordinary Male: 11 Villagers in- Villagers/ Female: 8 depth Direct interview Stakeholders Project 5.28a.m. 11 Project Buyi Male: 10 Officials Officials Female: 1 meeting /Village Officials Ordinary 5.28p.m. 8 Ordinary Male: 6 Dingxiao Villagers Villagers Female: 2 Geo-Park meeting Ordinary 5.28-5.30 12 Ordinary Male: 8 Villagers in- Villagers/ Female: 4 depth Direct interview Stakeholders

Table 3.7 Consultation Summary in Gateway Town Facilities Methodology of Project sites Social Time persons participant Ethnicity gender Assessment Project Officials 11.21p.m. 3 Project Miao All male Leishan Tourist meeting Officials Information Center in-depth 11.21p.m. 6 Direct Male: 4 interview Stakeholders Female: 2 Project Officials 5.25a.m. 2 Project male Liping Tourist meeting Officials Information Center in-depth 5.25p.m. 6 Direct All male interview Stakeholders Provincial Heritage Project Officials 11.25p.m. 3 Project All male Protection and meeting Officials Cultural Tourism Stakeholders Center

3.3.3 Feedback of Social Assessment Consultation

Another round of investigation was carried out from Jan, 3 to Jan, 12, 2008, by provincial project office, the social assessment consultant team and feasibility study team thought media, posting, meeting ect, It is indicated that the consultation procedure within social assessment was fruitful.Most of the stakeholders have got certain understanding of the project, and express favorable views on the social assessment team’s consultation.

Part II Project Analysis 4 Analysis of Project Stakeholders

4.1 Identification of Project Stakeholders

Project stakeholders refer to those people who have impacts on or are affected by project actions and policies. Stakeholders in the proposed project include the following groups:

4.1.1 Main Stakeholders

Villagers and Residents in the Project Areas: According to project principles, the most important stakeholders are villagers and local residents. As the descendents and protectors of the cultural and natural heritage, they should benefit directly from various infrastructure improvements. The World Bank project involves 31project sites in Qiandongnan and Qiannan prefectures and Anshun and Guiyang Municipality. The total population of the project sites is 66957.

Ethnic Minorities in Project Sites: Ethnic minorities make up of the majority of the affected population. The project includes a total of 43,965 ethnic minority people, mainly involving Miao, Buyi and Dong ethnic minorities, accounting for more than 90% of the total ethnic minority population. The population of Miao is 15200, accounting for 34.6% of the total ethnic minority population. The population of Dong is 17826 and that of Buyi is 7631. The number of Miao, Dong and Buyi people, accounting for 40.5% and 17.4% of the total ethnic minority population in the project areas respectively. Besides, Although the old Han people in Tunbao do not belong to ethnic minority, they have kept traditional cultural patterns dated back from Ming Dynasty in 17th century. As a result, their conditions should also be focused.

Poor Population in Project Sites: In the project areas, thirteen counties are national designated Poor County, and all of them are ethnic minority autonomous counties. The majority of the project sites are in rural areas, where tourism has not been promoted and the economic income mainly derives from agriculture. Hence the local economy is under- developed. The impoverished people are the most important stakeholders of the project.

Women in Project Sites: Women should be listed as one of the main stakeholders, because of their irreplaceable roles in ethnic cultural affairs. A number of women play a very important role in handcraft works and performances. The number of women affected by the World Band project is 30039, accounting for 44.8% of the total population affected.

Villagers of house renovation and rehabilitation: According to the standards stated above, villagers directly affected by house renovation and rehabilitation amount to 5302.

Folk Elites including Zhailao, Folk Artists and Handicraftsmen: Zhailao, handicraftsmen and folk artists have traditional authority among villagers. Their opinions have more weights in the decision-making process in the village life circle. Therefore, their participation and organization is the key factor that guarantees the success of the process. Handicraftsmen and folk artists are the inheritors of ethnic traditional cultures. In the future development of tourism, they will act as the promoters of the tourism campaign.

4.1.2 Other Stakeholders

Government: Governments at all levels can benefit from the World Bank Project: (a) Governments at all levels can improve the infrastructure with the World Bank funds, hence

alleviating the financial costs of the local government financial budget. (b) From the World Bank project, Governments can learn many advanced public administrative ideas and practical skills. (c) It is the responsibility of the government to protect the cultural and natural heritage. Participation in the World Bank project can improve the reputation of the local governments among villagers.

Staff: The project creates some needs for administrative and maintenance positions. The staff that will be hired by the World Bank project can also be viewed as stakeholders. For those gateway projects in towns and cities, the need for staffs is great. According to the team’s evaluation, the gateway projects need approximately 250 employees.

Tourists and Other Stakeholders: Because the project areas mainly cover tourism and scenic sites in Guizhou, the construction of infrastructure in these areas will also benefit tourists. Moreover, museums and tourists information centers can improve tourists’ understanding of the local cultural and natural heritage, hence increasing the quality of tourism.

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs): They are also stakeholders of the World Bank Project. These stakeholders include NGOs of various sorts and of different fields (such as tourism, environmental protection, education and culture). The World Bank Projects offer them opportunities to do works for their own goals by establishing jointly collaboration with them. The NGOs can provide policy suggestions and information consultation services to World Bank Project. Moreover, they can act as supervisors for the World Bank projects and establishing negotiation mechanisms with the World Band on local issues. Besides, the World Bank’s focus on community participation can also facilitate the revival and development of both traditional and modern organizations.

Travel Agencies and enterprises within and near the project can benefit from the project. They can bid for the contractors of project components and hence participate in project actions. Besides, since the World Bank project will bring positive effects of local development, enterprises can seek investment opportunities in tourism and related industries.

4.2 Demand Analysis of Stakeholders

It is held by the social assessment consultation team that the social and cultural impacts of the World Bank projects in Guizhou can be fairly, comprehensively and objectively evaluated, only if we take into account the social differences as well as gender and generation factors. The goal set by the social assessment team is to ensure the ethnic minorities’ social and economic benefits that are intergenerational inclusive and gender inclusive. Also the projects are to guarantee the benefits are adaptive to the local culture.

The needs of the stakeholders are the focus of the social assessments. The stakeholders in cultural heritage protection project areas (villages and ancient towns) and natural heritage protection areas are the emphasis of the social assessment process. As for Gateway Projects, no specific demand analysis is needed.

1. Demand Analysis of Cultural Heritage Protection Project

Table 4.1 Demand Analysis of Cultural Heritage Protection Project (villages and ancient towns)

Component Main Common demands Special demands Description Stakeholders 1. youth/elite: 1. improve the 2. participate in infrastructure the project Villagers/ 2. tourism development management inhabitants 3. participate in the 3. elderly/disable Ethic minority construction, solve the d/poor infrastructure Women employment; household: The poor 4. participate in the participate in household project management; environmental

5. improve the healthsolve environment the employment Villagers of 1. tourism development rehabilitation and house renovation 2. participate in the protection of unique —— and construction, solve the historic buildings rehabilitation employment 1. Cultural Villagers/ elite/Zhai inhabitants 1. tourism development Laoparticipat support for intangible Ethic minority 2. protection and e in the cultural heritage Women development ethic construction protection Cultural culture 2. Women: do elite/zhai lao some handcrafts job 1. tourism development Villagers/ 2. protection and 1. Cultural development of inhabitants development ethic elite/zhai lao: cultural and visitor Ethic minority culture carry out ethic centers Cultural 3. participate in the cultural elite/zhai lao construction, solve the activities employment; Villagers/ 1. provide the funds to 1. folk inhabitants develop; small loans program artists/craftsme Ethic minority 2. handcrafts and guest nhandcrafts The poor houses

household

2. Demand Analysis of the Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection

Because projects in natural scenic zones include villages in the zones, the infrastructures are much the same to the cultural heritage protection projects. We identify and analyze the different groups of stakeholders’ needs. See the table below:

Table 4.2 Demand Analysis of the Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection Component Main Common demands Special demand Description Stakeholders 1. improve the infrastructure to 1. elderly/disabled/poor Villagers/ Investments in attract tourists household: inhabitants infrastructure (roads, 2. participate in participate in Ethic minority solid waste, the environmental The poor wastewater/sanitation, construction, healthsolve the household etc.) solve the employment

employment;

1. appropriate compensation Villagers of rehabilitation and 2. participate in house protection of unique the —— renovation and historic buildings construction, rehabilitation tourism development 1. recover and develop the Villagers/ traditional ethic 1. Cultural elite/zhai inhabitants culture; support for intangible laoparticipate in Ethic minority 2. enrich the cultural heritage the construction Women activities and protection 2. womendo some Cultural attract tourists handcrafts job elite/zhai lao 3. tourism development

1. tourism development 2. carry out some Villagers/ 1. Cultural elite/zhai cultural development of inhabitants laocarry out activities cultural and visitor Ethic minority cultural activities 3. participate in centers Cultural and development the elite/zhai lao traditional culture construction, tourism development Villagers/ 1. guest houses inhabitants and inn small loans program Ethic minority —— 2. handcrafts The poor manufacture household

3. Demand Analysis of Gateway Towns

The needs of the gateway projects include: (a) ethnic culture museums, (b) centres for heritage protection and tourism information, (c) centres of ethnic minorities’ handicrafts for exhibitions and development, (d) training centres. The detailed information is listed below:

Table 4.3 Demand Analysis for Gateway Towns

Component Main Stakeholders Common demands Special demands Description 1. recover and develop the Employers of the traditional ethic project; Ethic Matching Facilities of culture Infrastructure minority/visitors/ the infrastructure 2. enrich the inhabitants/local activities government 3. tourism development 1. the protection and research of support for intangible cultural heritage; cultural heritage Same as above Same as above 2. display of ethic protection culture 3. Inheritance of ethic culture 1. the protection and research of cultural heritage; development of cultural 2. Inheritance of Same as above Same as above and visitor centers ethic culture; 3. training on the protection of ethic culture;

4. Demand Analysis of Capacity Building Projects Capacity building projects can be divided into four categories. They are: (a) management and supervision; (b) community participation and organizational capacity building; (c) manual for commercial and constructional plan; (d) General plan for tourism and the need analysis for training programs of tourism industry.

Table 4.4 Demand Analysis for Capacity Building and Project Implementation Support Component Component Main Stakeholders Common demands Description Description 1. participate in the project Villagers/ management and 1. Cultural elite/zhai Project inhabitants monitoring lao/youthparticipate management Ethic minority 2. buy the raw in the project and monitoring Cultural elite/zhai materials by the management lao villagers 3. villagers tender 1. training on Support for villagers to community Villagers/ improve their participation inhabitants ability; 1. Cultural elite/zhai and Ethic minority 2. improve the public laoplay more role in Implementation Cultural elite/zhai service the organization support to lao 3. establish the VTAs tourism organization

Component Component Main Stakeholders Common demands Description Description 4. improve the ability of the tourist organization; 5. supervise the job of village committee Assistance in Villagers/ 1. Marketing framework for inhabitants Promotion of the 1. folk architectural Ethic minority crafts artists/craftsmenpro guidelines and women 2. Standardizing the mote the brand of the Business folk construction crafts planning artists/craftsmen operations tourism master plan and 1. make the Villagers/ Training needs infrastructure inhabitants —— assessment for appropriate for the Ethic minority the tourism ethic culture sector

4.3 Benefits Analysis of the Stakeholders

4.3.1 Potencial Project Componets Selection

Three mechanisms are identified out to guarantee villagers’ benefits from the proposed project. First, the proposed project can bring convenience to the everyday life of villagers/residents. Second, it can bring job opportunities and income to villagers/residents. Third, villagers/residents can participate in the administration of the projects, which can generate actual benefits to their life.

The mechanisms and contents of the benefit are in close link with project themes and components. The following part first lists the contents of the construction plan. Then analysis is presented on different project themes and benefit mechanisms.

Table 4.5 Potential Components Selection Rehabilitation and Support for Development of Total Investments in Small loans No. Project Site protection of unique intangible cultural cultural and visitor beneficiary infrastructure program historic buildings heritage protection centers population Biasha Miao Village Cultural 1 2258 Heritage Protection Xiaohuang Dong Cultural Heritage 2 3389 Protection Zengchong Dong Cultural Heritage 3 1284 Protection Danzhai Shiqiao Ancient 4 Handmade Paper Protection 2318 Project Zhanliu Village Tin Embroidery 5 532 Cultural Heritage Protection Wu Bao Village Miao Red 6 Embroidery Cultural Heritage 1232 Protection Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural 7 Heritage ProtectionJidao 403 Village Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural 8 Heritage ProtectionHuaienbao 350 Village Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural 9 Heritage ProtectionNanhua 812 Village Balla River (Leishan) Miao Cultural Heritage 10 757 ProtectionLangde Upper Village Balla River (Leishan) Miao 11 Cultural Heritage 5280 ProtectionXijiang Village

Rehabilitation and Support for Development of Total Investments in Small loans No. Project Site protection of unique intangible cultural cultural and visitor beneficiary infrastructure program historic buildings heritage protection centers population Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage 12 3610 Protection (Zhaoxing Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage 13 Protection (Tang’an Minority 797 Village) Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage 14 Protection (Xiage Minority 1701 Village) 15 Sanbao Dong Minority Village 5190 Shidong Miao Ethnic Cultural 16 Heritage Protection 678 (Tangba Village Sanmentang Cultural Heritage 17 1570 Protection Nachan Buyi Cultural Heritage 18 1182 Protection

Notes: “” means that the item is to be built; the open/flexible project items are to be selected by villagers.

4.3.2 Benefit Analysis of Main Stakeholders

1Benefit Analysis for Villages and Old Towns People who benefited from villages and old towns projects are mainly villagers/residents, ethnic minorities, families in poverty as well as direct stakeholders of the project areas. Besides the conveniences of living that bring about by the construction of the infrastructures according to the project plans, stakeholders can benefit from the projects in the following ways:

(1) In the project framework, it is suggested that villagers can form small groups. The members of these groups are villagers of the project sites. Hence projects can increase job chances and incomes of the local people.

(2) Ethnic minorities, Zhai Lao and folk artists can benefit from their participation into the Intangible Cultural Heritage projects. For instance, experienced artists can receive salaries for their teachings on traditional arts, skills and ritual performances. Also funds can be used to recruit young villagers into training programs of cultural heritages and to prepare them with adequate skills as local tour guides.

(3) Small loan projects can help local villagers overcome financial difficulties, facilitating villagers to develop small business. Small loan projects attract young people come back to their own village and open up small enterprise for the production of traditional handicrafts such as customs, batiks and silver jewels.

(4) Villagers can benefit from the management of the projects. After the projects are completed, property rights belong to the collectively of the villagers. The management work should be given to project groups whose members are local villagers and residents. The income generated by the project belongs to the collectively of all villagers. There are several ways that villagers can obtain actual benefits. For instance, tourism can increase the income of the villagers. Part of the money can be shared by all villagers. For some projects such as management of parking lots, villagers can operate and manage the business. For jobs that only require less skills, the priority should be given to the elderly, women and other vulnerable groups of people.

2Benefit Analysis of Natural Heritage and Scenic Sites

Part of the natural heritage and scenic sites are also in villages, such as Shanmu River Scenic Park, Guizhou Dingxiao and Wanfenglin Scenic Zone. The mechanisms of benefit in these areas are the same as those in villages and old towns. Besides, such natural scenic zones include projects outside villages. For these projects, the main beneficiaries are local government, staffs and tourists. Government can charge taxes and maintenance fee from the operation of these projects. Local people can have job opportunities from the projects. Tourists enjoy the conveniences of various infrastructures. Villagers in nearby areas are indirect beneficiaries. During the implementation process, the projects should recruit local villagers in nearby areas and offer them employment opportunities.

3Benefit Analysis of Gateway Town Facilities The emphasis of gateway facilities is to protect cultural heritage and the promotion of tourism. The direct beneficiaries of the proposed project after all the facilities are built are the working staffs recruited for the projects. Indirect beneficiaries have been analyzed in Feasibility Study Proposals (Market Analysis),including local ethnic minorities, tourists, residents and government. Besides, gateway town projects can accelerate the development of nearby restaurants and other service industries.

4Benefits Analysis of Capacity Building and Project Support Implementation The main beneficiaries of the capacity building project items are villagers and residents of the project areas including villages, old town and natural scenic areas. The mechanisms that benefit the participants of the capacity building projects include the following institutional design. First, guidelines for renovation of traditional buildings and manuals for commercial opportunities can aid the carriers of the project and make the projects practiced more effectively and reasonably. Some capacity building projects are designed for grass-root organizations such as the villages’ tourism association to improve their capacity to manage the projects. As a result, these organizations can greatly benefit from the capacity building projects. The following table is a summary of different sorts of stakeholders.

Table 4.6 Benefits Analysis for Main Project Stakeholders Impacts of Main Impacts of the Project on Stakeholders Stakeholders on the Results Stakeholders Project 1. make their life more convenient; Enthusiasm in positive 2. employment creation and income participation is generation; favorable for project 3. capacity building and skill- implementation; Villagers and improvement; Town Residents 4. income enhancement by participating in project management; 5. the small loan program enable them to develop trades and business; 1-5 the same as above Indigenous Peoples positive 6. restore and revive ethnic arts and participation is an crafts; important guarantee Ethnic minorities 7. enable folk artists and craftsmen to for project inherit their traditions and increase implementation; income; 1-5 the same as above Impoverished positive Impoverished find work in environmental health; people’s participation population is a safeguard for project success 105 the same as above Women’s positive 6. exert their strengths in ethnic arts and participation is the Women crafts inheritance, to enhance their socio- prerequisite for the economic status within the community; project to be gender inclusive; 1-5 the same as above Direct Beneficiaries’ positive Direct 6. improve their residency; attitude is crucial for Beneficiaries 7. btain relevant compensation; promising project implementation;

4.3.3 Benefit Analysis of Other Stakeholders

Other stakeholders are tourists, government and staffs recruited after the projects’ completion. The majority of them are the beneficiaries of scenic zones and gateway towns’ projects.

1Benefits for Government (a) The infrastructures of the projects areas are under development, dragging the paces of the local economy far behind. The World Bank projects are beneficial to the local government because they help the government finish the construction of many infrastructures.

(b) The World Bank projects can help the local government overcome financial burden. Currently the financial income of the local government is fairly limited. (c) The World Bank projects can increase the income generated from tourism, as a result of the improvement of the infrastructures and capacities.

(d) Poverty alleviation is one of the most important tasks of the local government. The World Bank projects have offered numerous helps and opportunities to the local government and villagers, helping them alleviating poverty.

(e) The World Bank Projects provide many trainings to villagers and administrators. These trainings offer opportunities for local government to learn the advanced management experiences.

(f) The World Bank Projects stress government’s responsibility to protect cultural heritage. The consciousness of heritage protection is very important for local government.

(g) The World Bank Projects help government to deal with issues of employment. The World Bank Projects provide numerous employment opportunities for local

2Benefits of Tourists (a) Cultural Tourism. The Wold Bank Projects can increase the popularity of cultural tourism of Guizhou Province.

(b) Conveniences of the Infrastructures. The infrastructures of the project areas are under development. The construction of new infrastructures will bring conveniences to the tourists.

(c) Increasing the Understandings of Ethnic Minorities’ Culture Tourists can experience ethnic minorities’ culture during their visit to villagers. This will deepen the understanding of ethnic minorities’ culture.

(d) Bridging the Cultural Gap between Foreign Visitors and Local People. The World Bank projects offer conveniences for cross-cultural communication.

The detailed analysis is listed in the following table

Table 4.7 Benefits Analysis for Other Project Stakeholders Other Impacts of the Project on Impacts of Stakeholders on the Results Stakeholders Stakeholders Project Enjoy convenience by infrastructure improvement Introduce Guizhou cultural Experience distinct Cultural Tourists tourism to the larger world; positive Tourism;

Get further understanding of Guizhou ethnic cultures; Reduce financial budget; Build governmental capacity; Government interferences Government Financial income generation; might exert adverse impacts positive Mitigate employment pressure; on project implementation; Abate poverty; Their attitude and practices are Project Staff and Employment creation and an important factor in project positive Employees income generation; results

5 Social Impact Analysis The social impacts of project components, classified into the four project themes, are analyzed respectively: Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (in villages and ancient towns), Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development, Gateway Town Facilities, Capacity Building Support and Project Implementation Support.

5.1 Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (in Villages and Ancient Towns)

5.1.1 Investments in Infrastructure

Generally, project components in infrastructure are part of the foundation of tourism, and corresponding constructions will absorb more local labour and lead to income increase. Improvement in traffic facilities, will provide substantial convenience to local residents’ daily life. Environmental protection measures, such as sanitation, garbage management, water supply, and drainage facilities will help local residents cultivate healthier habits and thus enhance their living quality. Box 5.1 Case Studies 1

The most notorious problem in Zengchong Village is the latrines. There are no latrines inside villagers’ houses so that the village appears cleaner. But it is really inconvenient for the 300 households to rush into the only 3 public flush latrines 5 minutes’ walk away from their houses. Therefore, villagers like the sanitation plans within the project.

5.1.2 Rehabilitation and Protection of Traditional Buildings

In all, these are important elements in developing tourism as well as enhancing local residents’ income level, which will in turn improve local people’s awareness of cultural protection. Unique historic buildings and traditional government-owned public buildings will be better protected and conserved, as an integral part of minority cultural protection. Through rehabilitation of qualified private houses, local people’s residency will become better, economic condition improved by running family hotels. Relevant constructions will produce more employment and hence increase local income.

Box 5.2 Case Studies 2

Longli old town suffers from chaotic contemporary constructions around, as the city wall and surrounding moat severely destroyed and misused, causing difficulties for the rehabilitation and restoration. Both local government and ordinary residents come to realize the problems, but they have no choice but to wait for funding to change the situation. Now the proposed sub-project in Longli will help the town solve its problems.

5.1.3 Safeguards and Support for Intangible Heritage Protection

Measures of this kind can benefit the project sites by making indigenous peoples more prepared to participate in intangible heritage protection of their hometown. Local residents can be supported by joining in sub-project actions such as developing minority handicrafts and arts; Local labour will be more reasonably organized, and more employment will be produced, especially for women and old people (typical intangible heritage inheritors).

Box 5.3 Case Studies 3

Shi Guichang is very active and enthusiastic in protecting and reviving the Dong culture in his village, Zengchong. He has been working on the village-level intangible cultural heritage list for years, and is very anxious about the peril of indigenous culture’s decline. As a common villager without professional pay on his efforts to preserve his culture, he expressed his high expectancy on the proposed project action of editing the village-level cultural heritage list, which he thought could provide him certain technical and financial support.

5.1.4 Tourist Information Centers and Culture Preservation Centers

Tourists will benefit from both the tourist information centre and culture preservation centre, to get more convenient and fluent tourism of unique indigenous flavour. Local residents will enjoy a larger range of entertainment and cultural activities, which will enhance their cultural confidence and sense of cultural protection. Meanwhile, relevant constructions and management will stimulate more employment opportunities and help to balance local economic structure. Box 5.4 Case Studies 4

Villagers in Xiaohuang proposed that it was of high necessity to build a new site for Dong- Song (Da Ge) inheritance. Thus the traditional music masters can teach students in a fixed place, and it will be more convenient for both the villagers and tourists to learn. On the one hand, that unique cultural element will be better inherited; on the other hand, it will make possible for tourists to witness a purer and live scenario of Dong-Song (Da Ge) learning.

5.1.5 The Small Loan Program

Generally, the small loan program will benefit villagers by capacity building. Such programs may provide a solution to the financial shortage for a lot of villages to develop ethnic crafts.

A great deal of project sites belong to National Impoverished Counties and minority regions, economy in ancient towns and minority villagers mainly dependent on agriculture and income drawn from migrant workers in urban areas. In most of the sites investigated, people are eager to participate into tourism by means of developing indigenous crafts.

Furthermore, this type of measure may help villagers participate into the project more closely and share more from economic benefits of local tourism, by endowing them with a certain degree of decision-making power to plan loan details.

Table 5.1 Impact Analysis in Villages

Project Component Project Site Common Impacts Special Impacts

Zengchong: solve difficulties of water supply and toilets; Basha: fire protection safety; 1. Improvement in traffic facilities will provide Xiaohuang: water supply; substantial convenience to local residents’ daily life; Langde: no need to build parking lots, roads and footpaths 2. Sanitation improvement, garbage management, water inside villages; supply, and drainage facilities enhance their living Infrastructure All Zhanliu: provide biogas pond for 90% households; quality; Zhaoxing: provide medical care and convenience; family 3. Income generation, tourism development; hotels increase income; 4. Employment Creation; Sanbao: effective sewers and wastewater treatment; water 5. Fire protection safety supply and drainage meets crucial need; Bala River: footpaths between villagers provide convenience; 1. minority cultural protection; Shidong: demolish inconsistent buildings and restore Traditional 2. improve local people’s residency and participation; traditional Miao landscape; Architecture All 3. employment creation and income generation; Sanmentang: Dong cultural heritage salvage; Rehabilitation 4. develop tourism; Sanbao: recover and flourish integrated traditional culture;

Shiqiao: benefit indigenous paper-making industry 1. making indigenous peoples more prepared to development;

participate in intangible heritage protection; Xiaohuang: support inheritance of Dong music and Spin- Safeguards and 2. elevation of their cultural consciousness and Weaving technology; Support for All confidence; Zengchong: support inheritance of Dong architectural Intangible 3. employment creation and income generation; technology; Heritage 4. developing ethnic handicrafts; Shidong: develop silver-crafts, embroidery, paper cutting, Protection 5. mobilize women and the elderly into the project; etc. Zhanliu: develop Xixiu embroidery technology; Basha: protect and develop Miao crafts and arts; Tourist Basha, Duliujiang, 1. exhibition and protection of ethnic cultures; Zengchong: preserve and exhibit Dong architectural culture; Information Shiqiao, Bala River, 2. enrich local cultural and entertainment activities; Xiaohuang: exhibit and inherit Dong music and dancing Center and Sanbao, Shidong, invigorate interest and enthusiasm; culture; Cultural Center Sanmentang, Nachan 3. employment creation and income generation; Shidong: exhibit and develop Miao embroidery; Zhaoxing: develop customs such as “Singing Match”;

Sanmentang: introduce tourism information in Guizhou; 4. help natives develop family hotels, ethnic crafts- Small Loan Shiqiao: develop and regulate paper-making industry; All trade and other business; Program 5. employment creation; Note: the affected population of each component is the sum of all the village populations in this component. Besides, the number of the affected population of traditional architecture rehabilitation and small loan program is provided by the villagers and the feasibility study team. This data resource applies to the following data of other components.

Table 5.2 Impact Analysis in Ancient Towns

Project Component Project Site Common Impacts Special Impacts

1. Improvement in traffic facilities will provide substantial convenience to local residents’ daily life; Jiuzhou (Anshun): improve traffic and transportation; 2. Sanitation improvement, garbage management, water supply, and Jiuzhou (Anshun): fight against water pollution; Infrastructure All drainage facilities enhance their living quality; Tianlong: garbage collection effectively solve the problem 3. Income generation, tourism development; of water pollution; 4. Employment Creation; 5. Fire protection safety 1. minority cultural protection; Longli: protect traditional Han cultural items such as Traditional 2. improve local people’s residency and participation; lineage hall, local school, and ancient all; Architecture All 3. employment creation and income generation; Jiuzhou (Anshun): protect and restore the cultural Rehabilitation 4. develop tourism; diversity (Han, minority, Christinality) 1. making indigenous peoples more prepared to participate in intangible Safeguards and heritage protection; Jiuzhou (Anshun): enhance family income and protect Support for 2. elevation of their cultural consciousness and confidence; All traditional culture by adopting traditional pattern of family Intangible 3. employment creation and income generation; and community workshops and inheritance center; Heritage 4. developing ethnic handicrafts; Protection 5. mobilize women and the elderly into the project; 1. exhibition and protection of ethnic cultures; Tourist 2. enrich local cultural and entertainment activities; invigorate interest Jiuzhou (Anshun): the tourist information center provide Longli, Information and enthusiasm; multi-functional services; the cultural center provide the Jiuzhou Center and 3. employment creation; places for cultural performances and ethnic crafts- (Anshun) Cultural Center 4. provide consultation and other services; production; 5. provide cultural preservation and research; 1. help natives develop family hotels, ethnic crafts-trade and other Jiuzhou (Anshun): enlarge the production scale of Small Loan All business; Lusheng (a traditional Miao instrument); develop small- Program 2. employment creation; scale baltilk workshops for indigenous craftsmen;

5.2 Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development

Natural heritage and scenic site protection and development refer to items both inside the scenic sites, and those in surrounding villages. Positive impacts are as follows:

1. Protection of Ecological Environment One of the project sites, Guanling National Geo-Park, contains precious fossils and research objects of paleontology. Yet the ecological environment is vulnerable, lack of effective protection. The proposed sub-project will take actions in improving local environment, sanitary conditions, as well as enlarging employment scope and tourism scale.

2. Rehabilitation of Traditional Architectures Project items in natural heritage and scenic site also include restoring traditional ethnic buildings in surrounding villages, such as Wanfenglin National Scenic Park. These construction items will accelerate the rehabilitation of local ethnic architectures and enrich resources of natural tourism. Meanwhile, such rehabilitation can partly improve the housing level of local villagers.

3. Elevation of Indigenous Peoples’ Cultural Consciousness and Confidence Some minority villages around the natural heritage and scenic sites are rich in cultural resources, especially intangible cultural heritage. Relevant project items will benefit the protection and inheritance of those resources, and thereby arouse the cultural consciousness and confidence inside local villagers. Especially, some extinct cultural traditions are being revived and developed, such as the Buyi singing and dancing customs in villages of Wanfenglin National Scenic Park.

4. Advancement of Local Family Income Within the range of natural heritage and scenic site protection and development, the small loan program will be a promising solution to financial shortage of local villagers. Through the small loan program, villagers, especially those impoverished households, might be able to fulfill their family business plans, such as to develop ethnic crafts and run small trades. Average family income will go up and the income gap at village-level might reduce.

Table 5.3 Impact Analysis in Natural Heritage and Scenic Sites Project Project Site Common Impacts Special Impacts Component 1. ecological protection and natural heritage preservation; Shanmu River: drainage system improve local 2. improve infrastructure to attract more tourists; environment; Infrastructure All 3. improve environment and sanitation habits; Dingxiao: fossil protection; 4. employment creation and income generation; Guanling: fossil exhibition; 5. meliorate traffic and transportation condition; Traditional Wanfenglin: pasting a layer of wood on modern 1. improve local people’s residency and participation; Architecture Wanfenglin buildings is not an appropriate way to protect ethnic 2. employment creation and income generation; Rehabilitation architectural culture; 1. making indigenous peoples more prepared to participate Safeguards in intangible heritage protection; Wanfenglin: protect and develop Buyi ethnic arts and Support 2. elevation of their cultural consciousness and confidence; All and crafts; for Intangible 3. employment creation and income generation;

Heritage 4. developing ethnic handicrafts; Protection 5. mobilize women and the elderly into the project; Tourist Information Guanling Center and Provide guide and convenience for tourists; Wanfenglin: strengthen local public sphere; Wanfenglin Cultural Center Wanfenglin; 1. help natives develop family hotels, ethnic crafts-trade Wanfenglin: encourage native youths working in Small Loan Xingyi National and other business; urban regions to come back and develop ethnic Program Geological Park 2. employment creation; cultural workshops and corporations;

5.3 Gateway Town Facilities

Project items under this category include: infrastructure improvement, intangible cultural heritage protection, and cultural protection and inheritance center. Relevant positive effects are outlined as follows:

1. Natural Heritage Protection Paleontological resources such as Keichousaurus hui fossils (Guizhou Long) in Dingxiao, are extremely vulnerable, for natural and man-made reasons. Such resources will be effectively protected and preserved, though relevant project items.

Box 5.5 Case Studies 5

The Dingxiao Keichousaurus hui fossils Museum is the main exhibitive place for such fossils so far. As the current place is too small to bolster future development, the proposed new construction of a tourist information center and an open square and museum serves as an effective solution.

Natives of Lvyin Village are happy at the news of constructing an open square and museum, because they are dissatisfied with the protection of the fossils, and they doesn’t think the current situation of development matches the reputation of “Guizhou Long”. Moreover, they are highly supportive of building a tourist information center, which they believe will create job positions, broaden the popularity of Dingxiao, draw on more tourists, and in turn strengthen the villagers’ sense of protection.

2. Ethnic Cultural Inheritance and Development Ethnic cultural exhibition and protection centers take up a considerable proportion of gateway town facilities. Such construction will not only attract and absorb more tourists to develop local economy, but also play the role of evoking the sense of cultural consciousness of natives, who will probably become more aware of the value of their indigenous cultures, hence participate into the project with higher enthusiasm, with available financial support.

3. Employment Creation and Local Economic Development The Gateway towns will grow more influential in tourism, as disperse ethnic cultural resources be concentrated and integrated through the proposed project, and tourists privileged to get familiar with indigenous cultures in facilities such as the information center.

In addition, employment will be created for natives, to improve their economic circumstances. The project will also boost up and benefit relevant industries, such as restaurant & catering, transportation & traffic, craft-trade, etc. These developments are of high significance to local economic growth.

Table 5.4 Impact Analysis in Gateway Towns Project Project Site Common Impacts Special Impacts Component 1. provide the foundation for gateway towns to grow more Leishan Tourist Information Center: information influential in tourism; network construction, exhibit and publicize Miao Infrastructure All 2. fossil protection; cultural items through modern, scientific 3. provide convenience for tourists; technologies and means; 4. employment creation and income generation; 1. exhibit, protect and develop ethnic cultures; Provincial Heritage Protection and Cultural Tourism Intangible 2. elevate indigenous peoples’ cultural consciousness and Center: provide multiple services and equipment to Cultural All confidence; better research and develop ethnic arts and crafts, as Heritage 3. boost up and benefit relevant industries; well as information on natural and cultural heritage. Cultural Protection 1. publicize cultural images and items to absorb more Provincial Heritage Protection and Cultural Tourism and All tourists; Center: trainings and international communication. Inheritance 2. provide convenience for tourists; Center

5.4 Capacity Building Support and Project Implementation Support

Related project components are classified into 4 types and the impacts analyzed respectively: z Project management and monitoring (including implementation monitoring, and physical and financial compliance audit: section D-a,f in Draft Aide-Memoire No. 7); z Support for community participation and responsibility in implementation of some components (D-b); z Assistance in framework for architectural guidelines for rehabilitation, site management, display and interpretation of cultural heritage. Business planning, marketing, manual on subsidy program requirements (eligibility criteria including monitoring compliance, terms, etc.), and ideas for income generation (D-c,d); z Implementation support to VTAs, Update of the Guizhou tourism master plan (D-e,g).

5.4.1 Project management and monitoring

Appropriate project management and monitoring is the guarantee of successful project implementation. Detailed design of villager-participation and surveillance in Community Manuals makes possible the avoidance of power abuse, and in turn obtain broader agreement recognition and support from villagers. Financial compliance audit serves a powerful measure to ensure effective and efficient use of the project loan, to prevent waste and corruption.

Villagers show strong sense of participating into project management and monitoring, who point out adverse consequences led by lack of effective monitoring.

Box 5.6 Case Studies 6 The prefecture government of Qian Dongnan had once funded Zengchong Village for rehabilitation of a pond. However, the county government appropriated 90,000 yuan out of the total 10,000 yuan by itself. Villagers were extremely angry with the county government.

As to the proposed World Bank project, they unanimously required that the finance should be open to the whole village. Moreover, they suggested that, in case of jerry-building, it be the newly-established project management team who should be in charge of material-purchasing of project constructions.

5.4.2 Community Support and Organization Capacity Building

Through the establishment of the two organizations at community level: project implementation committee including 5-7 people and monitoring group including 3-5 people with gender balanced, villagers will be enabled to play the role of subject. In addition to participation and capacity building at individual-level, organization capacity within the village will be strengthened, for better management and implementation within communities. The CBD pattern defined and promoted in Operation Manual for Community ParticipationOMCP is the institutional foundation of community participation and organization capacity building within the project.

5.4.3 Architectural Guidelines and Business Planning Manual

During large-scale commercialization in Guizhou, a large amount of traditional wooden architectures have suffered severely from new construction of modern buildings by local

government and villagers. Thus, architectural guidelines are of great importance to promote consciousness of ethnic architectural protection, for better utilization and management.

Besides, a looming threaten is the loss of traditional ethnic crafts and arts, in the trend of rapid commercialization. Business planning manual in community-level, in light of promoting cultural heritage protection and preventing over-commercialization, will be a powerful strategy to regulate market behaviours and relevant project implementation. Moreover, it will provide the villagers, especially craftsmen, effective guidelines to protect their rights (such as patent right), and allow them to actively participate in the protection of their own intellectual products.

Box 5.7 Case Studies 7 Yang Wenhua, a native craftsman in Songlin Village, Jiuzhou Town, Anshun Municipality, is eager to participate into the project. This is a Miao village, with plenty of mature indigenous handicraft. Yang Wenhua developed the art of playing the Lusheng (a broadly used instrument of Miao people), a sub-type of the “Western Vernacular” school. It is said to be more complicated than the “Eastern Vernacular” prominent in Guizhou, with better temperament. However, it is hardly influential and now facing the formidable threat of extinction, as the marketing strategies and resources are barely available. Thus, he hopes to promote the art through the help of the proposed project.

5.4.4 Update of the Guizhou Tourism Master Plan and Implementation

Support to VTAs

It is suggested that the Guizhou Tourism Master Plan be modified to integrate human development and cultural heritage protection into tourism development. Professionals are needed to join in tourism and receive trainings on cultural heritage protection. Relevant assessment should be carried out to grasp the needs of trainings in tourism.

5.5 Problems and Risks for Cultural Heritage Protection

Admittedly, the development of rural tourism in recent years has accelerated economic development. However, at the mean time, many potential risks are produced in the process. For instance, over-commercialization not only destroys cultural diversity, but also poses great threat to the natural environment and cultural heritage.

Materialism threats the traditional ethics and social order. Badly designed tourism patterns can increase the income gap and destroy harmony of the community. Besides, although village tourism contributes greatly to the GDP of Guizhou, direct benefits for local villagers are still limited. Furthermore, some companies deprive the benefits of the local villagers. In some areas, tensions between villagers and companies have been intensified. To protect the cultural heritage is not only to take some actions to protect material heritage, but it is also urgent to protect the intangible cultural heritage that reflects the core meaning of the ethnic cultures.

Table 5.5: The Problems with Cultural Heritage Protection and the Impact of Tourism on Cultural Heritage Protection Project Theme Project Site Problems and Risks 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation Biasha Miao Village 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Cultural Heritage 3. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Protection 4. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization 5. The Lack of Funds 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation Duliu River Dong 2. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Cultural Heritage 3. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection 4. The Lack of Funds Ethnic (Xiaohuang and 5. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities Minority Zengchong)

Cultural 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation Heritage Danzhai Shiqiao 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Protection Ancient Handmade 3. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals village and Paper Protection 4. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization town Project 5. The Lack of Funds 6. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager-Participation 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Jinahe Miao Minority 3. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Cultural Heritage 4. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection (Zhanliu / 5. The Lack of Funds Wu Bao) 6. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

The Problems with Cultural Heritage Protection and the Impact of Tourism on Cultural Heritage Protectioncontinued Project Theme Project Site Problems and Risks 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Balla River Miao 3. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Cultural Heritage 4. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection (Jidao / 5. The Lack of Funds Huaienbao/ Nanhua) 6. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation Balla River Miao 2. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Cultural Heritage 3. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection (Langde 4. The problems with the renovation of old buildings Ethnic Upper Village / 5. The Building of Village Hotel and Family Museum Should follow Certain Criterions Minority Xijiang) 6. The Lack of Funds Cultural 7. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities Heritage 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation Protection Zhaoxing Dong 2. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals village and Cultural Heritage 3. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization town Protection 4. The problems with the renovation of old buildings (Zhaoxing/Tang’an 5. The Building of Village Hotel and Family Museum Should follow Certain Criterions /Xiage) 6. The Lack of Funds 7. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation 2. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Sanbao Village 3. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Cultural Heritage 4. The Lack of Funds Protection 5. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

The Problems with Cultural Heritage Protection and the Impact of Tourism on Cultural Heritage Protectioncontinued Project Theme Project Site Problems and Risks 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Shidong (Tangba) 3. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Miao Cultural 4. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Heritage Protection 5. The Building of Village Hotel and Family Museum Should follow Certain Criterions 6. The Lack of Funds 7. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villager Participation 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Sanmentang Cultural Ethnic 3. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals Heritage Protection Minority 4. The Lack of Funds Cultural 5. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities Heritage 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villagers Participation Protection 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection village and Buyi Cultural and 3. The Lack of Protection of the Ethnic Handicrafts, Traditional Skills, Music, Dances, Songs and Rituals town Natural Heritage 4. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection (Nachan) 5. The problems with the renovation of old buildings 6. The Lack of Funds 7. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villagers Participation 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Jiuzhou Ancient Town 3. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection 4. The problems with the renovation of old buildings

5. The Lack of Funds 6. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

The Problems with Cultural Heritage Protection and the Impact of Tourism on Cultural Heritage Protectioncontinued

Project Theme Project Site Problems and Risks 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villagers Participation 2. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Longli Ancient Town 3. The problems with the renovation of old buildings Protection 4. The Lack of Funds 5. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities Ethnic 1. The Lack of Community Participation and Villagers Participation Minority 2. Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Cultural 3. The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Heritage Tianlong Ancient 4. The problems with the renovation of old buildings Protection Town Protection 5. The Lack of Funds village and 6. The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities town

1.The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Jiuzhou Ancient Town 2.The problems with the renovation of old buildings Protectiontunpu 3.The Lack of Funds 4.The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

The Problems with Cultural Heritage Protection and the Impact of Tourism on Cultural Heritage Protectioncontinued Project Theme Project Site Problems and Risks Shanmu River Cultural and Natural Heritage 1.The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection Guanling National 1.The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Natural Geo-Park Heritage and Scenic Site Wangfeng Lin 2.The Great Risk of Over Commercialization Protection and National Scenic Area Development 1.The Lack of Community Participation and Villagers Participation 2.Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection Dingxiao Geo-Park 3.The Great Risk of Over Commercialization 4.The Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

Problems and risks that may harm the effect of the development plan can be summarized as the following factors.

5.5.1 Lack of Community Participation and Villager-Participation

The beneficiaries of the cultural heritage should be the local ethnic minorities. They should also become the main participants involved in the projects. However, it is discovered that, on the one hand, ethnic minorities lack adequate participation and involvement into the project; while on the other hand, the government tries to control every step of project design. Grass- root organizations and village committees should be allowed to participate in project arrangement and implementation in greater extent. Opinions and voiced from the community should be taken into serious consideration.

Box5.8 Case Studies 8

Shidong: In Pianzhai village, the organizations of Zhailaos (headmen) will participate in the administrative work of tourism during the Sisters’ Festival every year. In 2005, supported and guided by the village committee, the name “Zhailaos’ Association” appears on the printed files during festival time. During the Sisters’ Festival of 2007, Zhailaos of Tangba village discussed the issue of parking charges.

5.5.2 Inadequate Understanding on the Issue of Cultural Heritage Protection

Generally speaking, government, enterprises and villagers haven’t realized the urgent need to protect cultural heritage. For some of them, the only concerns are making money in the name of “cultural heritage protection”. For others, although they support cultural heritage protection, their basic concerns are only on the forms, instead of the core contents of the culture. Project management officials should try to increase villagers’ understanding of the importance and urgency of heritage protection. They should try to build cultural confidence among the villagers, evoking their deep emotional ties to the local culture. Government should encourage young people to learn traditional arts and handicraft skills. Moreover, it should prepare them with adequate knowledge and skills to participate in the World Bank projects.

5.5.3 Lack of Protection of Ethnic Handicrafts, Folk Arts, Traditional Skills, and Rituals

We find that protection of the cultural heritage is not adequate, especially for ethnic handicrafts (e.g. batik, embroidery and weaving crafts), traditional skills (e.g. techniques of silver jewelries making, paper making and wine making), folk music, dances and rituals. Many craft people left their hometown to seek market opportunities in cities. Young people are not interested in learning the traditional crafts. Even the ways to pass down the crafts are much changed. The matter of teaching and learning traditional skills has become a matter of money. Box 5.9 Case Studies 9

Shidong: Although women all know how to embroider, for the majority of them, their skills are simple. Today very few people the sophisticated patterns of the traditional embroideries. Many old women feel pitiful for the current situation.

5.5.4 The Great Risk of Over Commercialization

Over commercialization poses great risks for cultural heritage protection in villages. In Langde village, the traditional rituals are practiced everyday as a part of the performance shown to visitors. In the past, these rituals are practiced on at certain time, but now they have become the tools for making money and gradually lose its significance in their cultural system. In Down Nahui Village, the aim of the project is to restore traditional Buyi houses. However, now many newly built houses are constructed by bricks and other materials in conflict with traditions, some of which are even wrapped up with ceramic tiles. These cases indicate that over commercialization will do numerous harms to local cultures. Box 5.10 Case Studies 10

In 2005, the government of Liping County signed a contract with a tourism company, authorizing the company the monopoly to run business and develop tourism in Zhaoxing for 50 years. The company’s hotels have replaced the home hotels of local residents. The company has seized the lands of local villagers. Local people’s rights and interests are greatly impaired by the company. Tensions between local people and the company are getting more and more severe.

5.5.5 The problems with the renovation of old buildings

In Shidong, extant historical buildings are hybrids of Han and Miao architectures. The major architectural style of these buildings is much influenced by Han culture. Therefore it is not appropriate to use the old buildings as museums of Miao culture. It is inappropriate to renovate the buildings without referring to relevant laws and regulation and without the knowledge of the local culture and history. Renovation should be carried out carefully under the principle of culture protection. Otherwise, it will arouse discontentment among local residents.

Box 5.11 Case Studies 11 Ms. Shi Haiyan, a resident of Sanbao village: Drum towers, flower bridges, Dong songs, Samas and Niangmeis are all Dong cultures. People and old houses also belong to Dong cultures. We don’t have a museum in our village currently. In my opinion, old houses are best museums. If the World Bank projects are to renovate the old houses, I will be very delighted. Yet I have a suggestion for the renovation. After the house is renovated, we, the residents of the old houses, should not be forced out. We should continue live in the houses because our residence in the houses is the best means of promotion and protection.

5.5.6 The Building of Village Hotel and Family Museum Should follow Certain Criteria

Currently, the development of tourism has benefited a part of the population, but still a number of local villagers do not benefit much from tourism. According to a villager, although more and more tourists come to visit the village, he feels tourism has nothing to do with himself because he has not earn a penny from the blooming tourism. Besides, more functions should be added to village hotels, especially the function to protect cultural heritage. The European family museum is a good example to follow.

Box 5.12 Case Studies 12

Family museums in Xijiang a-thousand-household Miao village: Xijiang village is the only one site in World Bank projects that involve the building of family museums. The Xijiang Miao Culture museum is one branch of the China Ethnic Musuem. It is the first village-based museum of Miao culture in China. In the past 4 years, the museum has organized 21 exhibitions. Aided by the museum, villagers have formed various grassroots organizations including chorus team, Lusheng team, embroidering center and weaving center. During traditional festivals, the museums usually hold various kinds of performances. The museum has played an important part to protect the local culture.

5.5.7 Lack of Funding

The lack of funds is a negative factor that limits the development of local economy. Without adequate funds, the protection of cultural heritage can hardly be effective. For the majority of the villagers, the shortage of funds has become the bottleneck of further development. Box 5.13 Case Studies 13 Song Meifen, embroidery master in Xijiang: In the past, every woman can do embroidery. Yet In the 1980s, many abandoned this craft and left the village to seek a living in the city. Of course I want to make money from my embroidery works, but I don’t have enough money. I even cannot return the money I borrow from the credit cooperatives. If the World Bank can offer small loans to me, I will be very glad to join the embroidery cooperative.

5.5.8 Inadequacy of Villagers’ Capacities

In the protection work of cultural heritage, the capacity building for the villagers is very urgent and essential. We should increase the basic understanding of human development among villagers. Providing training to villagers, especially women and children, is very important in the protection project.

Box 5.14 Case Studies 14

Shi Guichang, resident of Zengchong Village: In order to protect ethnic culture, we should first train of trainers . Then we can pass on our culture and customs through these local teachers. Without adequate teachers, culture heritage will soon get lost.

Box 5.15 Case Studies 15

Yang Shuiqiong, the match and music teacher of Chejiang Central School, Sanbao Village, elaborated on the difficulties and challenges faced by his village:

Now I think the cultural tradition of Dong songs is struggling on the verge of extinction. Mostly, the married men and women in our village know how to sing Dong songs. Yet people aged from 18-30 know very little about Dong songs. The main cause for this is that now people no longer sing them any more. The young are “modernized” and leave our village to seek job opportunities in cities. Only old people are passionate about Dong songs. Now my school has had courses of Dong songs ever since 1987. Now 160 students are learning Dong songs in our class. Among the 160 students, there are 60 men and 100 women.

6 Suggestions and Social Action Plans

6.1 Suggestions for Project Design

6.1.1 Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (Investments in villages and ancient towns)

Infrastructure: (a) Make them appropriate for rural villages; (b) Be affordable by communities and absorb villagers into construction as inclusively as possible; (c) Systems should have low operating costs, and are within the capabilities of communities to maintain; (d) Ensure that the selected infrastructure option be the least cost alternative.

For instance: (a) Provision of vehicular access inside minority villages should be minimal; (b) Concrete or asphalt paving is not appropriate for roads and footpaths inside villages; paving should be of local materials; (c) Pedestrian ways of 1.2 m to 1.5 m are adequate; (d) Transporting water long distances (5 km-6 km) to serve minority villages is an expensive option; other lesser cost options such as springs and wells, should be considered. (e) Provision should not be made for garbage trucks for villages; they are not able to operate and maintain garbage trucks.

Traditional architecture and housing rehabilitation: (a) Base it on traditional patterns and use traditional materials; (b) Safety and aesthetics should be taken into consideration during building-renovations, such as electricity wiring, sanitary improvement, heating, water- proofing and wind-proofing.

Intangible cultural heritage protection: (a) Ensure sufficient participation into identifying, priority sorting, interpretation, and protection, through community-based methodology; (b) Invigorate community’s understanding and recognition of the value and significance of their cultural heritage, especially as a potential way to mitigate poverty; (c) Establish the subjective position of natives in cultural heritage protection; (d) Encourage the young to inherit and engage in development of traditional crafts and arts, and in turn participate in tourism; (e) Reduce possible risks of large-scale commercialization and market profiting.

6.1.2 Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development

Design of new construction should be in consistence with traditional indigenous styles, including details, qualities, and match in materials and colours. Ensure that the new buildings echo surrounding atmosphere and vision. Reduce possible interferences of new buildings, especially those modern facilities for leisure and entertainment into historical villages and natural environment.

6.1.3 Gateway Town Facilities

In museums, information centres, and cultural exhibition centres, special attention should be paid to the objects and components of cultural heritage protection and inheritance, instead of construction scale. Avoid possible adverse impacts of commercialization on ethnic cultural development, and adopt moderate commercialization strategies.

6.1.4 Capacity Building Support and Project Implementation Support

Carry out detailed implementation plans of community participation: Guarantee natives’ participation and monitoring, especially through institutional designs, such as the

establishment of project implementation committee and project monitoring group at community level, and specific regulations such as interest-allocation.

6.2 Actions to Protect Cultural Heritage

6.2.1 Safeguard the Interests of Minority Villages and Prevent from Over- Commercialization

There is much interest from public and private companies from Guizhou, and neighboring provinces to commercialize tourism in minority villages. As commercialization is driven by profit motives, interests of the minority villages are not always protected or well served. Frequently, gullible village communities enter into agreements that provide little in the way of income or employment opportunities to villagers in minority villages. Additionally, inappropriate tourism investments (i.e., theme parks) are likely to destroy the cultural heritage. The Provincial Government should develop the guidelines and regulations as soon as possible to protect the minority villages and assure that they reap the benefits from the cultural heritage assts that belongs to them. All proposed commercial activities would: (i) conform to the list of approved commercial activities; (ii) require agreement with the Village Tourism Associations; (iii) conform to design and construction guidelines for minority villages; and (iv) building construction permits by the Village Committees and County Governments, in the construction of structures.

6.2.2 Income Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Minority Villages

It is indicated that more actions should be included in the project to ensure income enhancement in minority communities through additional inputs for intangible heritage preservation and promotion. It is recommended that a start be made in Qian Dongnan Prefecture through an intensive effort to improve incomes of ethnic minority communities by incorporating the actions listed below. Depending on the success of this pilot, the program may be expanded to other communities: z Intensive Skills Transfer. Most villagers have ‘masters’ who possess skills and knowledge about intangible cultural heritage (embroidery, dyeing, silver works, tin works, songs, dances, stories, etc.). The skills transfer could include: (i) use of masters to provide training to interested young people in the village; (ii) organizing a series of regular short-duration formal training programs for interested persons along with hands- on training; and (iii) production of books, brochures, and CDs of the various ethnic arts, crafts, songs, stories and oral pass-on, etc . This may involve creating space for an arts and crafts workshop with an attached outlet that could sell handicraft items, recordings of folk songs (CDs), brochures, etc. The project could support the fee payments to masters, and all costs of board, lodging and logistics of trainees who commit to complete the formal training. Prospective trainees would be screened to ensure that they have real interest in using the skills. z Creation of Facilities. The facilities would be equipped with the necessary equipment and tools to provide hands-on training, and possibly some space for trainees who wish to start their own businesses. It would give visitors to witness real life production of arts and crafts. z Craft and Performance Associations. The status of producers of arts and crafts could be strengthened by organizing themselves into associations that are better able to: (i) represent the interests of the communities; (ii) jointly set prices for arts and crafts, and negotiate prices to reduce exploitation; and (iii) procure the raw materials at wholesale prices for their members. Cooperatives are ideal organizations for this purpose, which

would enable expansion of production, and create an organization that would organize production based on demand, negotiate product prices, market products on behalf of the village. z Information Dissemination on Products, Markets and Quality. The project could provide an expert(s) with good knowledge of metropolitan and international cultural heritage markets, on product variations and quality improvements that could increase sales, demand for fast-selling products, etc. The intention would be to provide information only to minority villages; not new designs or change traditions. The information may be used by villages to plan their activities. The project could finance cost of such experts. z Market Development Support. Efforts should be made to reduce the exploitation by middlemen and retain more income with the people who make the products. The project could support the costs of an individual, company or university that could help in marketing through: improved product advertising, negotiations with wholesalers, domestic and foreign buyers, developing contacts with established organizations dedicated to poverty alleviation (e.g., Oxfam, etc.). Local companies or university organizations actively engaged in minority community development may be appropriate candidates for such activities. z Organization of Events/Festivals. As a way to generate interest, encourage visitors to experience cultural heritage, and generate revenues to communities, the Tourism Bureau should consider organizing special events or festivals around special specific events in minority villages. The project could finance some costs associated with organizing and promoting such events.

6.3 Actions to Benefit Indigenous Peoples

6.3.1 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection

There are 7 project components in the 22 sites of Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (in villages and ancient towns): (a) rehabilitation and protection of unique historic buildings; (b) rehabilitation of traditional government-owned public buildings; (c) pilot rehabilitation of traditional private houses; (d) development of cultural and visitor centres; (e) support for intangible cultural heritage protection; (f) investments in infrastructure (roads, solid waste, wastewater/sanitation, etc.); and (g) small loans program (non-bank financing). Actions to benefit Indigenous Peoples have been designed into these components. It is therefore indicated that actions are to be taken to “ensure that Indigenous Peoples affected by the project receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits”.

Table 6.1 Project Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection Project Site Relevant Project Actions a building to house the Miao cultural center; the Lushenping Basha Miao Village Cultural Heritage performance site; Rehabilitation of traditional architecture; Protection small loans program Xiaohuang Dong Cultural Heritage Rehabilitation of traditional architecture; a building to house Protection the Dong cultural center; small loans program Zengchong Dong Cultural Heritage restoration of traditional Dong houses; a building to house Protection the Dong cultural center; small loans program Danzhai Shiqiao Ancient Handmade construction of 11 new traditional workshops for handmade Paper Protection Project paper; a tourist service center; small loans program Jianhe Miao Minority Cultural restoration of 30 privately-owned houses with traditional

Project Site Relevant Project Actions Heritage ProtectionZhanliuWu architecture; construction of a 500 m2 building to house tin Bao embroidery culture station, embroidery training center and administrative office; 500 person-hours of training on embroidery and other crafts provided by village elders ; small loans program Balla River (Kaili) Miao Cultural Rehabilitation of traditional architecture; ethnic cultural Heritage museum; a tourist service center; small loans program ProtectionJidao/Huaienbao/Nanhua Rehabilitation of traditional architecturerestoration of the Langde Upper Village Miao Cultural Yang Da Lou house museuminformation center and Heritage display roomLushen instrument playing, dancing and environmental cleaningsmall loans program Rehabilitation of traditional architecturetourist information Xijiang Village Miao Cultural centertraining for tour guides cookingreceptionsilver Protection embroidery traditional art making and craftwine studio small loans program Rehabilitation of traditional architecturethree Qing Shidong Miao Ethnic Cultural Heritage Dynasty houses, Zhang house club; merchants guild Protection complex; and one Liu family temple; an exhibition center of Miao ethnic arts and crafts restoration of 300-year old Liu and Wang family templesrestoration of 28 ancient residential Sanmentang Cultural Heritage housesSanmentang Minority Cultural Preservation Protection Management Buildingpurchase and installation of management and preservation facilities for ethnic culture and relicssmall loans program protection of drum towers and bridgesIntangible heritage Zhaoxing Dong Cultural Heritage protection through training in cultural performances; ethnic ProtectionZhaoxing/ Tang’an/ handicraft development (silver, costumes, jewelry, etc.); and Xiage tourist service center; small loan program rehabilitation of 50 priority residences, Dong performing site (no stage), drum tower, Sama Temple, female god temple, Dong opera stage, and water wheel; establishment of Dong minority culture and eco (living) museuma cultural Sanbao Dong Minority Village center and visitor information center; space in the Laing Mei residence for weaving, knitting, and embroidery display and demonstration; establishment of a Dong minority interactive-experience street, Miao King Temple; small loan program reconstruction of two dilapidated abandoned houses, with Buyi style facades and modern internal improvements to serve as guest housesfees/honoraria to senior Buyi people Nachan Buyi Cultural to teach singing, dancing and use of the eight-tone Heritage Protection traditional musical instruments, and conducting festivals and worship rituals;small loan programestablishment of a Buyi cultural centersmall loan program Rehabilitation of traditional Tungpu Cultural Heritage architecture;museumCultural Heritage Protection ProtectionJiuzhou program Longli Old town Rehabilitation of traditional architecture; protection of Rehabilitation historical architecture; Cultural Heritage Protection program Jiuzhou Ancient Town Rehabilitation of traditional architecture; Cultural Heritage Protection Protection program

These sub-projects all benefit indigenous peoples directly or indirectly. Villagers have expressed their support during free, prior, informed consultation. Meanwhile, these sub- projects are capable of improving villagers’ life. To ensure ethic minorities fully participate

and management the project and enhance the villagers’ “ownership” awareness to become the undertakers of project implementation, an Operation Manual for Community Participation has been prepared and will be adapted in the project implementation.

6.3.2 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development

On the basis of the consultation with local ethic minorities groups and the other stakeholders, Project Actions relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development are considered by design scheme.

Table 6.2 Project Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development

Project Site Relevant Project Actions

Dingxiao Geo-Park Training programa tourist service center

Wangfenglin National Scenic Rehabilitation of traditional architecture new construction of a Area: Lower Nahui Village Buyi Cultural Centersmall loan program

6.3.3 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Gateway Town Facilities

There are one provincial and three counties involved in Gateway Town Facilities, and the components contain design to protect and display indigenous cultures, and also benefit indigenous peoples.

6.3.4 Actions Relevant to Indigenous Peoples in Capacity Building project

Capacity Building Support and Project Implementation Support includes project management and monitoring, support for community participation, training on the protection and development of culture. It is favorable for indigenous peoples’ participation and cultural heritage protection. Detailed training plans and budgets are designed in an Operation Manual for Community ParticipationOMCP.

7 Assessment on the Need of a Separate IPP It is defined in OP4.10 whether a separate IPP is in need or not. “When Indigenous Peoples are the sole or the overwhelming majority of direct project beneficiaries, the elements of an IPP should be included in the overall project design, and a separate IPP is not required. In such cases, the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) includes a brief summary of how the project compiles with the policy, in particular the IPP requirements.” (OP4.10, paragraph 12)

In light of this, a total of 23 project sites meet the IPP requirements, and in those sites, the indigenous population is the majority. An Operation Manual for Community Participation which includes participation mechanisms and procedure of minority people in project planning, preparation and implementation.

7.1 Assessment Criteria

Three assessment criteria are followed, in line with the IPP requirements, to identify whether or not the elements of an IPP have been included in the overall project design. z Indigenous Peoples Consultation and Participation: include free, prior and informed consultation, and community participation and monitoring in project implementation; z Project Actions to Benefit Indigenous Peoples: ensure that Indigenous Peoples affected by the project receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits; z Actions to mitigate the negative impacts: Ensure that when potential adverse effects, in particular, land acquisition and house demolition, risks of undue commercial development, are avoided, minimized, mitigated, or compensated.

7.2 Assessment on each project category

The majority of the project beneficiaries belong to indigenous peoples (ethnic minority groups), and it is identified that 23 subprojects including 21 of Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection (in villages and ancient towns) and 2 of Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development apply to the OP4.10.The analysis and assessment on these 23 subprojects and the outputs are presented as below.

7.2.1 Ethnic Minority Cultural Heritage Protection( in villages and towns )

The category project will be implemented in 18 villages and 4 ancient towns, on the basis of the identification results presented in chapter 2.2 , only Tianbo is Han group and others meet the OP 4.10 criteria. Using CBD MODEL, an operation manual for community participation (OMCP) including project implementation and management procedure are prepared and endorsed by GPMO to ensure the project will be fully participated and managed by villagers themselves and results of obtaining the direct benefits from the project. See table 7.1 summarize the ethic minorities’ participation process.

The Operation Manual for Community Participation serves as the guide to implement the Project at village level, for the officers of project offices at provincial, state and county levels, the project implementing organizations in the covered villages (village committees, community project management teams, villager supervision teams, and villager organizations participating in the project implementation) and the staff of consulting companies involved in the project implementation. Volunteers or members of other non-governmental organizations interested in the projects shall also follow the rules and regulations specified in this Manual while participating in the project implementation.

The Community Manuals, is closely related to Indigenous Peoples consultation and participation, will be applied at villages’ project. For village-level projects, CBD (community-based development) pattern emphasizes on the dominant role of project

offices at each levels in capital management and acquisition management, yet the local communities have their own rights to make decisions in the whole process of project appraising, choosing, designing and implementing, including: z Construction projects will be carried out mainly through community-funded or community participation; z Intangible culture heritage protection projects may be implemented by communities autonomously with prior approval to their project plan. z The community may modify the project implementation through villager representatives’ meetings according to actual needs and public wills, while maintaining the whole project content and total fund amount unchanged. z The property rights of constructed public infrastructures in a community reside to the community. The community shall establish regulations for managing and maintaining these infrastructures. z A certain amount of small loans are granted to support intangible cultural heritage protection and community development.

Except the Longli subproject, the other culture heritage protection projects may not results of land acquisition and house demolition because the land will be obtain by the adjustment by villagers’ donation( or adjustment within the village voluntary) , the detailed land use procedures are formulated in resettlement framework.

So, for these kinds of projects, OMCP is a part of project design , and almost covers the main contents of IPP, therefore no separate IPPs are prepared.

Table 7.1 Participation of Ethnic Minorities

Participation Content Ways to Participate Participants Organization in Charge Representatives of villagers form “village-based team”, 1.Community/ village 1.Community Office of the project, supervision team and mutual aid organization such as Peasants’ congress 2.Land and property owner of the land and Village Project Association, Mutual Aid Team for Paper-making. These 2.Community/village Owners affected the property, village Organization organizations should absorb villagers as many as possible. representative congress project committee, village-based Project team should be elected by villagers. 3.Village-based group 3.The Office of the project group conference Project 4.Village Committee. As soon as the organizations are established, the villagers should 1.Training conference 1.members of the village- Organizational receive some training to increase their capacities. Trainings 2.Community/villagers based project Capacity should be carried out to acquaint the participants with certain congress 2.land and property owner Building positions. 3.Office of the project

1. villagers should have the right to choose their preferred sub- 1.Community/Village 1.participants including Office of the project, project. Congress household in poverty, owner of the land and 2.Designing the measures to carry out the project. 2.Community/villagers women and old men property, village 3.Evaluating the occupations and demands that will be provided Representative Congress 2. Owners of the land and committee, village-based by the project. 3.Village-based project property project group Measures 4.Evaluating the basic criterion to enroll participants. Special conference 3. Project team attention should be given to poor households, women, old men, 4.The building of the immigrants and ethnic minorities. participation project 5.Regulating the payment standards for all occupations 6.Providing technical trainings and security trainings 7.Improving the participating project. 1.Supervising the participating project. The extent of Regular Check by the Project Office of the Project and Village Committee, participation, the standards of salaries are all issues that should Office supervising team Village-based project Supervision not be neglected. team 2.The evaluation of the restoration of the villager’s living and Feedback standards. 3.Establishing feedback mechanism. Feedback during the participation into the project should be taken into serious consideration.

4.Evaluating whether the carry-out of the project is smooth

1.After the project is finished, the contents and the demands of 1.Community/Village 1.Owners of land and Community and village the occupations should be confirmed. For those positions that Congress property Committee, village based don’t need special skills, marginal groups such as old people and 2.Community/villagers 2.Village-based project project team Administration women should be given priority. Representative Congress group 2.The project team should discuss the plan with the villagers. Village-based project 3.Establishing supervising mechanism, supervising the work of conference the project team

7.2.2 Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development

According to the results of the identification of Indigenous Peoples in Natural Heritage and Scenic Site Protection and Development project (Chapter 2.2), Wangfenglin and Dingxiao National Scenic Areas may involve ethic minorities, and meet the OP 4.10 requirements, because they have their own traditional cultures, ethnic languages as well as habitats.

Observably, villagers in Natural Heritage and Scenic Site may benefit from the tourism income and jobs opportunities in both project implementation and operation. And resettlement survey shows that the project plans to use the state-owned land no results of land acquisition and house demolition impact. Chapter 6.3.2 shows the two Project Actions relevant to Indigenous Peoples are considered by design scheme, such as small loan project and training plan, so separate IPPs are not required.

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