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Readingsample "Paladin" Roland Herkunft und Bedeutung eines Idols Bearbeitet von Volker Turnau 1. Auflage 2016. Taschenbuch. 236 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 7345 1935 2 Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 454 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geschichte > Europäische Geschichte > Deutsche Geschichte: Regional- & Stadtgeschichte Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. www.tredition.de Volker Turnau "Paladin" Roland Herkunft und Bedeutung eines Idols www.tredition.de © 2016 Volker Turnau Herausgeber: éditions vevelux [email protected] Lektorat: Dr. Matthias Feldbaum, Augsburg Verlag: tredition GmbH, Hamburg ISBN Paperback: 978‐3‐7345‐1935‐2 Printed in Germany Das Werk, einschließlich seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Ver‐ wertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages und des Autors unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für die elektronische oder sonstige Vervielfältigung, Übersetzung, Verbreitung und öffentliche Zugänglichmachung. 1 Herkunft und Bedeutung Rolands in den Primärquellen ................. 7 2 Herkunft und Bedeutung Rolands in den Sekundärquellen: chansons de geste, Erzählungen, Gedichte und Legenden des 11./13. Jahrhunderts ...................................................................... 9 3 „Primär‐/Sekundärquellen“ und das Problem der Historizität ...... 13 4 Roland und die gefälschte Schenkungsurkunde Fulrads ................ 15 5 „Der andere Roland“ und das Problem der bretonischen Grenzmark .................................................................................... 27 6 Milo und „der andere Roland“ ...................................................... 43 7 Roland in Einhards „Vita Caroli Magni“ ......................................... 59 8 Rolands Grafschaft ....................................................................... 67 9 Wigerichs Grafschaft .................................................................... 71 10 Rolands „familia“ ......................................................................... 76 10.1 Die „familia militaris“ .................................................................................. 76 10.2 Die „familia civilis“ .................................................................................... 102 10.3 Die beiden Gesichter der „familia“ (Zusammenfassung) .......................... 123 10.4 Die „familia censualis“ und „servilis“ ........................................................ 124 11 Rolands Gaue ............................................................................. 126 12 Milos und Rolands Münzstätte ................................................... 132 12.1 Milo‐Münzen ............................................................................................. 134 12.2 Roland‐Münzen ......................................................................................... 139 13 Verwandtschaft und Freundschaften .......................................... 141 13.1 Rolands Mutter ......................................................................................... 141 13.2 Oliver und A(l)da ....................................................................................... 142 14 Rolands Schwertname „Durendal“ – ein Toponym ..................... 157 15 Die Grafschaft des Suburbiums ................................................... 163 16 „Divisio“ und amtskirchliche Reaktionen .................................... 172 16.1 Jahrhunderte des (Ver)Schweigens .......................................................... 172 16.2 Haus (domus) und Kammer (cubile) der heiligen Helena ......................... 178 16.3 Der „Heilige Rock“ ..................................................................................... 182 17 Bedeutung und Nachleben ......................................................... 191 Quellen und Literatur .......................................................................... 219 1 Herkunft und Bedeutung Rolands in den Primärquellen Unter dem Titel „Roland, Mythe ou personnage historique“, stellte Aebischer 1965 die meist als authentische historische Zeugnisse geltenden Belege für die Existenz des bei Roncevalles getöteten Roland infrage.1 Rita Lejeune blieb die Antwort hierauf nicht schuldig.2 Der zentrale Beleg einer Historizität Rolands findet sich in Einhards „Vita Caroli Magni“, die „wohl Mitte der 30er Jahre“ des 9. Jahrhunderts von dem Berater und „Tischgenossen Karls d. Gr.“ und späteren Abt Einhard (ca. 770–840) verfass‐ te Lebensbeschreibung des Kaisers.3 Es existieren keine Originalhandschriften Einhards. Die Abschriften werden kalligraphisch in die Gruppen A und B unter‐ teilt, wobei nur in A Roland neben dem Pfalzgrafen Anshelm und dem Truchses‐ sen Eggihard erwähnt wird, die sich beim Rückzug des fränkischen Heeres aus Spanien in der Nachhut befanden, die in einen Hinterhalt der „Wascones“ geriet, wobei die drei namentlich aus der Zahl der Opfer hervorgehobenen Personen ums Leben kamen –„In quo proelio Eggihardus regiae mensae praepositus, Ans‐ helmus comes palatii et Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus cum aliis com‐ pluribus interficiuntur.“4 Roland in seiner fränkisch‐germanischen Namensform wird hier als der Präfekt einer gegen die Bretonen gerichteten Grenzregion bezeichnet. Ob er denn hier auch ansässig war, sei dahingestellt. Als zweiter zur Frage der Historizität Rolands herangezogener Beleg wären die beiden Roland‐Münzen zu diskutieren.5 Die eine Münze führt auf der Vorderseite den Namen CAROLUS in zwei Reihen, auf der Rückseite den Namen RODLAN ebenfalls in zwei Reihen mit einem Abkürzungsstrich über ROD. Die andere Ro‐ landmünze führt auf der einen Seite die Buchstaben KRF mit einem Abkürzungs‐ strich (Karolus Rex Francorum) und auf der anderen Seite den Namen ROD‐LAN. 1 AEBISCHER, Paul, Roland. Mythe ou personnage historique?, in: Revue belge de philologie et dʼhistoire, Bd. 43, 1965, S. 849–901. Auch in: DERS., Rolandiana et Oliveriana. Recueil dʼétudes sur les Chansons de Geste, Genève 1967, S. 99–138; siehe auch DERS., Préhistoire et protohistoire du Roland dʼOxford, (Bibliotheca Romanica, Bd. 12), Bern 1972. 2 LEJEUNE, Rita, Le héros Roland, mythe ou personnage historique?, in: Académie de Belgique.Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et Sciences Morales, Bd. 65, 5, 1979, S. 145–162. 3 FLECKENSTEIN, J., Einhard, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Bd. 3, München/Zürich 1986 Sp. 1737ff. 4 Einhardi Vita Karoli Magni, (MGH SRG), hg. v. O. HOLDER‐EGGER, Hannover 1965, (= Neudr. d. Ausg. Hannover 1911), S. 12. 5 Abbildungen bei GARIEL, Ernest, Les monnaies royales de France sous la race carolingienne, Bd. 2, Hildesheim/New York 1974 (= Neudr. d. Ausg. Strasbourg 1884), Pl.IX, Tl.2, Nr.113f.; weitere Abb. von Nr.113 in: DERS., a.a.O., Bd. 1, Hildesheim/New York 1974 (= Neudr. d. Ausg. Strasbourg 1883), Pl.II, Tl.1, Nr. 44. 7 Falls der Roland beider Münzen mit dem Präfekten der bretonischen Grenzregion identisch ist, q.e.d., dann wäre zu ermitteln, wo sich seine Münzstätte befand, etwa auch in jener bretonischen Grenzregion? Zur Klärung der Frage sind die Fundorte beider Münzen freilich unerheblich – Nr. 113 wurde unter hunderten von Münzen zu Imphy gefunden, gelegen zwischen Nevers und Decize, Nr. 114 bei der Burg Grüneck zwischen Ilanz und Ruschin (Schweiz) unter 116 Münzen6. Ein weiteres Mal erscheint der Name „Rothlandus“ ao 772 innerhalb einer Grup‐ pe von vier Grafen als Beisitzern einer Gerichtsentscheidung Karls des Großen in seinem Palast zu Heristal, wobei der König sie als seine „fideles“ von einer weite‐ ren Beisitzergruppe von Vasallen (vassi) abhebt.7 Ob dieser Graf Roland gleichzei‐ tig Präfekt der bretonischen Grenzregion gewesen ist? Die Datierung jedenfalls steht einer solchen Annahme nicht im Wege, denn Rolands Tod wird zum Jahre 778 vermeldet.8 Die Frage, die Rita Lejeune 1979 stellte, blieb bis heute aktuell: „dʼoù provient ce comes Rothlandus du diplôme? On lʼignorait jusquʼà présent. On lʼignore encore.“9 Wo befand sich seine Grafschaft, etwa in jener bretoni‐ schen Grenzregion? Ein letztes Mal kommt der Name Rolands in einer gefälschten Schenkungsurkun‐ de des Abtes Fulrad von Saint‐Denis vom Jahre 777 vor mit dem „signum Rotlani comitis“ unterhalb des Chronogramms von Karl dem Großen, der die Schenkung bestätigt.10 Geht man von der Voraussetzung aus, dass die zitierten Belege alle den in einen Hinterhalt der „Wascones“ im Jahre 778 getöteten Roland meinen, dann ergibt sich ein knapper Rückschluß auf seine historische Bedeutung: Einhard hebt ihn neben zwei anderen Dignitaren als Präfekt einer gegen die Bretonen gerichteten Grenzregion aus der Masse der gefallenen Franken heraus. Er soll kein gewöhnli‐ cher Graf gewesen sein, immerhin zählt ihn König Karl zu seinen Getreuen, in dessen Nähe er auch auf den beiden Rolanddenaren gerückt wird und auch in der gefälschten Schenkungsurkunde des Abtes Fulrad. 6 STIENNON, Jacques, Le denier de Charlemagne au nom de Roland, in: Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, Xe– XIIe siècles, Bd. 3, 1960, S. 90. 7 Die Urkunden der Karolinger, Bd. 1: Die Urkunden Pippins, Karlmanns und Karls des Grossen, (MGH: Diplomatum Karolinorum, t.I), Berlin 1956, Nr.65; GLÖCKNER, Karl (Hg.), Codex Laureshamensis, Bd. 1: Einleitung, Regesten, Chronik, Darmstadt
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