South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands

Home , Booligal, Conargo Shire, Deniliquin Council, Deniliquin High School, Forb, Gundabooka National Park

Conservation Management Zones of Australia

Prepared by the Department of the Environment Acknowledgements This project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

Image Credits Front Cover: Yanga or Murrumbidgee Valley National Park – Paul Childs/OEH Page 4: River Red Gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) – Allan Fox Page 10: Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) – Trent Browning Page 16: Gunbower Creek – Arthur Mostead Page 19: Eastern Grey Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) – David Kleinert Page 22: Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) – John Turbill/OEH Page 23: Pink-tailed Worm-lizard (Aprasia parapulchella) – Matt Clancy Page 24: Growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis) – Alexander Dudley Page 26: Red Darling-pea, Red Swainson-pea (Swainsona plagiotropi), listed as vulnerable – Anna Murphy Page 27: Gunbower Forest – John Baker Page 28: Gundabooka National Park – Nick Rains, Parks Australia Page 32: Budgee Creek, Barmah Forest – John Baker Page 33: Superb Parrot (Polytelis swainsonii) – David Ingram Page 34: Eucalyptus woodlands with tussock grass (Eucalyptus moluccana) – Wendy Hawes@The Envirofactor Page 35: Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey, Grey Box (Eucalyptus macrocarpa) Grassy Woodland – Department of the Environment Page 36: Saltbush and/or bluebush (Atriplex vesicaria) – Murray Fagg Page 37: Callitris forests and woodlands (Callitris glaucophylla), Gundabooka National Park – Murray Fagg Page 38: Other tussock grasslands, South Western Slopes bioregion – Department of Environment Back Cover: Yanga or Murrumbidgee Valley National Park – Paul Childs/OEH

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Contents

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ��2 Introduction ��2 Zone at a glance ��3 Population characteristics ��6 Employment, volunteering and incomes ��9 Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice ��11 Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas �� 13 Zone vegetation characteristics �� 15 Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands ��17 World and National Heritage �� 19 Major National Reserve System properties �� 20 EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities �� 21 EPBC Act (1999) threatened species ��22 EPBC Act (1999) migratory species �� 27 Threatened endemic species �� 28 Invasive species ��30 Vegetation profiles and management recommendations �� 33

Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

2 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Zone at a glance

Area of zone: Population density: 18,798,291 hectares

% of Australia: 2.03 people 2.44% per square kilometre

Zone population characteristics Zone employment characteristics 400,000 391,450 350,000 3.7%

300,000

250,000

200,000 Number of people 150,000

100,000

50,000

0 otal T er 65 Ov a second language English as

ndigenous 96.3% I outh (15–24) Y

Employed Unemployed

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

3 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Major cities and towns Population Top five agricultural commodities Value (millions) Cobar 3,827 Cereals for grain $2,189 Cobram 5,417 Fruit $749 Corowa – Wahgunyah 6,327 Dairy $747 Deniliquin 7,494 Beef $420 Echuca – Moama 16,820 Wool $389 Forbes 6,795 Total value of agricultural Griffith 17,630 commodities (including other $6,168 commodities not listed here) Kerang 3,564 Kyabram 5,652 Leeton 6,711 Climate characteristics* Mulwawa 8,692 Mean annual temperature 16.3 Celsius Namurkah 3,840 Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 31.9 Celsius Narrandera 3,864 Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month 2.9 Celsius Parkes 10,021 Mean Annual Rainfall 414.3 mm Seymour 3,625 Uniform Shepparton – Mooroopna 42,754 (though Southern Swan Hill 9,362 Dominant rainfall season regions Tatura 3,678 Winter Temora 3,874 dominant) Wangaratta 17,388 * The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 Central West Local Land Services (LLS) NSW for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package). For future climate projections please refer to: Murray LLS NSW http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/ Riverina LLS NSW Western LLS NSW Goulburn Broken Catchment VIC Management Authority (CMA) North Central CMA VIC North East CMA VIC

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

4 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands National Reserve System area Native Title area

Although there have been no Native Title 3% Determinations finalised within this Conservation Management Zone, it continues to represent important Indigenous heritage values and places that are of deep significance to Indigenous persons and their practices, observations, customs, beliefs and history.

97%

NRS area Other area

Native vegetation clearance level Number of threatened species by class

2 2 2 4

43%

13 57%

Cleared (ha) Uncleared (ha) Plants Birds Mammals Fish Frogs Insects Reptiles

Status of EPBC Act listed threatened species, communities and migratory species

Vulnerable species 46

Endangered species 29

Critically endangered species 3

Migratory species 24

Threatened ecological 7 communities

01020304050

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

5 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Population characteristics

Population

Population by age group Indigenous population by age group

19% 20%

22%

38%

12%

33% 17%

16% 18%

0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Farmer and farm managers by age group Gender of farmers and farm managers

21% 18% 4,737

13,434

57%

15–24 years 25–39 years Male Female 40–64 years 65 years and over

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

6 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Languages spoken at home English 89.31% Other languages 5.77% Not stated 4.85%

Non-English languages spoken at home* Indigenous languages spoken at home**

6.65% 5.14% 2% 2%

5.27% 0.95% 2.08% 7.18% 0.57%

35.18%

15.85%

6.74% 14.38% 96%

Northern European Arnhem Land and Daly River Region Languages (including Scandinavia, Celtic, Germanic, Dutch) Yolngu Matha Southern European Other Australian Indigenous Languages Eastern European Central Asian, Turkic, Iranic and Semitic ** Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census Southern Asian, Dravidan and Indo-Ayran that they spoke an Indigenous language at home. South-East Asian East Asian Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander African Paci c / Oceanic Sign language

* Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke a language other than English at home.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

7 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Education

Highest level of educational attainment Highest level of educational attainment – total population – Indigenous community 40% 50%

35% 45% 40% 30% 35% 25% 30%

20% 25% 20% 15% 15% 10% 10% 5% 5%

0% 0% l l e e e e w w ve ve Le Le ti cat ti cat /Not stated /Not stated ti cate ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 ears 11 and 12 Y Y Cer Cer ears 10 or belo ears 10 or belo Y Y Diploma and Diploma and School School nadequately described nadequately described I I School School No Educational Attainment No Educational Attainment Bachelor Degr Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer Diploma & Graduate Cer P P 15–24 years 25–39 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Highest level of educational attainment Post-school qualication types* – farmers and farm managers 16,000 60% 14,000

50% 12,000

10,000 40% 8,000 30% 6,000

20% 4,000

2,000 10% 0 0% l e e w ve 65 years Le ti cat and above /Not stated 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 Y Cer ears 10 or belo Y Natural and Physical Sciences Diploma and School

nadequately described Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies I School

No Educational Attainment Health and education Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer

P Architecture, building, society and culture and creative arts 15–24 years 25–39 years Information Technology, Management 40–64 years 65 years and over and Commerce and service industries

* Please note, this table omits quali cations of mixed eld, quali cations that are not adequately described, and information relating to census respondents who have not stated their quali cation or are not applicable (i.e. Not of age to have post-school quali cation). Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

8 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment

Employment status of general population* Employment by industry

100% 2% 7% 14% 80%

12% 60% 1% 11% 40%

20% 15%

13% 0% 6% 65 years

and above 19% 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old

Employed Agriculture, forestry and sheries Unemployed Mining Not in labour force or not stated Manufacturing Utilities, construction and transport Employment* Please note the %status gures are of relative general to each population* of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are Employmentaggregates of the following status Au ofstra Indigenouslian Bureau of Statis population*tics categories: Employed = Employed full-time;Health, Employed Social par Assistance,t-time; Education and training and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time 100%100% Public administration and safety work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the populationWholesale that is not and of r etail trade 80% working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for Serthisvices report, 80%as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population. Food, accommodation, arts and recreation Unknown/not stated 60%60%

40%40%

20%20%

0% 0% 65 years 65 years and above and above ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous I I I I 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old 15–24 years old 40–64 years old 25–39 years old

EmployeEmployed d UnemployeUnemployed d Not Notin labour in labour force fo orrce not or statednot stated * Please note the % gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

9 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Volunteering Income

Volunteering rates Total household income (% of households)*

80%

70% 11.3%

60% 27.5% 50% 8.1% 2.1% 40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 65 years

and above 51.1% 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old

Not a volunteer Under $20,800 $20,800–64,999 $65,000–$103,999 Volunteer Over $104,000 Not Stated/Partially Stated Not stated or not applicable * Please note these gures have been derived from the ABS Equivalised Total Household Income (HIED)Census 2011 data. ABS data categories have been aggregated for the purposes of this report. For more information see: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome. nsf/home/statementsdwellinghied?opendocument&navpos=430 In the 2011–12 nancial year, persons who earned $67,500 or less were eligible for Low Income Tax Oset. Human Services applied the following de nitions of “low income” as eligibility criteria for the Low Income Supplement in the 2012–13 nancial year: Income below $30,000 for singles, $45,000 combined for couples, or $60,000 combined for couples or singles with a dependent child.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

10 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Number of people employed in agriculture, shing, forestry and downstream industries

Agriculture industries (production) 23,201

Agriculture downstream industries, including services, 11,938 food and beverage

Fishing industry, including production and downstream seafood processing 6 and wholesaling Forestry industry, including production, logging, sawmilling 1,356 and downstream wood and paper product manufacturing

Agricultural commodity values

Value of agricultural commodities^ $2,500

$2,000

$1,500 illions M $1,000

$500

$0 y y rk ool ruit ops Ha Po F Beef Nuts Eggs W Dair Lamb e cr or seed or grain Oilseeds oadacr Cereals for grain egume f or consumption L egetables f V ther br O Nurseries and cut owers egetables f V

^ Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced. The value estimates in this publication are derived by the multiplication of price and quantity estimates of agricultural commodities. Price information is estimated based on the average unit value of a given commodity realised in the market place. For more information please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/7503.0Explanatory%20Notes12010-11?OpenDocument

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

11 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice

Feral animal control* Native vegetation protection and regeneration* (% of agricultural holdings) (% of agricultural holdings) 100% 5% 90% 80% 4% 70% 60% 3%

50% 40% 2% 30% 20% 1% 10% 0% 0% e ol tio n ther O essur eral goats F eral animals cluding stock of f No management ther (unspeci ed ) Managing weeds eral animal contr f O Stopping mechanical or chemical destruc Reducing grazing pr encing o /ex F

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0

Sought advice when adopting Sources of advice**^ native vegetation management**

28.66% s s s s s s s No No No No No No No Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye 71.34% oup oup egion nment ch and ver tion gr e or farmer rmer gr Go Resear Fa A/NRM r tension ocer oduc ex CM pr ivate consultant or agribusiness agent eers or neighbours Landcar employed facilitator P Pr

Yes No elopment Corporation Dev

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only. ^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice. For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-practice-change.pdf

12 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Land tenure Land use

15.61% 4% 8% 0.07% 1% 2% 2% 0.003% 38% 0.001% 11.35%

22%

72.96%

23%

Crown Land – Private – Leased Grazing Modied Pastures Crown Land – Public Grazing Native Vegetation Crown Land – Public – Leased Cropping and Horticulture Crown Land – Unknown – Leased Production from Irrigated Agriculture and Plantations Freehold – Unknown Conservation and Natural Environments No Data/Unknown Industry, Residential, Services and Mining Production Forestry (native vegetation) Other

Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/Pages/Default.aspx

Indigenous Land Councils New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council: www.alc.org.au Native Title Services Victoria: http://ntsv.com.au

Although there have been no Native Title Determinations finalised within this Conservation Management Zone, it continues to represent important Indigenous heritage values and places that are of deep significance to Indigenous persons and their practices, observations, customs, beliefs and history.

13 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Local Government Areas Local Government Areas Berrigan Shire Council NSW Parkes Shire Council NSW Bland Shire Council NSW Temora Shire Council NSW Bogan Shire Council NSW The Council Of The Shire Of Wakool NSW Bourke Shire Council NSW Urana Shire Council NSW Brewarrina Shire Council NSW Wagga Wagga City Council NSW Cabonne Shire Council NSW Weddin Shire Council NSW Carrathool Shire Council NSW Wentworth Shire Council NSW Central Darling Shire Council NSW Young Shire Council NSW Cobar Shire Council NSW Alpine Shire VIC Conargo Shire Council NSW Benalla Rural City VIC Coolamon Shire Council NSW Buloke Shire VIC Cootamundra Shire Council NSW Campaspe Shire VIC Corowa Shire Council NSW Central Goldfields Shire VIC Cowra Shire Council NSW Gannawarra Shire VIC Deniliquin Council NSW Greater Bendigo City VIC Forbes Shire Council NSW Greater Shepparton City VIC Greater Hume Shire Council NSW Indigo Shire VIC Griffith City Council NSW Loddon Shire VIC Hay Shire Council NSW Mildura Rural City VIC Jerilderie Shire Council NSW Mitchell Shire VIC Junee Shire Council NSW Moira Shire VIC Lachlan Shire Council NSW Mount Alexander Shire VIC Leeton Shire Council NSW Strathbogie Shire VIC Lockhart Shire Council NSW Swan Hill Rural City VIC Murray Shire Council NSW Towong Shire VIC Murrumbidgee Shire Council NSW Wangaratta Rural City VIC Narrandera Shire Council NSW Wodonga City VIC Narromine Shire Council NSW

14 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Zone vegetation characteristics

Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVS) with >1% original distribution within zone 45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% , s a ey ey ey ey ey rb herbs s, ests with r rn e +/- fo fo fe e understor , samphir ests and woodlands ests and woodlands r r a shrubby understor a shrubby understor fo fo ther tussock grasslands O with a grassy understor a tussock grass understor Eucalyptus woodlands with Eucalyptus woodlands with Eucalyptus open woodlands Eucalyptus open emperate tussock grasslands Eucalyptus woodlands with T Callitirs , rushes or wet tussock grassland ed chenopod Lignum shrublands and wetlands x ther Acacia chenopod or samphir O Mi Saltbush and/or Bluebush shrublands sedges Mulga (Acacia aneura) open woodlands and sparse shrublands +/- tussock grass Eucalyptus woodlands with

Pre 1750 percentage of CMZ area Present day percentage of CMZ area

15 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

16 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands

Ramsar wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares NSW Central Murray State Forests – NSW 84,001 Koondrook Forest Group Barmah Forest VIC 29,305 Gunbower Forest VIC 20,218 Kerang Wetlands – Fosters Swamp VIC 9,777 Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes – Lake Kramen VIC 977 Fivebough and Tuckerbil Swamps – For more information on Ramsar please refer to: NSW 620 http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our- Fivebough Swamp environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands

Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Avoca Floodway (Tutchewop Plains) VIC 477.99 1, 2, 3 Barmah-Millewa Forest VIC 27,068.50 1, 2, 3, 5 Belsar Island VIC 2,520.85 2 Beveridge Island VIC 513.74 2, 3 The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification Black Swamp VIC 174.41 1, 3 system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and Black Swamp and Coopers Swamp NSW 329.51 1, 3, 5 distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape. Booligal Wetlands NSW 67.27 1, 2, 3 Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation Broken Creek VIC 2,466.68 1, 2, 3 distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. Bunguluke Wetlands, Tyrrell Creek VIC 3,520.24 1, 2 The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across & Lalbert Creek Floodplain Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums Cemetery Swamp VIC 110.85 1, 2 (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type Cuba Dam NSW 71.62 1, 3, 4 occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present Doodle Corner Swamp NSW 1,657.46 1 are therefore not represented. First Marsh (The Marsh) VIC 777.93 2, 3 It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia Fivebough Swamp NSW 201.16 4 is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on Fosters Swamp VIC 319.06 2, 3 vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy. Great Cumbungi Swamp NSW 13,775.35 1, 2, 3, 4 Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater Gunbower Island VIC 10,482.05 1, 2, 3 discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. Hattah Lakes VIC 1,599.98 1, 2, 3, 6 For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. Heywoods Lake VIC 172.48 6 In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory Hird’s Swamp VIC 345.22 1, 2, 3 originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of Johnson’s Swamp VIC 411.02 1, 2, 3 this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, Kanyapella Basin VIC 2,424.26 1, 2, 3 this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication Kings Billabong Wetlands VIC 525.97 1, 6 of change in extent, and not vegetation condition. Koondrook and Perricoota Forests NSW 70,742.19 1, 2 Kow Swamp VIC 2,719.61 1, 2, 3, 6 For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system Lachlan Swamp (Part of mid Lachlan Wetlands) NSW 30,095.84 1, 2, 3

17 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Lake Bael Bael VIC 640.39 1, 2, 3 Lake Brewster NSW 6,314.25 1, 3, 5 Lake Charm VIC 526.01 2, 3 Lake Cowal/Wilbertroy Wetlands NSW 23,502.43 1, 2, 3 Lake Cullen VIC 629.07 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Lake Hume VIC 9,378.57 1, 2, 6 Lake Kelly & Stevensons Swamp VIC 318.96 1, 3, 4 Lake Merrimajeel/Murrumbidgil Swamp NSW 223.76 1, 3, 6 Lake William VIC 95.70 3, 4 Little Lake Charm, Kangaroo Lake & VIC 1,329.94 2, 3 Racecourse Lake Lowbidgee Floodplain NSW 1,096.11 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Lower Broken River VIC 362.51 3, 6 Lower Goulburn River Floodplain VIC 3,626.75 1, 2 Lower Mirrool Creek Floodplain NSW 143.66 1, 2, 3, 5 Major Mitchell Lagoon VIC 8.87 6 Merrowie Creek (Cuba Dam to Chillichil Swamp) NSW 5,170.74 1, 2, 3 Mid Murrumbidgee Wetlands NSW 14.78 1, 2, 3, 5 Millewa Forest NSW 47,148.01 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Muckatah Depression VIC 1,294.85 1, 2 Ovens River VIC 3,910.81 3, 4, 6 Ryan’s Lagoon VIC 60.28 1, 6 Second Marsh (Middle Marsh) VIC 240.04 2, 3 Tang Tang Swamp VIC 102.67 1, 2, 3, 6 Third Marsh (Top Marsh) VIC 1,237.12 1, 2, 3 Third, Middle and Reedy Lakes VIC 626.44 1, 2, 3 Town Swamp VIC 88.51 1, 2 Tragowel Swamp (McPhails Swamp) VIC 249.44 3 Tuckerbil Swamp NSW 12.86 4, 5, 6 Wakool-Tullakool Evaporation Basins NSW 64.74 1, 3 Walla Walla Swamp (Gum Swamp) NSW 340.88 1, 3 Wallenjoe Wetlands VIC 1,700.07 1, 2, 3 Werai Forest NSW 36,707.03 1, 2, 5 Woolshed Swamp VIC 351.64 1, 3 Yarran Swamp NSW 0.10 1, 2

Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria: 1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia. 2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex. 3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail. 4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa. 5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level. 6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance. Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition

18 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands World and National Heritage

Heritage Heritage values World or National type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone Bonegilla Migrant National Historic VIC 14.46 0.00008 Camp – Block 19 Echuca Wharf National Historic VIC 0.32 0.000002

Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

19 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Major National Reserve System properties

Major National Reserve System properties IUCN Name Property type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone category Murrumbidgee Valley National Park II NSW 45,677 0.24 Gundabooka National Park II NSW 42,143 0.22 Murray Valley National Park II NSW 39,578 0.21 Murrumbidgee Valley State Conservation Area II NSW 34,347 0.18 Lachlan Valley State Conservation Area II NSW 33,796 0.18 Barmah National Park II VIC 28,427 0.15 Hattah – Kulkyne National Park II VIC 25,235 0.13 Oolambeyan National Park II NSW 22,200 0.12 NRS Addition – Thelangerin II NSW 20,164 0.11 Gazettal in Progress Willandra National Park II NSW 18,855 0.10 River Murray Reserve Natural Features Reserve VI VIC 11,213 0.06 Lachlan Valley National Park II NSW 10,954 0.06 Murray Valley Regional Park V NSW 10,469 0.06 South West Woodland Nature Reserve IA NSW 10,146 0.05 Kemendok National Park II NSW 9,374 0.05 Lower Goulburn National Park II VIC 9,295 0.05 Gunbower National Park II VIC 9,232 0.05 Weddin Mountains National Park II NSW 8,718 0.05 Cocoparra National Park II NSW 8,384 0.04 Nombinnie State Conservation Area II NSW 7,604 0.04 Goulburn River H.R. Heritage River VI VIC 6,968 0.04

The IUCN categories are as follows: Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories Ib Wilderness Area classify protected areas according to their II National Park management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as III Natural Monument or Feature the United Nations and are utilised by many IV Habitat/Species Management Area national governments, including the Australian V Protected Landscape/ Seascape Government, as the global standard for VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources defining and recording protected areas.

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/ For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

20 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities

Threatened ecological communities Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone** Critically Natural Grasslands of the Murray Valley Plains 62.9 23.86 Endangered Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Endangered 46.9 89.09 Grasslands of South-eastern Australia Seasonal Herbaceous Wetlands (Freshwater) Critically 44.9 0.10 of the Temperate Lowland Plains Endangered Buloke Woodlands of the Riverina and Endangered 32.0 49.98 Murray-Darling Depression Bioregions White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Critically Red Gum Grassy Woodland and 28.4 36.23 Endangered Derived Native Grassland Weeping Myall Woodlands Endangered 23.4 84.89 The community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from Endangered 0.1 0.01 the Great Artesian Basin * % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed underThe Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

21 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened species

Threatened mammals % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** South-eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus corbeni Vulnerable 15.13 90.52 Koala (combined populations of Queensland, New South Wales Phascolarctos cinereus Vulnerable 10.8 81.30 and the Australian Capital Territory) Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable 0.1 0.18 Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Endangered 0.11 0.16 (southeastern mainland population) May be May be Konoom, Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus Endangered present present May be May be New Holland Mouse, Pookila Pseudomys novaehollandiae Vulnerable present present

22 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Threatened birds % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii Vulnerable 51.8 70.60 Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus Vulnerable 28.1 33.32 Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 17.9 62.53 Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered 10.7 27.01 Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered 10.5 40.20 Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Vulnerable 7 72.96 Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 4 99.97 Regent Parrot (eastern) Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides Vulnerable 3.5 1.51 Squatter Pigeon (southern) Geophaps scripta scripta Vulnerable 1.06 4.03 Mallee Emu-wren Stipiturus mallee Endangered 0.79 0.21 Red-lored Whistler Pachycephala rufogularis Vulnerable 0.64 0.10 Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis Endangered 0.59 0.09 May be May be Thick-billed Grasswren Amytornis modestus Vulnerable present present * % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

Threatened reptiles % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Pink-tailed Worm-lizard, Aprasia parapulchella Vulnerable 22.3 17.56 Pink-tailed Legless Lizard Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar Vulnerable 14.7 9.68

23 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Other threatened fauna % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis Endangered 56.25 0.14 Growling Grass Frog, Southern Bell Frog, Litoria raniformis Vulnerable 22.79 26.39 Green and Golden Frog, Warty Swamp Frog Murray Hardyhead Craterocephalus fluviatilis Endangered 21.73 1.36 Critically Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana 3.34 0.02 Endangered Spotted Tree Frog Litoria spenceri Endangered 0.02 0.001 May be May be Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii Vulnerable present present May be May be Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica Endangered present present May be May be Alpine Stonefly Thaumatoperla alpina Endangered present present

24 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Sand-hill Spider-orchid Caladenia arenaria Endangered 98.50 0.19 None Austrostipa wakoolica Endangered 95.00 15.78 Mueller Daisy Brachyscome muelleroides Vulnerable 93.50 5.63 Red Darling-pea, Red Swainson-pea Swainsona plagiotropis Vulnerable 91.52 2.77 Stiff Groundsel Senecio behrianus Endangered 90.90 0.09 a spike rush Eleocharis obicis Vulnerable 85.70 0.71 Mossgiel Daisy Brachyscome papillosa Vulnerable 80.10 19.18 Ridged Water-milfoil Myriophyllum porcatum Vulnerable 68.30 1.31 Curly-bark Wattle Acacia curranii Vulnerable 67.66 6.59 None Austrostipa metatoris Vulnerable 63.80 18.25 Chariot Wheels Maireana cheelii Vulnerable 59.51 8.23 Winged Pepper-cress Lepidium monoplocoides Endangered 58.50 30.85 River Swamp Wallaby-grass, Amphibromus fluitans Vulnerable 54.00 12.26 Floating Swamp Wallaby-grass Slender Darling-pea, Slender Swainson, Swainsona murrayana Vulnerable 51.57 66.25 Murray Swainson-pea Turnip Copperbur Sclerolaena napiformis Endangered 51.20 1.09 Hibbertia humifusa Euroa Guinea-flower Vulnerable 34.70 0.26 subsp. erigens Western Water-starwort Callitriche cyclocarpa Vulnerable 24.50 0.95 Menindee Nightshade Solanum karsense Vulnerable 21.80 3.75 Yellow-lip Spider-orchid Caladenia xanthochila Endangered 21.40 0.02 Plains Rice-flower, Spiny Rice-flower, Pimelea spinescens Critically 19.99 4.41 Prickly Pimelea subsp. Spinescens Endangered Erect Pepper-cress Lepidium pseudopapillosum Vulnerable 18.40 0.03 Eucalyptus alligatrix Lima Stringybark Endangered 17.50 0.06 subsp. limaensis None Tylophora linearis Endangered 14.80 12.45 Cobar Greenhood Orchid Pterostylis cobarensis Vulnerable 14.10 2.75 Spiny Pepper-cress Lepidium aschersonii Vulnerable 10.40 0.06 Lowly Greenhood Pterostylis despectans Endangered 9.90 0.02 Woolly Ragwort Senecio garlandii Vulnerable 9.59 0.02 None Bertya opponens Vulnerable 7.90 0.09 Critically Don’s Spider Orchid Caladenia cremna 3.18 0.01 Endangered Crimson Spider-orchid, Caladenia concolor Vulnerable 3.06 0.04 Maroon Spider-orchid Greencomb Spider-orchid, Caladenia tensa Endangered 2.90 3.61 Rigid Spider-orchid Warby Range Swamp Gum Eucalyptus cadens Vulnerable 2.20 0.01

25 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Leucochrysum albicans Hoary Sunray, Grassland Paper-daisy Endangered 2.11 0.44 var. tricolor Concave Pomaderris Pomaderris subplicata Vulnerable 1.90 0.00 Candy Spider-orchid Caladenia versicolor Vulnerable 1.70 0.26 McIvor Spider-orchid, Caladenia audasii Endangered 1.50 0.02 Audas Spider-orchid Yellow Swainson-pea Swainsona pyrophila Vulnerable 1.43 0.71 Small Purple-pea, Mountain Swainson-pea Swainsona recta Endangered 1.30 0.01 Yass Daisy Ammobium craspedioides Vulnerable 0.67 0.02 Clover Glycine, Purple Clover Glycine latrobeana Vulnerable 0.60 0.38 Fragrant Leek-orchid Prasophyllum suaveolens Endangered 0.50 0.01 Basalt Pepper-cress, Peppercress, Lepidium hyssopifolium Endangered 0.45 0.03 Rubble Pepper-cress, Pepperweed Brilliant Sun-orchid Thelymitra mackibbinii Vulnerable 0.37 0.0002 Lobed Blue-grass Bothriochloa biloba Vulnerable 0.37 0.02 Matted Flax-lily Dianella amoena Endangered 0.20 0.03 Spiral Sun-orchid Thelymitra matthewsii Vulnerable 0.20 0.05 Desert Greenhood Pterostylis xerophila Vulnerable 0.11 0.01

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone. The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

26 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) migratory species

Migratory birds Migratory birds Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Great Egret, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Ardea alba White Egret Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Red Knot, Knot Calidris canutus Little Curlew, Numenius minutus Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Little Whimbrel Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus Rostratula Painted Snipe Latham’s Snipe, benghalensis (sensu lato) Gallinago hardwickii Japanese Snipe Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola White-bellied Marsh Sandpiper, Haliaeetus leucogaster Tringa stagnatilis Sea-Eagle Little Greenshank White-throated Hirundapus caudacutus Needletail

27 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Threatened endemic species

Threatened endemic species Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status Frogs Crinia sloanei Recorded in reserves n/a Data Deficient Molluscs Cupedora marcidum Unreserved n/a Near Threatened Plants Brachyscome papillosa Unreserved Vulnerable n/a Plants Austrostipa metatoris Unreserved Vulnerable n/a Plants Austrostipa wakoolica Unreserved Endangered n/a

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29 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Invasive species

Invasive mammals Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 3.10 100 Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 2.50 100 Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 3.40 98.4 House Mouse Mus musculus 4.60 86.7 Brown Hare Lepus capensis 12.20 64.5 Pig Sus scrofa 3.40 63.8 Goat Capra hircus 3.40 38.5 Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 2.90 38.2 Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 3.60 32.8 Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 5.20 30.7 Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 5.10 5.2 Feral deer species in Australia n/a 2.30 4.6 Horse Equus caballus 0.10 0.5

Other invasive fauna Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 8.7 100 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 6.1 96.3 Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 6.3 85.6 Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 14.7 71.7 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 14.5 69.3 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 29.7 43.8 Skylark Alauda arvensis 12.3 42.3 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 9.3 35.0 Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 8.6 23.7 Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 5.3 23.4 European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 3.8 4.0 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 3.2 1.4 Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 0.5 0.1

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

30 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Asparagus asparagoides 14.45 63.12 Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 11.74 52.04 African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 16.87 47.22 Salix spp. except S.babylonica, Willows except Weeping Willow, S.x calodendron & 8.75 30.68 Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow S.x reichardtii Delta Arrowhead, Arrowhead, Sagittaria platyphylla 44.7 20.08 Slender Arrowhead Silver Nightshade, Silver-leaved Nightshade, White Horse Nettle, Silver-leaf Nightshade, Tomato Weed, White Nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium 18.32 14.56 Bull-nettle, Prairie-berry, Satansbos, Silver-leaf Bitter-apple, Silverleaf-nettle, Trompillo Athel Pine, Athel Tree, Tamarisk, Athel Tamarisk, Athel Tamarix, Desert Tamarisk, Tamarix aphylla 3.84 14.42 Flowering Cypress, Salt Cedar Chilean Needle grass Nassella neesiana 10.3 14.37 Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock, Nassella trichotoma 8.57 13.20 Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ) Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 6.13 12.37 Mesquite, Algaroba Prosopis spp. 3.75 11.82 Gorse, Furze Ulex europaeus 4.83 10.24 Bitou Bush, Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera 3.32 9.97 Chrysanthemoides Boneseed 3.01 5.10 monilifera subsp. monilifera Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common Broom, Cytisus scoparius 3.76 4.77 Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Common Broom, Genista monspessulana 5.82 4.62 French Broom, Soft Broom Cabomba, Fanwort, Carolina Watershield, Fish Grass, Washington Grass, Watershield, Cabomba caroliniana 5.22 2.65 Carolina Fanwort, Common Cabomba Alligator Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides 4.78 1.95 Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb’s-tail, Mignonette Vine, Anredera, Anredera cordifolia 2.22 1.10 Gulf Madeiravine, Heartleaf Madeiravine, Potato Vine Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily Eichhornia crassipes 2.08 1.04 Prickly Pears Cylindropuntia spp. 2.86 0.96 Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Pinus radiata 0.38 0.92 Insignis Pine, Wilding Pine Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Senecio madagascariensis 0.97 0.75 Madagascar Groundsel

31 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Flax-leaved Broom, Genista linifolia 3.13 0.68 Mediterranean Broom, Flax Broom Ward’s Weed Carrichtera annua 0.1 0.61 Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass Cenchrus ciliaris 0.03 0.58 Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Salvinia molesta 0.25 0.41 Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Weed Olive, Common Olive Olea europaea 0.38 0.29 Asparagus Fern, Climbing Asparagus Fern Asparagus scandens 1.86 0.19 Prickly Pears Austrocylindropuntia spp. 2.18 0.14 Climbing Asparagus-fern Asparagus plumosus 0.2 0.03 Climbing Asparagus-fern, Ferny Asparagus Protasparagus plumosus 0.2 0.03 Cat’s Claw Vine, Yellow Trumpet Vine, Dolichandra unguis-cati 0.1 0.03 Cat’s Claw Creeper, Funnel Creeper * % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone. For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

32 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

33 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

40.9%

10.3% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community

Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Eucalyptus microcarpa; Eucalyptus 4.2% melliodora; Eucalyptus largiflorens; Eucalyptus populnea subsp. Bimbil; Melaleuca parvistaminea; Eleocharis acuta; y

Austrostipa gibbosa; Carex appressa; Acacia paradoxa; Acacia -1750 Pre montana; Pittosporum angustifolium; Poa labillardierei; esent da Elymus scaber; Austrodanthonia caespitosa; Dianella revoluta; Pr Themeda triandra;sedge; tussock grass.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase high Fence paddock Do not revegetate All fire management Maintain and protect Mow/slash Control feral grazers Manage underlying quality remnants trees to enable high quality condition should be in paddock trees sporadically and in (deer, rabbits, goats) causes of dieback, and /or small derived into reservation and regeneration. accordance as these provide a mosaic pattern and erect fences such as proliferation encourage uptake grassland sites. Avoid herbicide and These sites should with local and critical landscape in late summer where appropriate of leaf-eating of conservation pesticide application be capable of natural State regulations. linkages for fauna. or autumn after (e.g. of stock dams, insects in adjacent agreements in, or near, remnants. regeneration and Apply mosaic If few hollow-bearing native ground layer individual guards for paddocks and weed and covenants Do not divert run-off planting disturbs burning in trees are present plants have seeded. targeted plants). infested sites. on private land. into remnant areas. compositional small areas at within remnants, balance and natural Hand pulling, Control feral Maintain a 30-50 Avoid soil staggered intervals. provide nesting compaction from succession patterns. metre buffer of boxes. Monitor spot spraying and predators vehicles/machinery Plant native, Retain unburnt areas. native vegetation these regularly for weed wiping are including foxes, around remnants to or stock camps. indigenous species only if the site shows Ensure that invasive species. appropriate weed dogs, cats and pigs. help protect against Limit or exclude no signs of natural appropriate weed control measures. If fallen timber has Do not push fallen incursion by feral grazing during regeneration (after control measures Prevent weed timber into stacks predators, spray drift drought periods, a rest period of two follow any been removed introduction through or windrows and weed incursion. and in Spring/ year). Replicate the burning activity. from sites, replace composition and Prevent firewood Summer when native coarse woody adopting good as these form groundcover is in density of species A minimum fire debris (e.g. recycled hygiene measures harbours for foxes, collection and bush evident in local, interval of five years, rock removal. Retain flower or seed. untreated timbers). and minimising rabbits and cats. good quality grassy maximum of 40 years standing dead trees Graze period 3-days soil disturbance. woodland sites. is recommended. Monitor and manage and fallen timber. on; 28-day rest in Use seed of local However, please densities of Eastern Don’t stockpile Summer. 7-days on; Grey Kangaroos. If Protect from 56-day rest periods provenance if possible. seek advice from topsoil within the sward height road widening throughout Thin tree recruits once your local NRM remnant areas. reduces below 10cm and maintenance autumn and winter. well-established, organisation activities. leaving the healthiest for advice on because of kangaroo Maintain 80% specimens. Please grazing, seek advice Do not permit groundcover and burning regimes. seek advice from from your local commercial apiarists a sward height of your local NRM NRM organisation to place bee 10cm at all times. organisation as to hives within 3km whether this is an on appropriate Avoid cultivation, control measures. of the remnant. ripping appropriate action and excavation. for your site.

34 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

10.5% 10%

95.06% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus largiflorens; Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus melliodora; Eucalyptus leucoxylon; Callitris glaucophylla; Allocasuarina luehmannii;

Muehlenbeckia florulenta; Callitris gracilis subsp. Murrayensis; y

Geijera parviflora; Hakea tephrosperma; Pittosporum angustifolium; -1750 Pre

Apophyllum anomalum; Dodonaea viscosa; Eremophila mitchellii; esent da Oxalis chnoodes; Calotis lappulacea; Lepidosperma viscidum; Elymus Pr scaber; Lolium rigidum; forb; tussock grass.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase high Manage grazing Do not revegetate All fire management If few, or no hollow Hand pulling, Control feral grazers quality remnants practices high quality should be in bearing trees are spot spraying and (deer, rabbits, goats) into reservation and including avoiding condition sites. accordance with present then place weed wiping are and erect fences encourage uptake high-intensity set These sites should local and State nest boxes for appropriate weed where appropriate of conservation stocking. Limit or be capable of natural regulations. Please arboreal mammals control measures. (e.g. of stock dams, agreements exclude grazing regeneration and seek advice from and birds on individual guards for and covenants during drought planting disturbs your local NRM larger trees within Prevent weed highly palatable on private land. periods and during compositional organisation prior to remnants. Monitor introduction young plants). Maintain a 30–50 Spring and Summer balance and natural undertaken any fire these regularly for through maintaining metre buffer of when native succession patterns. management invasive species. hygiene protocols Control feral native vegetation ground cover is actions. and minimising predators around remnants to in flower or seed. Plant native, soil disturbance. including foxes, help protect against indigenous species dogs, cats and pigs. incursion by feral Avoid herbicide and only if the site predators, spray drift pesticide application shows no signs of and weed incursion. in or near remnants. natural regeneration. Prevent firewood Do not divert run-off Replicate the collection and bush into remnant areas. composition and rock removal. Retain standing dead trees density of species Avoid soil and fallen timber. evident in local, compaction from good quality Protect from vehicles/machinery road widening eucalypt or stock camps. and maintenance woodland sites. activities. Avoid cultivation, Use seed of Do not permit ripping and local provenance commercial apiarists excavation. if possible. to place bee hives within 3km of the remnant.

35 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Saltbush and/or Bluebush shrublands vegetation profile

Change in extent

7.9% 7.9%

99.49% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Maireana pyramidata; Maireana aphylla; Atriplex vesicaria; Atriplex nummularia; Rhagodia spinescens;

Austrodanthonia setacea; Rhodanthe corymbiflora; y

Sclerolaena intricata; Sclerolaena tricuspis; Sclerostegia -1750 Pre tenuis; Enchylaena tomentosa; Lolium perenne; chenopod esent da shrub; forb; tussock grass. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Pest-proof fence high Avoid continuous Undertake intensive Actively manage Target rabbits, foxes quality remnants or heavy grazing to management of weeds when and cats in key and refugia. allow saltbush to identified key refugia undertaking refugia and habitats. regrow or seed. and wildlife habitats. restoration activities Avoid changes to ensure weeds Manage foxes to water Experiment with Maintain dingo do not compete and rabbits flow/water table different saltbush populations to for soil moisture simultaneously to levels that could species for livestock control exotic pests. with vulnerable avoid foxes switching impact on aquifers, forage, and native replantings. to predation on surface waters and implement strategic Re-introduce native species, overland flow. grazing regimes engineer species Apply herbicides or increases in to maximise both (e.g. bilbies and to actively growing rabbit populations. production yields bettongs) where feral weeds and and biodiversity animal controls are avoid spray drift. benefits. effective and in place. Do not leave areas Refer to http://www. Manage native of bare ground to malleecma.vic.gov.au grazing pressure avoid wind and /resources/fact- (e.g. from kangaroos). water erosion of sheets/enrich-fs.pdf soils. Retain some to explore the weed cover and benefits of different stagger removal and grazing regimes and replacement with saltbush species. native grasses.

36 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Callitris forests and woodlands vegetation profile

Change in extent

7.2%

6.2% 86.11% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Callitris glaucophylla; Eucalyptus melliodora; Eucalyptus populnea subsp. Bimbil; Callitris gracilis; Eucalyptus microcarpa; Allocasuarina luehmannii; Pittosporum phylliraeoides; Melaleuca uncinata; y

Austrostipa scabra; Eremophila glabra; Arctotheca calendula; Echium -1750 Pre plantagineum; Hordeum leporinum; Dodonaea viscosa; Wahlenbergia esent da gracilis; Wahlenbergia luteola; Austrostipa mollis; Triodia scariosa; Pr Vulpia myuros; tussock grass; epiphyte; rush.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Create buffer Avoid excessive Reconnect Avoid frequent or Apply herbicides zones around high grazing pressure. callitris forest and high intensity fires. to actively growing quality remnants. woodland remnants weeds and Ensure timber where possible. Callitris does not avoid spray drift. harvesting practices survive intense are sustainable. fire. When burnt, Do not leave areas it regenerates from of bare ground to seed. If fires occur avoid wind and too frequently water erosion of or if grazing is soils (particularly excessive, callitris sandy soils which will not regenerate. are preferenced by callitris species). If wildfire impacts Retain some weed upon a remnant cover and stagger ensure that grazing removal and is excluded from replacement with the remnant native grasses. until regrowth is well established.

37 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Other tussock grasslands vegetation profile

Change in extent

6.8% 6.8%

99.97% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Enteropogon acicularis; Erodium crinitum; Amphibromus nervosus; Callitris glaucophylla; Carthamus lanatus;

Geijera parviflora; Austrodanthonia setacea; Eragrostis y

australasica; Echium plantagineum; Sclerolaena muricata; -1750 Pre

Sonchus oleraceus; Rhodanthe corymbiflora; Sporobolus esent da caroli; Lolium perenne; Marsilea drummondii; tussock Pr grass; chenopod shrub; forb.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase high Prevent trampling Consult your local Avoid disturbance Control foxes and quality remnants and excessive NRM Organisation during peak cats through baiting. into reservation and grazing pressure. for advice flowering season encourage uptake on appropriate (no mowing, Ensure grass of conservation Graze 3 days on; revegetation slashing or burning). dependent species agreements 28 days rest period. methods. are not affected and covenants Maintain native by feral animal Totally exclude on private land. Rehabilitate sites perennial cover. trapping and grazing during with locally sourced removal programs. Remnants in Spring and Summer seed. Monitor closely Implement hygiene travelling stock flowering and to ensure that measures to prevent routes should seeding periods. weed species do weed spread, be monitored not compete with including by grazing Maintain a minimum carefully to ensure young native recruits and machinery use. sward height of that remnants for soil moisture 10 cm at all times Avoid adverse retain quality. and light. (across all the site). impacts from Avoid activities Revegetate between chemicals or other Avoid fertiliser and that result in soil existing remnants to mechanisms herbicide application disturbance such reconnect, extend to manage weeds. in or near remnants. as ploughing and buffer sites. Where cropping and earth works. is undertaken in Where possible, adjacent paddocks, create buffers of minimise spray native vegetation of drift into remnants. 30 metres or more.

38 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Notes

39 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Notes

40 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands Notes

41 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Temperate Woodlands ALC100.0915