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Eesti Maaülikool Põllumajandus Eesti Maaülikool Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut Anne-Liis Lõhmus MARDIKALISTE ARVUKUSE JA LIIGIRIKKUSE SEOS KESKKONNAPARAMEETRITEGA EESTI RABADES BEETLES ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES RICHNESS RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT CHARACTER IN ESTONIAN BOGS Magistritöö Linna- ja tööstusmaastike korralduse õppekava Juhendajad: professor Valdo Kuusemets, PhD lektor Kadri Kask, PhD Tartu 2017 Eesti Maaülikool Magistritöö lühikokkuvõte Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014 Autor: Anne-Liis Lõhmus Õppekava: Linna- ja tööstusmaastike korraldus Pealkiri: Mardikaliste arvukuse ja liigirikkuse seos keskkonnaparameetritega Eesti rabades Lehekülgi: 78 Jooniseid: 35 Tabeleid: 2 Lisasid: 3 Osakond: Keskkonnakaitse osakond Uurimisvaldkond: Loomaökoloogia (B280) Juhendajad: professor Valdo Kuusemets, lektor Kadri Kask Kaitsmiskoht ja aasta: Tartu 2017 Mardikalised on tugevalt seotud oma ümbritseva keskkonnaga ning nad on väga tundlikud abiootiliste keskkonnategurite muutuste suhtes. Mardikaliste sugukonna esindajaid jooksiklasi kasutatakse kui bioindikaatoreid, kes iseloomustavad efektiivselt alade looduslikku seisundit. Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärgiks oli uurida, kuidas on jooksiklaste arvukus ja jooksiklaste liigirikkus rabades seotud keskkonnatingimustega ning millised liigid on tundlikud keskkonnatingimuste muutuste suhtes. Selleks määrati insektifauna proovidest jooksiklaste liigid, loendati need üle ja tehti analüüs jooksiklaste ja keskkonnaparameetrite kohta 9 raba transektipunktide lõikes. Rabade insektifauna proovidest määrati 40 liiki jooksiklasi. Tulemustest selgus, et jooksiklaste arvukus ja liigirikkus on seotud kuivenduskraavi kaugusega, raba taimeliikide arvuga, rabaturba paksusega, puude kõrgusega ja minimaalse veetasemega. Jooksiklaste liigirikkus on suurem raba äärealadel ning väheneb raba keskosa suunas. Jooksiklaste arvukus on raba keskosas suur Agonum ericeti arvuka esinemise tõttu. Mitmed jooksiklaste liigid esinevad vaid teatud transektipunktides ja jooksiklaste liigirikkus ning arvukus iseloomustavad raba keskkonnatingimusi. Märksõnad: jooksiklased, raba, keskkonnatingimused, insektifauna, indikaatorliigid Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract of Master´s Thesis Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014 Author: Anne-Liis Lõhmus Specialty: Management of Urban and Industrial Landscapes Title: Beetles abundance and species richness relation to environment character in Estonian bogs Pages: 78 Figures: 35 Tables: 2 Appendixes: 3 Department: Department of Environmental Protection Field of research: Animal ecology (B280) Supervisors: prof Valdo Kuusemets, lect Kadri Kask Place and date: Tartu 2017 Beetles (Coleoptera) are closely related to their surrounding environment and they are very responsive to the changes of abiotic environmental factors. Beetles: ground beetle are used as bio-indicators, which describe effectively the natural condition of some areas. The aim of this master’s thesis was to investigate how is the abundance of the ground beetles connected to the environmental conditions and what species are particularly sensitive to the changes of environment. For this, the species of ground beetles were determined from the insect fauna, they were counted and analyzed in accordance with the environmental parameters in paragraph of transect points in 9 bogs. From bogs insectfauna samples 40 types of ground beetles were determined. Particularly numerous in ground beetles species richness and abundance in bogs is affected by the distance of drainage ditches, marsh plant species, the number of bog peat thickness, tree height and minimum water level. Ground beetles species richness is higher in peripheral areas of the bog and decreases toward the center, and has a large ground beetle abundance of the mid bog section due to the presence of Agonum ericeti. Several ground beetle species occur only in certain sections of transect and ground beetles species richness and abundance in bogs characterize environmental conditions. Keywords: carabidae, bog, environmental conditions, insectfauna, indicator species SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1. KIRJANDUSE ÜLEVAADE .......................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Sood............................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Rabad........................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2. Rabade mullastik .................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.3. Rabade veestik...................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.4. Rabade mikrokliima ............................................................................................................. 14 1.2.1. Rabade taimestik .................................................................................................................. 15 1.3. Rabade kuivendamine ............................................................................................................ 16 1.4. Mardikalised ........................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1. Jooksiklased ................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.2. Jooksiklaste seos keskkonnatingimustega ...................................................................... 18 1.4.3. Jooksiklased indikaatorliikidena .................................................................................... 19 1.5. Rabade mardikaliste kooslused .............................................................................................. 20 1.6. Mardikaliste arvukus ja liigirikkus ........................................................................................ 21 2. MATERJAL JA METOODIKA .................................................................................................... 22 2.1. Uurimisalade iseloomustus ......................................................................................................... 22 2.2. Lähteandmed ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.3. Insektifauna materjal ................................................................................................................... 26 2.5. Andmeanalüüs ............................................................................................................................. 28 3. TULEMUSED ................................................................................................................................ 30 3.1. Mardikaliste arvukus .............................................................................................................. 30 3.2. Mardikaliste liigirikkus .......................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Keskkonnaparameetrite statistiline analüüs ........................................................................... 33 3.4. Jooksiklaste arvukuse ja liigirikkuse muutused ..................................................................... 35 3.5. Keskkonnaparameetrite mõju jooksiklastele .......................................................................... 40 3.5.1. Allipa raba ...................................................................................................................... 40 3.5.2. Esäkeste raba .................................................................................................................. 42 3.5.3. Kaseraba ......................................................................................................................... 44 4 3.5.4. Kauru raba ...................................................................................................................... 45 3.5.5. Keressaare raba .............................................................................................................. 47 3.5.6. Koordi raba ..................................................................................................................... 49 3.5.7. Mõksi raba ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.5.8. Musa raba ....................................................................................................................... 52 2.5.9. Selisoo raba .................................................................................................................... 54 4. ARUTELU ..................................................................................................................................... 56 4.1. Mardikaliste kooslused rabades ............................................................................................. 56 4.2. Indikaatorliikide analüüs ........................................................................................................ 58 KOKKUVÕTE ....................................................................................................................................... 61 SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................
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