Art and Artifact Repatriation Rachel Heiss California State University, Stanislaus

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thumb.png - Art and Artifact Repatriation logo.png Rachel Heiss California State University, Stanislaus University Honors Program METHODS/RESEARCH DESIGN I am Italian I am working on finding a diplomatic solution INTRODUCTION between museums and source countries. I plan to compare and contrast the acquisition and I am looking at art and artifact repatriation repatriation policies of both major and minor because I want to find out the current status of museums, along with private collections. At this the ownership/repatriation debate to better point in my research, I have seen that many understand the relationship between museums museums have changed their policies very much in and source countries so that we can find a the last 20 years. One thing that seemed to set off diplomatic solution. I have found that the debate the changes was an exposure of the connection of ownership and repatriation has turned more in between curators at prominent museums and black favor of the source countries in the last three market dealers in illicit antiquities. The scandals, decades. A major turning point was the 1970 which revealed detailed activities from prominent UNESCO convention “on the means of prohibiting museums’ histories, such as the Getty, the MET and and preventing the illicit import, export, and the Boston MFA, were tinder that helped to start a transfer or ownership of cultural property.” fire of new resolutions and policies in museums, other institutions, and countries all over the world. BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEW SIGNIFICANCE Illegal/Illicit excavations of ancient sites have created a large collection of unrecorded artifacts of This topic is significant because the material historical and cultural value. These items are I am Greek remains of the past are important in the present. It looted in order to be sold, first through black will gauge the current standing of the debate, the market dealers and then through legitimate main arguments from each side, the intended auction houses, ending up in the hands of solutions that have already been put in place, and museums and private collections all over the what more can be done to find common ground. world. There are ethical statements and expectations, but few actual laws governing the and I want to go home My main inquiries will be into the guidelines set by sale of artifacts, even for those objects lacking a http://www.digital-images.net/Gallery/Art/GettyVilla/gettyvilla.html the UNESCO conventions, the acquisition and documented ownership history that are highly repatriation policies of museums, the cultural suspect of being looted. Many highly regarded and I want to go home property ownership laws of countries, often referred museums and private collectors were (and are!) to as source countries, from which artifacts have buying objects regardless of their legitimacy. This been taken and what more can be done in all areas lead to countries with rich cultural history and a TERMS that has not yet been done or what can be further high amount of looting to demand repatriation UNESCO expanded upon that has already been shown to be a and restitution of items that are suspected of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization successful tactic. being stolen. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Art/Artifact Repatriation Cuno, James (2009). Whose culture? The promise of museums and the debate over antiquities. QUESTION/RATIONALE The return of art or objects of cultural significance to their country of Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Felch, J., & Frammolino, R. (2011). Chasing Aphrodite: The hunt for looted antiquities in the origin or original owners. world's richest museum. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Can a world or encyclopedic museum, where Goldsleger, E. W. (2005). Contemplating contradiction: A comparison of art restitution policies. Journal Of Arts Management, Law & Society, 35(2), 109-120. countries and cultures share their artifacts with MacDougall, B. (2009). The market overt method to obtain ownership of lost or stolen goods: Restitution Comment on Manning v. Algard Estate, [2008] BCSC 1129. International Journal Of other countries and cultures in a scholarly The restoration of property or rights previously taken away. Cultural Property, 16(1), 85-93. exchange, solve the dispute? In this way, more Mcguigan, C. (2007). Whose Art Is It?. Newsweek, 149(11), 54-57. Museum Heads Say: Hands Off Our Stuff. (2003). Art in America, 91(2), 37. people will be able to experience the rich culture Renfrew, Colin (2000) Loot, legitimacy, and ownership: The ethical crisis in archaeology. Stolen London: Duckworth. and heritage that belongs to the entire human Documented as once in a known collection from which they were Roehrenbeck, C. A. (2010). Repatriation of cultural property: Who owns the past? An introduction to approaches and to selected statutory instruments. International Journal of Legal Information: The Official Journal of the International Association of Law race in a way that we can ensure its preservation abstracted by theft (Renfrew, 2000) Libraries, 38(2). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu.ezproxy.lib.csustan.edu:2048/cgi/ and availability for future generations. It is viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=ijli Illicit important that we find a diplomatic solution, so Contact Info: that the flow of objects, ideas, history and culture Clandestinely excavated and illegally exported antiquities (Renfrew, 2000) Rachel Heiss between museums and countries can continue. [email protected]

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thumb.png - Art and Artifact Repatriation logo.png Rachel Heiss California State University, Stanislaus University Honors Program METHODS/RESEARCH DESIGN I am Italian I am working on finding a diplomatic solution INTRODUCTION between museums and source countries. I plan to compare and contrast the acquisition and I am looking at art and artifact repatriation repatriation policies of both major and minor because I want to find out the current status of museums, along with private collections. At this the ownership/repatriation debate to better point in my research, I have seen that many understand the relationship between museums museums have changed their policies very much in and source countries so that we can find a the last 20 years. One thing that seemed to set off diplomatic solution. I have found that the debate the changes was an exposure of the connection of ownership and repatriation has turned more in between curators at prominent museums and black favor of the source countries in the last three market dealers in illicit antiquities. The scandals, decades. A major turning point was the 1970 which revealed detailed activities from prominent UNESCO convention “on the means of prohibiting museums’ histories, such as the Getty, the MET and and preventing the illicit import, export, and the Boston MFA, were tinder that helped to start a transfer or ownership of cultural property”. fire of new resolutions and policies in museums, other institutions, and countries all over the world. BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEW SIGNIFICANCE Illegal/Illicit excavations of ancient sites has created a large collection of unrecorded artifacts of This topic is significant because the material historical and cultural value. These items are I am Greek remains of the past are important in the present. It looted in order to be sold, first through black will gauge the current standing of the debate, the market dealers and then through legitimate main arguments from each side, the intended auction houses, ending up in the hands of solutions that have already been put in place, and museums and private collections all over the what more can be done to find common ground. world. There are ethical statements and And I want to go home expectations, but few actual laws governing the My main inquiries will be into the guidelines set by sale of artifacts, even for those objects lacking a http://www.digital-images.net/Gallery/Art/GettyVilla/gettyvilla.html the UNESCO conventions, the acquisition and documented ownership history that are highly And I want to go home repatriation policies of museums, the cultural suspect of being looted. Many highly regarded property ownership laws of countries, often referred museums and private collectors were (and are!) to as source countries, from which artifacts have buying objects regardless of their legitimacy. This been taken and what more can be done in all areas lead to countries with rich cultural history and a TERMS that has not yet been done or what can be further high amount of looting to demand repatriation UNESCO expanded upon that has already been shown to be a and restitution of items that are suspected of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization successful tactic. being stolen. BIBLIOGRAPHY