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Piyasada Çay Olarak Tüketilen Bazı Bitkilerin Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi Ve Fenolik Yapılarının Incelenmesi‖ Baģlıklı Bu Çalıģma E.Ü

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Piyasada Çay Olarak Tüketilen Bazı Bitkilerin Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi Ve Fenolik Yapılarının Incelenmesi‖ Baģlıklı Bu Çalıģma E.Ü i EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) PİYASADA ÇAY OLARAK TÜKETİLEN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİOKSİDAN AKTİVİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ VE FENOLİK YAPILARININ İNCELENMESİ Tolga AKIŞ Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Semih ÖTLEŞ Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Bilim Dalı Kodu: 614.01.00 Sunuş Tarihi: 22.06.2010 Bornova - İZMİR 2010 ii iii Tolga AKIġ tarafından Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak sunulan ―Piyasada çay olarak tüketilen bazı bitkilerin antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi ve fenolik yapılarının incelenmesi‖ baĢlıklı bu çalıĢma E.Ü. Lisansüstü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönetmeliği ile E.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönergesi‘nin ilgili hükümleri uyarınca tarafımızdan değerlendirilerek savunmaya değer bulunmuĢ ve 22/06/2010 tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavında aday oybirliği ile baĢarılı bulunmuĢtur. Jüri Üyeleri: İmza Jüri Başkanı : ........................................... ................................. Raportör Üye : ........................................... ................................. Üye : ........................................... ................................. iv v ÖZET PİYASADA ÇAY OLARAK TÜKETİLEN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİOKSİDAN AKTİVİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ VE FENOLİK YAPILARININ İNCELENMESİ AKIġ, Tolga Yüksek Lisans Tezi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Semih ÖtleĢ Haziran 2010, 207 sayfa Örnek temini için dünya çapında hazır bitki çayı üretimi ve satıĢı yapan Türkiye menĢeli firmalardan temin edilen 2009-2010 sezonuna ait bitki çayı örnekleri kullanılmıĢtır. Bu bitki örneklerinin seçiminde ilk olarak yüksek antioksidan ve fenolik içerdiği bilinen bitki türleri seçilmiĢ, daha sonra halk arasında sıklıkla tüketilen fakat hakkında fazla araĢtırma yapılmamıĢ türler de bu araĢtırmaya dâhil edilerek kapsamlı bir çalıĢma yürütülmüĢtür. Bu çalıĢmada, Türkiye‘de tıbbi amaçlı kullanımları olan ve çay olarak tüketilen 32 bitkinin antioksidan aktiviteleri ile toplam fenol içerikleri ve fenolik yapıları incelenmiĢtir. Bitkilerin çeĢitli kısımlarından hazırlanmıĢ olan metanol ekstraktlarının antioksidan kapasiteleri DPPH (2,2- difenil- 1- pikrilhidrazil) yöntemi ile belirlenirken, toplam fenolik madde içerikleri ―Folin-Ciocalteu‖ yöntemiyle saptanmıĢtır. Genel olarak antioksidan tayininde çok kullanılan ve temel olarak tek elektron transferi (SET) prensibine dayanan; DPPH, FRAP, ABTS antioksidan, ß- karoten beyazlatma ve Folin Ciocalteu fenolik madde tayin metotlarının 5 farklı bitki örneği için verdikleri sonuçların karĢılaĢtırması yapılmıĢtır. Bu antioksidan vi tayin metotlarından üç tanesinin (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS) 19 farklı fenolik antioksidan standartlara karĢı verdikleri değerlerin karĢılaĢtırılması yapılmıĢtır. Bu nedenle bu araĢtırma özgünlük taĢımaktadır. Ayrıca bu bitkisel çayların fenolik yapıları kalitatif ve kantitatif olarak Yüksek Basınç Sıvı Kromatografisi – Diyot Dizinli Detektörü (HPLC-DAD) ile analiz edilmiĢtir. AraĢtırmada en fazla antioksidan aktivite gösteren nar çiçeği (Punica granatum Linn.) (112,9 mg GAE/g KM) incelenen bütün diğer türlerden daha fazla antioksidan aktiviteye sahiptir ve yeĢil çayın (Camellia sinensis) gösterdiği değerin (70,1 mg GAE/g KM) neredeyse 2 katı bir antioksidan aktivite göstermiĢtir. Fenolik antioksidan içeriği bakımından ise yine en büyük değeri nar çiçeği (Punica granatum Linn.) (200,2 mg GAE/g KM) ile ardından gelen yeĢil çay (105,6 mg GAE/g KM) göstermiĢtir. Anahtar sözcükler: Bitki çayları, antioksidan aktivite, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, ß-karoten Beyazlatma Metodu, Folin Ciocalteu, fenolik antioksidanlar. vii ABSTRACT DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SOME PLANTS WHICH COMMERCIALLY CONSUMED AS HERBAL TEA AND RESEARCH ON THEIR PHENOLIC STRUCTURE AKIġ, Tolga Master Thesis, Food Engineering Department Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Semih ÖtleĢ June 2010, 207 pages For sample requirement, herbal tea samples, cultivated in between 2009- 2010 season, were bought from different producers in Turkey, which globally producers and sellers. For determination of selection tea plants first criteria were antioxidant activity and phenolic content of plants. For that reason consist of high antioxidant and phenolic content plants were firstly chosen and second criteria was about selection of plants which frequency of consume but not comprehensively investigated plants were included in this study. In this study, a total of 32 plant samples were used for medical purposes and consumed as herbal tea, were investigated for their antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. The antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts prepared from various parts of the plants were evaluated by DPPH (2,2–diphenyl–1– picrylhydrazyl) assays, while total phenolic contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In general, antioxidant activity determination methods frequently used and based on single electron transfer (SET); such as DPPH; FRAP, ABTS, ß-caroten bleaching antioxidant capacity and Folin-Ciocalteu phenolic content viii determination, which applied on 5 different plant samples, results were compared with each other. Among the antioxidant activity determination methods, three of them (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS) were compared with 19 antioxidant standards. Because of comparing antioxidant methods, this study bears some originality. Besides, these plant samples were investigated qualitatively and quantitatlively with High Pressure Liquid Chromatigraphy- Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). Pomegranate flower (Punica granatum Linn.) showed at least twice antioxidant activity (112,9 mg GAE/g dw) than green tea (Camellia sinensis) (70,1 mg GAE/g KM) which has the highest antioxidant activity among the other investigated samples. For phenolic content, pomegranate flower (Punica granatum Linn.) showed at least twice phenolic content (200,2 mg GAE/g KM) than green tea (Camellia sinensis) (105,6 mg GAE/g KM) which has the highest phenolic content among the other investigated samples. Keywords: Herbal teas, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, ß- caroten bleaching assay, Folin Ciocalteu, phenolic antioxidants. ix TEŞEKKÜR Lisansüstü çalıĢmalarında danıĢmanlık, emek, özveri, bilimsel özgürlük ve hoĢgörü için hocam sayın Prof. Dr. Semih ÖTLEġ‘e, Lisansüstü eğitim ve tez hazırlama döneminde gösterdikleri ilgi ve yardımlarından dolayı Dr. Mustafa ÇAM ve Dr. Özlem ÇAĞINDI‘ya, Manevi desteklerini sürekli hissettiğim aileme, TEŞEKKÜRLERİMİ SUNARIM x xi İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET .................................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii TEġEKKÜR ....................................................................................................... ix ġEKĠLLER DĠZĠNĠ ........................................................................................... xv ÇĠZELGELER DĠZĠNĠ ................................................................................... xviii SĠMGELER VE KISALTMALAR ................................................................... xxi 1. GĠRĠġ .............................................................................................................. 1 2. LĠTERATÜR ÖZETĠ ....................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Çay ve dünyadaki önemi ...................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Dünyada çayın üretim ve ticareti .......................................................... 5 2.1.3 Türkiye çay üretim ve ticareti .............................................................. 8 2.1.4 Çay içme alıĢkanlıkları ...................................................................... 10 2.1.5. Meyve ve bitki çayları ...................................................................... 11 2.2 Serbest Radikaller ve Antioksidan BileĢikler ............................................ 14 2.2.1 Serbest radikal türleri ......................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Antioksidan bileĢikler ........................................................................ 23 2.2.3 Antioksidanların yapılarına göre sınıflandırılması .............................. 24 2.2.4 Antioksidanların etki mekanizmalarına göre sınıflandırılması ............ 25 2.2.5 Doğal antioksidanlar ve antioksidan aktiviteleri ................................. 26 2.3 Fenolik BileĢiklerin Sağlık Üzerine Olumlu Etkileri ................................. 40 2.4 Antioksidan Tayin Metotları ..................................................................... 51 2.4.1 FRAP (demir (III) indirgeme antioksidan gücü) yöntemi ................... 55 2.4.2 ABTS yöntemi ................................................................................... 56 xii İÇİNDEKİLER (devam) Sayfa 2.4.3 DPPH yöntemi ................................................................................... 58 2.4.4 Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemi ..................................................................... 58 2.4.5 β-karoten ağartma antioksidan tayin yöntemi ..................................... 58 2.4.6 Yöntemler arası karĢılaĢtırmalar ......................................................... 59 2.5 Çayı Yapılan Bazı Bitkiler ........................................................................ 60 2.5.1 Adaçayı .............................................................................................. 60 2.5.2 Alıç .................................................................................................... 62 2.5.3 Altınotu .............................................................................................
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