Parishodh Journal ISSN NO:2347-6648

HISTORY OF COAL MINING OF RANIGANJ- AREA AND PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

*BIMAN PATRA, **SAMRAT MAL

*ASSISTANT TEACHER OF HISTORY, GUMRA CBA HIGH SCHOOL, PURULIA.

**GUEST LECTURER OF EDUCATION OF KASHIPUR M.M MAHAVIDYALAYA, PURULIA

ABSTRACT

Raniganj and Jharia are coal mine areas of eastern part of India. Raniganj area situated at west Bardhaman district of West Bengal. The area bounded between latitude 23⁰25′N to 23⁰55′N and longitude 86⁰45′E to 87⁰25′E. Jharia area situated at district of Jharkhand. The area bounded between latitude 23⁰42′N to 23⁰49′N and longitude 86⁰08′E to 86⁰19′E. The early history of coal mining in India traced back to 1774 when collector of Chotonagpur, Grant Hitley discovered coal in Raniganj area. He with Mr. Jhon Sumner applied for license to the Governor General of East India Company to done mining activity in Raniganj area. In the same year the Sumner-Hitley firm opened the first coal mine near Sitarampur. The big agency houses of Calcutta involve in mining activity in Raniganj area from 1820. Messer’s Alexandar and Company first involved in coal mining industry. After that various private companies had done mining activity in Raniganj area since Independence. In Jharia area first mining activity started from 1894. After Independence the govt. of India nationalized coal sector in 1974. ECL (Eastern coal field ltd.) and BCCL (Bharat cooking coal ltd.) are the two major public sector companies involving in coal mining of the areas after nationalization of coal field. Illegal coalmining also does simultaneously by local peoples, syndicates of local peoples and mafias on the areas. These two types of mining activity put tremendous pressure on environment and human society of these areas. The present paper focused on the history of coal mine in Raniganj-Jharia area and total environmental degradation of the aforesaid areas and its effect on human society of the areas.

Key words: Coal, Mining, Involved, industry, Environment, society

INTRODUCTION:

Coal is the huge source of energy for human need. It is fossil fuels which available throughout the world. So it is called as ‘Black Diamond’. Coal is sedimentary rock. The primary composition of coal is carbon with secondary composition- hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and

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nitrogen.[1] There are four types of coal available throughout the globe. They are- peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. The classification does on the basis of carbon composition. Coal is a fossil fuel that forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat by high temperature and pressure throughout the years.[2] Peat converted into lignite coal. After that lignite transforms into bituminous coal and lastly anthracite. This geological and biological process takes place over millions of year. Anthracite is the most valuable coal in which the carbon content between 92- 98%. Anthracite coal is used for mainly in power generation and it is basically used in metallurgy sector. Bituminous coal is less valuable than anthracite coal. The carbon content of bituminous coal is around 60-80%. It is used both thermal and metallurgy sector. Lignite often referred to as brown coal and considered as lowest rank of coal due its low heat content. The carbon content of lignite coal is around 60-70%. Basically it is used in thermal sector for produces electricity. Peat is low grade coal. It is the first step of geological formation of coal. Carbon content of peat coal is less than 60%. It is used for cooking and heating in rural area.[3] USA, India, China, Australia, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea have large source of coal. India has fifth largest coal reserves in the world. India is a big preserver of lignite coal. The estimated total reserves of lignite coal as on 31 March 2017 was 44.70 billion metric ton.[4] In India coal deposits basically found in the eastern part and south -central part. Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhyapradesh, Telengana, and Maharashtra are famous for coal reserved in India. 98.20% of the total reserved in the states. Apart from that Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Bihar, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh have little reserved of coal in India. The major coal fields in India are- Raniganj coal field in West Bardhaman district of West Bengal, Jharia coal field in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand, Korba coal field in Korba district of Chhattisgarh, Talcher in Angul district of Odisha, Singareni collieries in Bhadradi district of Telengana, Nagpur and Chandrapura coal field of Maharastra, Neyvelli lignite mines in Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu, Singrauli coal field and Umaria coal field in Madhyapradesh.[5] The present paper focused on history of coal mining in Raniganj coal field area of West Bengal and Jharia coal field of Jharkhand and environmental degradation of the area due to mining and its effect on human society. Raniganj coal field area situated in and Durgapur subdivision of west Bardhaman district of West Bengal, 125k.m. away from State Capital . The area bounded between latitude 23⁰25′N to 23⁰55′N and longitude 86⁰45′E to 87⁰25′E. The total area of Raniganj coal field is near about 443sq.km. Jharia area situated at Dhanbad district of Jharkhand. The coal field area is nearby Dhanbad town and 160k.m.away from State Capital Ranchi. The area bounded between latitude 23⁰42′N to 23⁰49′N and longitude 86⁰08′E to 86⁰19′E. The total area of Jharia coal field is near about 280sq.km. Raniganj coal field is famous for low quality lignite coal which is a non-cooking coal. It is used in thermal sector for produced electricity. Jharia coal field is famous for good quality bituminous coal which is a cooking coal. It is used in metallurgy sector. Raniganj area has long history of coal mining starting from 1774 when collector of Chotonagpur, Grant Hitley discovered coal in Raniganj area. Grant Hitley and Mr. Jhon Sumner applied for license to the Governor General of East India Company to done mining activity in Raniganj area. In the same year the Sumner-

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Hitley firm opened the first coal mine near Sitarampur.[6] The big agency houses of Calcutta involved in coal mining from 1820. Messer’s Alexandar and Company first involved in the business. Erikson and company, Carr Tagore and Company, Messer’s Gilmore, Homfray and Company, Messer’s Jesop and company and many others private company involved in coal mining at Raniganj since independence.[7] In Jharia area first mining activity started from 1894. But the monopoly of coal trade lay in the hand of European companies. The first Indians to arrive and break monopoly of British in coal mining were Gujrati railway contractors from Kutch.[8] In jharia area Seth Khora Ramji Chawda, an Indian businessman, purchased two collieries. After Independence the govt. of India nationalized coal sector in the year 1974. ECL (Eastern coal field ltd.) and BCCL (Bharat cooking coal ltd.) are the two major public sector companies involving in coal mining of the areas after nationalization of coal field. Illegal coalmining also have done simultaneously by local peoples, syndicates of local peoples and mafias on the areas. The legal and illegal coal mining put tremendous pressure on environment and society of the area.[9] The effect of mining on ground water level, silting of surrounding water bodies and land are also a great concern. The burning of coal releases harmful substances such as Sulphar dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Sound pollution is a common feature in Raniganj-Jharia coal area. Climatic change can easily visible on those areas. Acid mine drainage, lack of drinking water, pollution and deforestation are common features of the regions. Land slide and underground fire create phobia among common people. Due to land slide, underground fire, lack of drinking water, lack of cultivation land, thousands of peoples migrated to the Asansol-Raniganj-Dhanbad city area. It is also cause of rapid urbanization of those areas. The mining activityeffects on public health too.[10] It is very essential to know the historicity of coal mining in Raniganj-Jharia area and the adverse impact of mining in eco system as well as on human society.

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of the study are-

(1) To know the historical back ground of coal mining in Raniganj-Jharia area.

(2) To know the impact of coal mining in environment as well as human society.

METHODOLOGY:

To done the study various primary and secondary sources used. Primary data collected as from of oral interview with the people of the study area. Secondary data collected from books, articles, internet sources and newspaper cutting. Historical method, field survey method and observational method used to done the study.

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STUDY AREA:

Raniganj and Jharia are two major coal mine areas of eastern part of India. Raniganj area situated at Asansol-Durgapur subdivision of west Bardhaman district of West Bengal, 125k.m. away from State Capital Kolkata. The whole area lies in the bank of Damodar River. The area bounded between latitude 23⁰25′N to 23⁰55′N and longitude 86⁰45′E to 87⁰25′E. Jharia area situated at Dhanbad district of Jharkhand. The area bounded between latitude 23⁰42′N to 23⁰49′N and longitude 86⁰08′E to 86⁰19′E. The coal field area is nearby Dhanbad town and 160k.m.away from State Capital Ranchi.

HISTORY OF COAL MINING OF RANIGANJ-JHARIA COAL FIELD:

Coal is very important fossil fuel for human society. Coal produces a highest source of energy. Many people believed that coal used by ancient Indian people but there were no such references in any ancient Indian text which showed the use of coal. Kautilya in his book ‘Arthasastra’ mentioned different types of minerals but can’t mentioned coal. Some scholar have mentioned the name of some places, rivers, like ‘Kali Pahari’ (mound of coal), Damodor(fire in its bailey) or Barakar(big mines area) to suggests their linkage with coal.[11] These names are not so much ancient which suggests that coal known to the ancient Indian people. The early history of coal mining in India as well Raniganj coal field may be traced back to 1774, when collector of Chotonagpur and Palamu, Grant Hitley first discovered coal in Raniganj area. He along with Mr. Jhon Sumner applied for permission to the governor general of East India Company for done mining activity in Raniganj area. They got license to done the mining activity. In the same year Messer’s Sumner and Hitley firm opened their first coal mine near Sitarampur.[12] The Sumner and Hitley firm opened six mines at that time. Out of six there were three at Aituria, Chinacury and damuria and other three were at west of near barakar.[13] Several thousand coals extracted from the mines. In the year 1975 a total amount of 2500 maunds were delivered to the British government. Coal of Hitley and Sumner firm rejected because it is very low quality coal, it burns quickly and it destroyed the Iron. The coal returned to the Hitley’s firm.[14] After a long time, in 1804 an officer of a Regiment discovered coal in Burdwan district. They discussed with Major General Hardwicke about their discovery. After a long series of examination, English authority viewed that Indian coal is not good as English coal is. Every time the authorities examined surface coal, not deep ground level coal. At that time east India Company imported coal from Britain. Napoleonic warfare and Continental system applied by Napoleon upon England changed the scenario. The British maritime trade very much hampered by continental system. The British coal merchants were much afraid of losing profit in coal export business to India. So East India Company authority thinks to re-examine Indian coal, which may be substitute for English coal. In 1814, Governor General Lord Moira and other officials of company appointed Rupert William Jones to examine the quality of Indian coal and coal areas of Bengal. Rupert William Jones got lease of land from Rani of Burdwan for his exploration.[15] Mr. Jones experimented at the depth

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of 39 feet under the ground in a long time. At last him and company officials came to understand that Indian coal is as better as English coal. He also opened a mine at Egara village near Raniganj. He also did his mining activity on abandoned mines of Mr. Heatly. Mr. Jones got Rs 40,000 in advance from Company for his mining activity. He got 133 bighas Patta from Rani of Burdwan. Raniganj emerged as a coal mine area of east part of India.[16] Jones achieved success in transported coal to Calcutta. He made some boats and use of River Damodor sent the coal to Calcutta. The coal unloaded at Amtah Ghat. From 1818-20 there are 71,000 maunds coal send to Calcutta.[17] The river transportation is very hazardous because it is depends on only water level of Damodor. In 1820 a big agency house of Calcutta, Messer’s Alexandar and Company got the lease of Mr. Rupert Jones and continued their mining activity in Raniganj area.[18] The company already involved into Banking, Indigo cultivation and Shipping. Another company Messer’s Jessop and company started mining in Narayankuri and Damulia in 1824. At a time Damulia coal mine area was in the hand of Heatly and Sumner firm. They closed the mines in 1815. Jessop and company bought the Damulia coal field. Mr. Bates bought the property of Heatly at Chinakuri and again started in 1823. Alexandar and company sold their all property of coal business in 1832. The proprieties of Alexandar and company bought by Prince Dwarakanath Tagore, the grandfather of famous Rabindranath Tagore. He joined with a british as a partner and formed Carr, Tagore and company.[19] The Company purchased Chinakuri coal mine in 1837. Messer’s Jessop and Company sold their all property of Narayankuri and Damulia. The mine area of Narayankuri and Damulia buy by Messer’s Gilmore, Homfray and company in 1939. At that time another private company entered in coal business, Messer’s Erskine and Company. They started mining activity near Mangalpore of Raniganj. Coal send to Calcutta from Raniganj coal area 36,000 tons in 1839 and 91,500 tons in 1846. In 1843, Dwarakanath Tagore purchased the Gilmore, Homfray and Company. Carr, Tagore and company and Gilmore, Homfray and Company merged and formed Bengal Coal Company.[20] In 1844 the Bengal Coal Company employed 5000 persons and has 50,000 boats.[21]It is the largest coal company of Raniganj until nationalization of Coal field. Later it came under the management of Andrew Yule and Company. Many small private companies also involved in mining activity from 1835 in Raniganj coal area. Baboo Govinda Prasad Pandit opened six pit mines at Searsole. Erskine and Company opened a mine near Raghunathganj. Other Coal mining company of Raniganj were- Messer’s Apcar and company, messer’s Grob Durrshmiett and company, Beerbhum coal company, Barakar coal company, Messer’s Madhu Roy and Company, Barboni Coal company, Jagdish coal company, Old East India coal company etc.[22] In 1858, 1860 and 1868 the coal produced in Raniganj area were 293,000tons, 285,850 tons, and 459,000 tons. From 1850 the coal production growth rapidly because of East India Railway connected Raniganj to Howrah. The railway connectivity made easy of transportation of coal to Calcutta. On 3rd February, 1855 the East India Railways started rail service between Raniganj and Howrah. In the month of March, 1855 twenty six goods train which carried 187 ton coal reached Howrah to Ranigan.[23] The railways had also a huge demand for coal for their engines. The East India Railway opened their mines in Giridih of modern Jharkhand. From 1860 to 1890 four big companies were engaged in coal

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mining activities in Raniganj coal field, they are-The new Beerbhum Coal Company(1861), The Equitable Coal Company(1864), The Raneeganj Coal Company(1873), and The Barakar Coal Company. The Four Company and Bengal Coal Company produced 80% of the total production of coal in1890.The period is boom phase of coal industry of Raniganj.[24] An American Company Messer’s Apcar and Company joined in coal production in that phase. The Company opened their mines at Sitarampur, Lachipur and Barachuk. The other private companies in that phase are-The Boria Coal Company, Birds and Company, and South Barakar Coal Company etc. In 1881 there were 37 collieries in Raniganj Coal field. At the end o9f 1908 there were 274 collieries on that area.[25] Increase of collieries indicated the raising level of coal production in that phase. At the end of 19th century Jharia coal field produced good quality coal so the production in Raniganj area became less. At the time on the eve of the First World War or during the First World War increased demand of coal led to increased level of coal production. Some notable Indian like, Nibaran Chandra Sarkar, K.B.Seal involved in coal mining business. After 1920 coal production of Raniganj coal field became less because of global depression of 1929. Many coal companies closed down at that time. Their mines are never open again. Some Gujrati and Marwari businessman bought some collieries at that time. At the time of Second World War the demand of coal cited but production of coal in Raniganj area not increase due to shortage of man power and the socio-economic condition of the war. After Independence the govt. of India took some important steps in coal sector. Jharia coal field is the main center of bituminous coal in India, which generally used in making Iron. The coal field consists of 23 large underground and nine large open cast mines. The mining activities in these coal fields started in 1894. At early stage the monopoly of mining activity in Jharia area dominated by Europeans. A Gujrati railway contractor of Kutch, Seth Khora Ramji Chawda was the first Indian to break the monopoly of Europeans in Jharia area. He purchased two collieries in Jharia area. In Between 1894-1910, he founded Khas Jharia, Fatehpur, Golden Jharia, Balihari, Khas Jeenagora, East Bagatdih collieries. His four brothers Teja Ramji Chawda, Jetha Lira jethwa, Akhoy Ramji Chawda and Panchan Ramji chawda involved with him in the business. In Pure Jharia colliery Khora Ramji and brothers were partners with Diwan Bahadur D.D. Thacker.[26]Gomal Jivan Chauhan, another Indian founded collieries at Teesra, Pandabbera , Budroochuck around 1908-10. Indian owned collieries cited in Jharia area at the time in Kujama, Fettehpur, Katrasgarh, Akashkinari, Khas joyrampur. There were more than 50 mines owner from Mistri community of Kutch started collieries in various places of Jharia coal field. They grant lease of coal fields from the Raja of Jharia. The locations of collieries are at Khas Jaria, Jamadoba, Balihari, Mohuda, Bhaga, Vhirkunda, Bhowrah, Govinpur, Loyabad etc.[27] Others Indian involved in coal mining business before First World War at Jharia-Kesabji Pitamber, Hatibhai Patel, Chaturbhai Singjibhai, Kalyanji Mavji. The domination of Indians still sustained in Jharia coal field area till nationalization of coal field.Illegal coal mine is common picture of the areas. Illegal coal mining does by the mafias, the local peoples or the syndicate of the local people. Illegal coal mining does on private land, abandoned govt. collieries, and leasehold land of official operating mines. Coal extracted through a series of small open-cut holes, which may extended underground.[28] In

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Raniganj coal field area Jamuria, Mejia, Satgram, Sripur, Sonepurbazar, Kunstoria, Saltora, Kunustoria, Mahavir colliery are the main places where illegal coal mining happened openly. Illegal coal mine area of Jharia coal field are- Mohuda, Lodhna, Murilidih, Bhatdih, , Tetulia, Kasunda, Kustaur, Mourigram etc.[29]

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN RANIGANJ-JHARIA COAL FIELD AREA:

These two types of mining activity put a tremendous impact on environment as well as human society of the areas. Coal mining affects the land, air, ground water and surface water. The burning of coal releases harmful substances such as Sulphar dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Sound pollution is a common feature in Raniganj-Jharia coal area. Climatic change can easily visible on those areas. Acid mine drainage, lack of drinking water, pollution and deforestation are common features of the regions. Land slide and underground fire create phobia among common people. Surface mining completely removes land from its normal uses. Total environmental degradation effects on human society of the areas.

NOISE POLLUTION:

Noise pollution is common phenomena of the coal mining areas. Basically cutting, blasting, drilling in underground or opencast mine areas and transportation activity creates noise pollution. Different operation in underground or in opencast coal area the noise level varies within 80-1040 dB. The high noise level creates several health hazards. It occurred partial hear loss problem. High blasting creates vibration which creates cracks on soil or the wall of houses. The high noise level creates disturbance of sleep or damaged the water supply.[30]

AIR POLLUTION:

Dangerous level of air pollution have found in Raniganj-Jharia coal area.The burning of coal realized harmful substance like sulphar dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide as well as dust and ash. Coal bed methane is very dangerous gas. It is very powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and others. Lung cancer and respiratory diseases is very common of the areas. Coal mining thus adversely impacts air quality standards of these areas.[31]

UNDERGROUND FIRE:

Underground fire is very dangerous problem of the two major coal field area of eastern part of India. Underground fire occurred due to spontaneous hitting, drilling, and blasting, cutting, welding or other human activity. In 1865, first underground fire detected at Raniganj coal area. According to CMPDIA report the fire affected area of Raninanj coal field are Sanctoria, Disergarh, Jaykay Nagar, Damogoria, Barabani etc.[32] Mine fire occurred loss of life, property, coal resource. It is also occurred land slide. Underground fire is a major problem of jharia coal field area. In Jharia coal field, first fire broke out at Bhowrah in 1916. 70 mine fires detected at Jharia. Mohuda, katras, Kendua, Bhowrah, Lodna are mine fire detected areas of Jharia. 37

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million tones of coal have been lost due to mine fire. Peoples migrated from the fire affected areas. It causes various health hazards and pollution. People of Dhanbad city very much phobia tic due to underground fire.[33] The Indian rail stopped train service between Dhanbad- chandrapura from june 15, 2017 because of underground fire under the railway track.[34]

WATER POLLUTION:

Water pollution is a great matter of concern of coal mining areas. Rain water is the main source of underground water. The main causes of water pollution in those areas are drainage from mining areas. Acid mine drainage contain chlorides, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, Sodium, calcium are introduced in water. The water is very much unfit to drinking or irrigation. The sulphar content of water of Jharia is 8% and of Raniganj is 9%. The ph value of water of these regions is much high. The contamination of water broke down the aquatic ecosystem of the areas.[35]

SOIL POLLUTION AND LOSS OF AGRICULTURE:

In both the coal mine area soil is polluted by various mining activities. Soil is polluted by opencast mining, removal of top soil, deforestation, coal heaps, coal dust, burning of coal, machinery use for mining etc. Soil pollution changed the land pattern or land topography of the whole areas. The vegetable world suffered for the land degradation. Thus soil of the area is not so good for plantation or plant growth. In Raniganj coal belt area total 34.75% of people suffered from land degradation. Their cultivated land transformed into non-cultivated land. Kalipahari, Fatehpur, Barachak, Ratibati village of Raniganj coal area very much affected by the soil pollution and land degradation.[36]

LAND SLIDE:

Land slide is major problem of coal mining areas. Several incidents of land slide occurred both Raniganj and jharia region. Jamuriya, Mahavir colliery, Barabani, samdih area of Raniganj coald field land slide effected area. Samdih a village of Asansol , where underground fire detected. Land slide occurred in samdih. In 2016, Asansol – Durgapur development Authority want to shifted 139 family of samdih to Bijaynagar of Jamuriya.[37] An interview with Mr. Sumanta Das, a steel plant worker of Jamuriya on 01.08.2018, said his personal experience about land slide in jamuriya area. He said about the phobia among the peoples of Jamuriya due to land slide. Another interview with Mr. Jayanta Kumar Mandal, Assitant Proffesor of Politcal Science of Raniganj T.D.B College on 27.07.2018, he expressed the same view about land slide of Raniganj area. He thinks that one day the whole Raniganj city dropped into the underground. In Jharia coal field area Mohuda, katras, Kendua, Bhowrah, Lodna are land slide prone area. In 2016 at Bhowrah, two houses go inside the earth. In the same year land slide occurred in Mohuda.[38] In the month of March, 2017 a severe incident of land slide occurred in Boka Pahari Basti, where a 75 sq. feet area slides into the earth.[39] Due to the land slide people of the affected area migrated in various nearby places.

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SCARCITY OF DRINKING WATER:

Scarcity of drinking water is very common of coal mining areas. Due to underground mining water level of pond and wells went down. Underground water level dried up. Scarcity of drinking water found both the coal mine areas. Fatehpur, Barakar, Kalipahari, Damra, Narsamuda, of Raniganj and Mohuda, Bhowrah, Bhajudi, Sudamdih of Jharia found the scarcity of drinking water.[40]

CONCLUSION:

Coal mining is an important subject matter for economic development and power generation. Coal mining has a significant impact on social and economic activity in mining areas. No doubt coal mining benefited some section of society but it adversely effects on the environment of the area. These environmental problems hamper total eco system of the area. It contributes towards health problems and infrastructure problem. Coal mining totally hampers on human society. Some section benefited by it but some became refugee. The State govt. or Central govt. or local authorities cannot take suitable action on that. The coal companies cannot give them suitable compensation. Sometime the house allotted for them are very poor quality. They lost their cultivated land too. Some time they are relocated any other place which they did not demand. Asansol- Durgapur development authority took some action on that but some problem remained. The same problem cited in Jharia region too. The govt. affiliated coal companies cannot follow the mining rules or environment protection laws. Generally the abandoned collieries should be filled up by sand or bags of sand but the companies cannot do that. Sometime the officials of the companies taken money from the mafias and ordered not to fill the collieries with the sand, so the mafias extracted coal from the abandoned collieries. The companies used very old machines to extract the coal or transported the coal which creates noise pollution. Deforestation made by the companies very much but they cannot take any major action on plantation. The laws should be revised to curve the illegal coal mining and some new laws should be enacted. For example there is no specific legislation in India concerning subsidence. The adverse impact should be indentified at the planning stage so the proper action may be taken in advance.[41]So it is very necessary to done more and more research on the adverse impact of coal mining of Raniganj- jharia area so that the central or state govt. or local bodies or the mining companies take proper measures on that.

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2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>coal

3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>peat

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4. WWW.Mospi.nic.in>Energy statistic 2018(pdf), retrieved 28 April, 2018

5. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>coal mining

6. History of coal mining in India (Article), E.R.GEC, Geological Survey of India, vol. 6, 1940

7. Singh, S.B: European agency houses in Bengal (1783-1833), Calcutta, 1966, p.66

8. Jharia to be shifted (Article), Published in the Times of India, 31st August, 2006

9. Goswami, Sribash: Impact of coal mining on environment, a study of Raniganj-Jharia coal field in India (Article), Published on WWW.researchgate.net, October, 2015

10. Ibid.

11. Report of the Indian coal field committee, 1946, p.22

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13. History of coal mining in India (Article), E.R.GEC, Geological Survey of India, vol. 6, 1940

14. Ibid

15. Bandopadhay, Debnath: Raniganj Kayla Anchaler Itihas, Rupnarayanpur, 1998, p.92

16. WWW.Shodhaganga.Inflibnet.ac.in> History of coal mining in India.

17. WWW.Shodhaganga.Inflibnet.ac.in>Early stages of coal mining in India.

18. Singh, S.B: European agency houses in Bengal (1783-1833), Calcutta, 1966, p.66

19.https://PuranoKolkata.com>tag>Carr.Tagore and Company.

20. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Raniganjcoalfield

21. Marine department Proceedings, WBSA, 27th August, 1844, no25.

22. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Raniganjcoalfield

23. WWW.Shodhaganga.Inflibnet.ac.in> History of coal mining in India.

24. Papendieck, Hener: ‘British managing agencies in Indian coal field’ in Rothermund, Dietmar and Wadwa, D.C (eds), ‘Zamindar, Mines and Peasants. Studies in the history of an Indian coal field and its hiterland’. New Delhi, 1978, p173

25. Mondal, B.P: Raniganj Mahokumar Itihas, Burdwan, 2005, p51

26. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Jhariacoalfield

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27. Ibid

28. Dutta, Kuntala Lahiri: Illegal coal mining in eastern India, rethinking legitimacy and limits of justice(Article), Published on Economic and Political weekly, 8th December, 2007.

29. Goswami, Sribash: Impact of coal mining on environment, a study of Raniganj-Jharia coal field in India (Article), Published on WWW.researchgate.net, October, 2015.

30. WWW.thehindusthanbussinessline.com, 5th July, 2000.

31. Agarwal, A: ‘Global warming in an unequal world’ (Article), Published in ‘International sustainable development’ vol.1, October, 1991, pp-98-104.

32. CMPDIA report of 1988.

33. Das, Abhishek: Jharia coal mine fire and its impact (Article), Jharkhand development and management studies, vol15, no3, September2017, Rranchi, pp7439-7450.

34.https://m.aajtak.in>Jharkhand, 12th June, 2017.

35. Ghose, K.M: Effect of opencast mining on soil fertility, Center of mining environment, ISM, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 2004.

36. Koshal, Avadesh Kumar: Environmental problem analysis of coal mining in Raniganj and Asanso;l blocks(W.B) using remote sensing and GIS (Article), Map world forum, Hyderabad.

37. Eisamay( Bengali news paper), 17th November, 2016.

38. WWW.Jharia.in

39. WWW. Livehindusthan.com, 13th March, 2017.

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