4975 - Trans-National database and Atlas of Saints' Cults, c.1000- c.2000

This document was supplied by the depositor and has been modified by AHDS History

AHDS History Introduction

This document has been assembled from information supplied to AHDS History by the depositor and the depositor’s web site:

http://www.le.ac.uk/elh/grj1/intro.html

Additions made to the document by the AHDS are contained in a separate section at the end of the depositor supplied information. The user is also advised to consult the study’s read file. A collaborative research programme

The project's aims and character

The Trans-national Database and Atlas of Saints' Cults aims to establish a parish-by- parish, commune-by-commune inventory of religious devotion in and beyond. Evidence of cults saintly, angelic and divine is built up from documentation and other sources, and centres on the dedications of churches and chapels and of subsidiary foci of devotion such as side altars, images and lights.

The evidence is being mapped electronically, using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and together with a third dimension, commentaries on the spatial, temporal and thematic patterns revealed by the investigation, the atlas and database is being made available to other researchers and to the public at large.

Even without the mapping, the user is able to move place-by-place across the landscape, and forwards and backwards over time, observing and analysing the identity and patterns of the cults venerated. TASC's objective is scientific: the construction of a systematic, comprehensive record, which will then form a tool for academic research, as well as a public work of reference. By representing collaborative, interdisciplinary research, linking the humanities and the social sciences across national and institutional borders, and open to constant up-date and up-grading, TASC is synergetic and organic. By definition, it will always be work-in- progress.

Methodology: Database and mapping

The object is to build a geographically-ordered inventory recording all evidence for the presence and the absence of cults saintly, angelic and divine, in every locality of a given . This should be done in a 'flat', spreadsheet database (using a software program compatible with Excel), so that the data can be quickly and easily added to, rearranged, and sorted for immediate, low-level but essential analysis and distribution. It also ensures maximum inter-operability and availability to other researchers, plus ease of subsequent electronic mapping in GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and import into relational, inter-operable databases, such as Access, for more sophisticated interrogation together with storage of additional information, linkage to digital libraries, and publication on the Internet.

Geographic ordering is a sine qua non for the following reasons:

TASC is a project for an Atlas and Database and TASC datasets are intended to allow ease of mapping, whether on paper or in GIS.

Religious devotion cannot be divorced from the societies and communities (at all levels) in which it is found. From its earliest centuries, bishops have been territorial and dioceses have been set up to serve political entities, lordships, and peoples. Likewise, at the most local level, individual churches have been provided by lords or groups of inhabitants to serve particular communities.

The more persistent cultural boundaries are those which follow watersheds, and the most frequent areas of discrete colonisation are those which coincide with river systems. TASC datasets are therefore organised, within dioceses, topographical by river-system.

Experience shows that dedications are hierarchical in the same way that groups of settlements are hierarchical - that is, there are superior settlements (primary or central places, call them what you will) and there are lesser settlements. Choice of dedication often reflects the status of the settlement.

Patronal cults relate to each other within large and small landed units, within individual parishes, and even within church buildings.

TASC records should therefore be ordered by diocese; within each diocese by river- system; within each river-system by archdeaconry (or its equivalent); within each archdeaconry by deanery (or its equivalent); within each deanery by parish; within each parish by location (such as , , , hermitage, , shrine, monastery, etc etc); within each location by status (that is, the most important church comes first, and so on in what seems to the researcher to be the most appropriate order; and within each building by status likewise (e.g. chancel before nave) and generally in a clockwise order beginning in the north.

Recording absence of cult is as important as recording presence. If we do not know the extent of our ignorance, we cannot assess the knowledge we have, or the amount of work still to be done. All known or likely places of veneration, therefore (such as east ends of aisles, whether or not there is structural evidence for an altar), need to be recorded, and where the cult is not known, the word 'Unknown' must be entered in the column for 'Dedication'.

How this geographical ordering works can be seen from the samples available in these web pages. Dated and sourced information is collated from as many categories of evidence as are relevant and available. Landscape features, fair and feast days, and wells are included, as well as chapels, altars, images and lights. All are recorded, even where the cult's identity is not yet known, since it's important to know the limits as well as the extent of our knowledge. By this means, evidence in depth is obtained. The records are ordered spatially, following the geography of administrative and topographic units (with the parish as the basic building block) and the layouts of individual buildings. Related contextual data supplements the raw evidence of devotion: place-name elements, for example, or the names of principal land-holders at key dates.

Inclusion of such additional data is at the discretion of the individual researcher and will frequently depend on the availability of information. Local circumstances may also dictate the range and identity of geographical units which can be recorded, ecclesiastical as well as secular. In both cases, however, a series of core data fields is agreed by TASC's partners and enables data to be compared across and periods. Thus it is crucial to know the form which the observance of cult takes in any given instance: the dedication (patrocinium) of a church, for example. A common spatial ordering of the records is also essential: by and within parishes where these are known, for example, and at least by and within river catchment areas, the single immutable division of the landscape.

Because the spelling of names can differ so widely, over time and locally as well as internationally, two extra electronic archives must be set up. One, a gazetteer of place- names, is likely in many areas to be ready to hand. Elsewhere this list must be created from scratch, though its compilation will be a help to many other groups besides the workers in TASC. The other necessary archive is a thesaurus of saints' names. Universally there is the problem of identifying a saint by his or her local name or its Latin version. In some areas this is compounded by the co-existence or development of 'pet'-names, many of which look nothing like the original.

Electronic mapping of the database material is achieved by using GIS coverage of basic, usually parochial boundaries of the earliest available period (or as point data, identified by latitude and longitude, for example, or national cartographic agency grid-references where these are internationally compatible and/or covertible to lat/long). Within a common GIS software the database information can be sorted, interrogated, and spatially presented as variously as it is categorised. Thus by interrogating both the database and the mapping, information can be built up on individual cults, loci or types of devotion, and snapshots obtained of devotions at any given period.

An important means of enriching this knowledge lies in the construction of a relational database, which can hold large amounts of information in separate compartments and which allow sophisticated searches, sorting, and interrogation. Records from the spreadsheet database can be imported, and enriched data exported in spreadsheet form for electronic mapping. The spreadsheet database and select GIS mapping in atlas form can be disseminated electronically via the Internet and on CD- Rom, as well as by paper publication. However, publication on the Internet of the relational database allows a much richer and deeper use of the material, namely access to on-line collections of relevant texts and images, thus creating an interactive digital library. Since additions and revisions will be continuously sought and submitted, the inventory will be held by internationally recognised and accessible academic data archives, such as the British Historical Data Service at the University of Essex, and ECAI, the Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative administered by the University of California at Berkeley with technical support from the University of Sydney, Australia.

Also under development (but still in its earliest stages of construction) is a mapping programme under which information from TASC datasets from across Europe can be viewed, together with relevant images, from a single cartographic base. The author of this programme, European History of Religion, is Dr Rain Simar of the University of California at Berkeley. The cartographer for the Image maps is Dr Christos Nuessli. A site using comparative tools for contemporary studies is also at University of California at Berkeley.

Commentary and interpretation

TASC is a tool for research. It does not, of itself, provide answers to academic questions or address issues of public policy and information. Nevertheless, the purpose of the database and maps is to form a resource which underpins TASC's raison d'être: a better knowledge and understanding of the material as it bears upon a range of historical, literary, artistic, geographical, cultural, archaeological and anthropological themes. A number of essays based on this work have already been published. Also, most TASC investigators will themselves include commentaries as the third leg of their research outcomes, alongside database and mapping. Few researchers can be expected to resist the urge to deploy their particular specialist knowledge in order to test or explain their provisional findings. In any case, most funding bodies and institutions look for interpretive meat on dataset bones. A number of essays based on this work have already been published, with others to follow.

Academic benefits

There are many specific advantages in having such a resource. Its usefulness is wide- ranging. For example:

It enables single cults to be examined comprehensively across time and borders, or in defined periods and places, and in comparison with others. It also allows such cults to be profiled according to the relative frequency, distribution and dating of specified categories of devotion.

It enables snapshots of devotion to be taken of particular places at particular times and in particular circumstances.

It provides a wide-canvas panorama of devotion, a view of the wood as well as the trees which makes it possible to avoid the 'blind' selectivity of assessment and analysis on the basis of 'cherry-picking'.

It allows significant patterns to emerge which are susceptible to investigation and hence open to explanation. Such patterns may be spatial, temporal, or thematic. Why do certain cults turn up at certain types of places? What processes of choice are indicated? What is the 'meaning' of a cult and its subject to its devotees? How often and in what manner are cults supplanted and why? What relationships between individual cults can be observed? Are hierarchies of settlement matched by hierarchies of cult? And so on.

It proceeds from an interdisciplinary base and finds use across disciplinary borders. It aims to assist, and bring together historians (general, cultural, local and regional, of art and of religion), geographers (historical, human and economic), social scientists (cultural and social anthropologists, ethnographers and folklorists), students of the written and spoken word (hagiographers and scholars of literature and diplomat generally, linguists and etymologists), and those concerned with material culture (archaeologists, curators, and architectural historians).

The use of common data fields enables investigators to be drawn from varied backgrounds and to pursue individual lines of inquiry. Though most current partners share an interest in medieval society, some are concerned also or solely with later periods, including the modern. Some work on single religious traditions or phenomena. Any risk that such cases would distort the overall dataset is avoided by the requirement that research parameters be declared in the accompanying commentary. Users of TASC may then include or exclude these tranches of evidence at will.

A resource for policy-makers and the general public

TASC also has a role in relation to aspects of public policy, including the provision of general public information.

Religious devotion is a key component of 'European culture' (as it is for other cultures) and numerous forms of its expression are widely shared. Thus the same saints have been venerated for centuries by groups of people in different parts of Europe, often ignorant that they shared their devotion with populations far away and little known, if at all. At the same time, regions of Europe, even individual communities, have claimed and celebrated their own local saints, without realising that associated legendary motifs, forms of commemoration, and expected benefits of veneration are often identical, springing from common roots. Detailed information on saints' cults can therefore shed significant light for policy advisers and decision- makers on the balance and tensions between the universality of 'European culture' and cultural particularity in Europe's component regions.

Contemporary public interest in saints and their cults generally (regional and universal) has never been greater, resulting in a huge demand for information. Yet scholarly response to this demand, linked so intimately with issues related to regional culture on the one hand, and overarching 'European culture' on the other, is hampered. Knowledge and understanding of local saints, so crucial to the sense of identity of regions and communities, has greatly diminished over the last two centuries; while the deep commonalities of meaning attached to the veneration of the universal cults of Christendom remain largely unexplored. Both fields suffer from the absence of a corpus of evidence which underpins, contextualises, and stimulates scientific research (while at the same time providing a source of academic and public reference). Such a corpus as TASC would also assist significantly the preservation of a core element of the European cultural heritage, and its enhancement as a means for more clearly and deeply understanding that shared heritage as a whole, including inter alia its regional components, its origins (often outside Europe as historically defined), and the patterns of its development, character, and meaning.

Europe and the wider world

Europe is part of a wider world, a fact it must willingly grasp as its union develops. European religious culture is rooted both in the Continent and beyond, informed by pre- and non-Christian systems as well as by early forms and expressions of itself. The study of this early diffusion is already reflected in TASC, as is the transmission of religious culture to the New World and elsewhere. One of TASC's North American partners is exploring dedications planted in Canada by migrants from France. From an Australian scholar with a Middle Eastern background has come a survey of pilgrimage sites in Coptic Egypt, to be supplemented in due course by the computerisation of a thirteenth-century list of churches and monasteries. It is against this background that TASC is represented in the international multi-cultural metadata and mapping enterprise known as the Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative.

TASC is a long-term enterprise which will outlive the present partners. Nevertheless a start has already been made with the aid of competitive national and institutional funding. Now the next phase is being planned by partners and associates in more than a dozen .

A key proposal is to cover a number of transects of Europe, composed of contiguous areas of neighbouring countries. One may link Germany, the Low Countries, northern France, and one of the regions of closest to the Continent. Another might include areas of two or three countries in central and eastern Europe, Romania, Hungary, and Croatia, for example. A third transect might involve Finland and parts of Russia, notably Karelia. Alongside these transects, individual regional investigations (in Spain, Italy, Iceland, and Ireland, for example) would generate a series of comparative studies from contrasting areas.

Work already done

This programme will build on work achieved in a number of countries. A mapped version of the following material is also available.

England and .

Here the pre- dioceses of Lincoln and Worcester have been covered by Dr Graham Jones (twelve historic English ), together with the parochial and monastic dedications of the dioceses of Hereford, St David's, Llandaf, St Asaph and Bangor, and part of the dioceses of Lichfield and Chester, Ely, and Salisbury. Work is also well in progress by Dr Michael Costen and associates at the University of Bristol, Centre for the Historic Environment, on the dioceses of Bath and Wells, and Salisbury. The database records, made publicly available at the Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS), part of the United Kingdom Data Archive and based at the University of Essex, so far number more than 20,000. Work completed up to December 2003 can be found also on the TASC Database pages hosted by the University of Leicester, Centre for English Local History. Completion of the GIS maps is still in the pipeline. However, some examples of mapping from the database are available for viewing.

Finland. Pre-Reformation Roman Catholic parochial dedications have been identified and analysed by Prof. Jukka Korpela. Allies to this is Prof. Korpela’s data of dedications in medieval Novgorod, and the inventory of dedications in the Republic of Karelia, compiled at the University of Petrozavodsk by Prof. Irina Tcherniakova, and Mrs Julia Kozhevnikova of the Office of the Eparch of Petrozavodsk. The Novgorod and Karelian data have been deposited with the AHDS and are also available on the TASC web-site.

Germany. Work is well advanced at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Geschichte, Gottingen, where a team formerly headed by Dr Helmut Flachenecker, now Professor of Franconian History at the University of Würzburg, is computerising and mapping the church and altar dedications of the German-speaking lands, beginning with north- western German dioceses and the southern diocese of Eichstatt. Dr Graham Jones’s dataset of dedications in the Diocese of Munster (Überstift) has been deposited with the AHDS and is also available on the TASC webwiste.

Iceland. A comprehensive survey of parochial and other dedications has been published for Iceland down to AD1400 by Prof. Margaret Cormack, who is now working on extending her work chronologically and mapping the results.

Italy. A survey of parochial cults has been made for the diocese of Bologna by Prof. Paolo Golinelli.

The Netherlands. The pilgrimage sites of The Netherlands have been surveyed by Dr Charles Caspers and Dr Peter-Jan Margry and published by the P. J. Meertens Institute. The parochial dedications of Frisia, west of the Lauwers Zee, have been researched by colleagues at the Friske Akademy and computerised for TASC by Dr Graham Jones. The latter are deposited with the AHDS and made available also on the TASC website.

Romania. Dr Maria Craciun and colleagues have surveyed the sources for dedications in Transylvania.

Spain. The titular dedications of Catalunya have been committed to database by Dr Graham Jones (together with a more comprehensive coverage of a representative , the Conca de Barbera) (and made available through the AHDS and the TASC web-site), and a large inventory of saints' cults exists for Navarre. The parochial dedications of Galicia have been collated by Prof. James d'Emilio of the University of South Florida.

Successor countries of the former Yugoslavia. Prof. Neven Budak and colleagues, including Dr Stanko Andric, have begun work on compiling the parochial dedications of Croatia. Discussions have begun with a view to making a similar start in The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. TASC is associated with the project, 'Christianity in the Balkans', at the Centre for Balkan Studies, Belgrade, Serbia, and Dr Graham Jones has computerised some pilot material for Kosovo.

Republic of Georgia. Collaboration with colleagues in the Georgian Academy of Sciences centres around a three-year project funded by the British Academy for a TASC coverage, together with the development of the GIS-based survey, Sacred Places of Georgia. The latter is compiled by Dr Medea Abashidze, Secretary of the Commission for Historical Sources, whose project, like TASC, is an associate of the Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative. A start on the compilation of a TASC inventory was begun with fieldwork in 2003.

Conferences

The grounds for this high-value collaborative project were laid down at a preliminary meeting in 1999 (held at the University of Leicester) to which scholars from several European and North American countries contributed. A second colloquium was held in October 2000 at the Dutch Institute in Rome, in cooperation with the P.J.Meertens- Instituut, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science. The 2001 Colloquium was hosted by the Central European University, Budapest, and addressed two important issues: the recovery of ancient parishes in areas for which little or no documentary evidence survives, and the inclusion in a single database of material from more than one religious tradition. The 2002 Colloquium was held at the Max- Planck-Institut für Geschichte.

Publication of a guide to sources for dedication and a methodology for their study SAINTS OF EUROPE

Studies Towards a Survey of Cults and Culture

Edited by Graham Jones

Dedications of churches, and a range of other religious locales in honour of saints, angels and the Godhead, are universal across Europe. Together with the celebration of heavenly patrons in the names of wells, bells, and , feast- and fair-days, even rivers and mountains, they offer an unparalleled basis for the systematic, localised study of cultural history – and much else. Whether ecclesiastical (a church of St Andrew, for example), secular (a Michaelmas fair) or superstititious (St John’s Eve bonfires), such evidence can provide insights into contemporary belief systems, customary practices, processes of cultural change, politics, art history, architecture, anthropology, and the evolution of landscape and settlement, from the oldest periods of Christianity to the present day.

The Trans-national Database and Atlas of Saints’ Cults seeks to put these studies on a scientific footing, and to build what has never before been attempted: an international inventory of religious devotion at the most local level, comprehensively recording instances of dedication in every town and village, every church – and at every period. This book gathers for the first time data and discussion of the sources for dedications across large areas of Europe and beyond. The authors are scholars working in a number of disciplines, but sharing an expertise in religious history and culture.

The book contains sixteen essays, ranging geographically from Iceland to Egypt and from Louisiana to Finland. Graham Jones himself introduces with a general, theoretical piece and offers a study of dedications in Catalunya. A useful aspect of the book is its ability to offer English-language introductions to the study of regions of medieval Europe which are rarely covered by English writers, such as Slavonia, Karelia and Transylvania. Each essay offers an excellent review of the historiography of an area, always in footnotes but sometimes also in appendices. Medieval Europe had a unified culture in its overall acceptance of Christianity and many local saints became international figures (such as Oswald of Northumbria); this book is a contribution to the modern understanding that there is such a thing as ‘European culture’.

CONTENTS

Graham Jones Diverse Expressions, Shared Meanings: Surveying Saints in the Context of ‘European Culture’, 1–28; Charles Caspers and Peter Jan Margry Saints’ Cults and Pilgrimage Sites in the Netherlands, 29–42; Maria Crãciun and Carmen Florea The Cult of Saints in Medieval Transylvania, 43–68; Stanko Andric Possibilities of a Parish-by-Parish Survey: The Case of Slavonia, 69–74; Helmut Flachenecker Researching Patrocinia in German-Speaking Lands, 75–91; Michael Costen Pit-falls and Problems: Sources for the Study of Saints’ Cults in the Diocese of Bath and Wells, 92–102; Margaret Cormack Evidence for the Cult of Saints in Iceland, 103; Bart Minnen Dedications of Churches and Benefices in Northern France and the Low Countries, 113–114; Paolo Golinelli The Geography of Sacred Places in the Diocese of Bologna (Italy) in 1300: Cults of the Countryside between the Influences of History and Popular Religion, 115–131; Rodger Payne Saints of Europe in the New World: a Note on the Evidence in South Louisiana, 132–134; Irina Tcherniakova Churches and Monasteries on the Shores of Lake Onego, Karelia, 135– 170; Youhanna Nessim Youssef Pilgrimage Sites and Patronal Cults in Coptic Egypt, 171–184; Marie Rowlands The Patronal Dedications of Churches in England and Wales: The Roman Catholic Contribution, 185–198; Jukka Korpela The Patronal Saints of the Medieval Finnish Churches and Altars, 199–209; Graham Jones Comparative Research Rewarded. Religious Dedications in England, Wales and Catalunya, 210-260; Susan Pearce Saintly Cults in South-Western Britain: A Review, 261–279.

ISBN 1 900289 57 1, £35 retail.

Shaun Tyas / Paul Watkins Publishing, 1 High Street, Donington, , PE11 4TA.

Tel: 01775 821542. E-mail: [email protected]

A welcome for new colleagues The strength of TASC lies in its partners and associates (corresponding institutes and scholars). Additional workers are welcome in the vineyard, whatever their field of interest. Please join us at our next Colloquium.

TASC's present Director, Graham Jones, will be delighted to hear from anyone interested. His e-Mail address is [email protected] Dataset Description

'Reading' the datasets

The datasets are written as Microsoft Excel 2000 spreadsheets.

Each row provides information about an individual case - for example, the patronal cult (commonly known as the 'dedication' or patronicium) of a church.

Each column is concerned with a specific class of information - for example, the parish in which that church is or was located, or, in another column, the earliest date at which the 'dedication' is recorded.

The datasets can be sorted and searched, to discover, for example, how many churches have (or had) dedications in honour of St George, and at what periods. (See more about sorting and searching, below.)

The value of spreadsheets is that they allow the viewer to see how groups of dedications within a single (or, indeed, within a single place of worship) relate to each other in exceptionally significant ways. This is not possible using 'relational' databases such as Microsoft Access.

What if text is hidden? Viewing the data on-screen in interactive* mode, hidden text can be revealed by holding the cursor over one side of the topmost (shaded and lettered) cell in the column until the cursor changes shape from an open to a solid, arrowed cross, clicking and dragging the column divider as far as required. Where the data is saved as an Excel file off-line, clicking on any cell displays the text within it in the formula bar.

For more guidance on how the datasets are organised

TASC spreadsheet datasets are arranged in columns, or 'fields', giving standardised categories of information for each record, or 'row'. Historical circumstances dictate that the precise number of fields, and their names, or 'labels', will vary from to country. Nevertheless, their general order remains the same, as does the naming of the 'core data' columns, so that cross-boundary datasets can be constructed from national or regional contributions.

The first columns identify the place and type of devotion, sequentially as follows.

Primary political entity, in England and Wales the major Anglo-Saxon (e.g. Wessex) or British/Welsh kingdom because it was to these that the church related, hierarchically and administratively, in the formative centuries of its developed structure.

Diocese, normally the see of the Late Middle Ages (in England and Wales the Pre-Reformation diocese). Normally it is not felt necessary to include the fields for Country or State, and Archdiocese, but where it is felt necessary to include the latter, normally the metropolitan see of the High Middle Ages is specified (in England and Wales, pre- 1100).

Second rank political entity, normally in England and Wales the sub-kingdom contributory to the major Anglo-Saxon or Welsh kingdom. For example, the Diocese of Worcester was set up to serve the kingdom of the people known as the Hwicce, which became a sub-kingdom of Mercia. Similarly, a Diocese of the Middle Angles was set up, probably at Leicester, to serve another sub-kingdom of Mercia.

Archdeaconry

Third rank political entity, normally in England the or and in Wales the . In the two unusually large English of York and Lincoln, the and Part respectively are specified instead.

Deanery

The number of 'political entity' columns depends on local circumstances. For example, in England and Wales the social framework and relationships of the medieval church require several further rankings.

Fourth rank political entity, in England the Wapentake, Lathe, Small Shire (e.g. Richmondshire in Yorkshire), or Shipsoke, the major medieval division of the shire; in Wales the Commote, the division of the cantref. It has been suggested that the English entities may in certain instances relate to 'early' regiones.

Hundred (medieval administrative sub-division) or other smaller medieval administrative sub-division (such as one of the evidential cadastral circuits in the Domesday Survey). Inclusion of this information helps to identify 'hundredal minsters' and their likely dedications.

Small Hundred or Itinerary (group of villages recorded for official purposes, e.g. in 1280)

There now follows the heart of the TASC dataset, a group of crucial fields.

Parish, the earliest recorded parochial being specified wherever possible.

Location and ID, normally the name of the immediate locality (either the parish centre or some other place within the parish), together with an alphabetical ID (identification tag).

The Location and ID field acts as the record's unique identifier, with the name of the locality followed by an alphabetical tag. Thus a town may have several churches, fairs, and so on, each having its own letter, from 'a' onwards. 'Church a' will have had several internal altars, images, lights, and so on, and these are identified with the letters 'ab', 'ac', 'ad', etc. Where a subsidiary object of devotion needs to be identified (for example, an image of Saint C within the chapel of St B [in the church of St A]), it bears a three-letter tag (for example, 'aab'). Three letter tags are also necessary in the largest towns and , where there were numbers of medieval parishes ('a', 'b', etc), each perhaps having several devotional places (for example, a parish ['a'] with its parish church ['aa'], perhaps a friary ['ab'], and, say, a holy well ['ac']). The names of places of local or regional importance are displayed in bold type (see AHDS History additional documentation).

An asterisk (*) following the ID alphabetical code in the Locality plus ID column (for example, 'Thurnby a*') indicates a change in actual or perceived dedication or a case of alternative cults (as distinct from joint cults or multiple dedication). In the case of Thurnby, the parish church was recorded in the early sixteenth century as 'Holy Innocents', but by the opening years of the eighteenth century its patron saint was Luke.

The Category column or field specifies generically the immediate locale or type of devotion, as follows: pc, parish church dc, dependent chapel, or chapel-of-ease fc, free chapel (that is, outside the parochial jurisdiction) cem cpl, cemetery chapel ho cpl, house chapel, i.e. domestic oratory hosp, hospital bridge cpl, bridge chapel castle cpl, castle chapel

Chapel (NB the upper-case letter), other free standing chapel chapel (NB the lower-case letter), chapel forming an integral part of a larger building altar, self-explanatory chntry, chantry a, aisle trs, transept n, north s, south e, east w, west Combinations of abbreviations

altar, a,n, north aisle altar

altar, a,s, south aisle altar;

cpl, trs n,e, chapel opening to the east from a north transept;

cpl, ch[ancel], s, chapel opening to the south from the chancel. fn, field-name pn, personal name ep, extra-parochial

The remaining fields identify the cult and set it in its context.

Dedication or Name, the cult (for example, 'Mary', 'Holy Trinity', 'Peter & Paul' [an ampersand indicates a joint cult, as distinct from a multiple dedication, as also in the cases of 'Philip & James', 'Cosmas & Damian', 'Cyriac & Julitta, etc.], 'Michael/All Saints' [a double dedication]); or name of the devotion or devotional object (including the names of recorded or potentially votive features such as wells and stones). [Dedications of Catalonia: llc = lloc de culte, GD = diocesan guide (guia de la diocesi), G=Gavin.Where ancient and modern parish churches share the same avocation, one entry only is given].

Date, the earliest record of the devotion or object

The following two columns are included in the English datasets because of the crucial significance of eleventh-century landholders (recorded in the fiscal survey known as ) in providing or endowing local churches and perhaps influencing the choice of patron saint.

TRE Tenant and TRW Tenant respectively, the Domesday holders of the vill [at a time also when a huge number of English churches appear to have been built or rebuilt in stone, and the medieval parochial system was approaching its completion]

Resuming the critical fields...

PN element 1 and PN element 2 respectively, the etymology of the location, with the generic element first. Thus in the case of the English town of Leicester, first 'ceastre' (an Old English word denoting a Romano-British fortified settlement) and second 'Legra' (the name of a people living in the district). So often does the patronal cult of a church (or some other of its constituent devotions) relate closely to matters of environment and/or settlement, that it is highly desirable to include etymologies wherever possible.

Natural region, not a crucial field, but sometimes useful in identifying cults with associations with particular landscapes.

Geo-reference 1, either Latitude, or the appropriate national grid reference (in Britain, the Ordnance Survey Grid reference for 'easting').

Geo-reference 2, either Longitude, or the appropriate national grid reference (in Britain, the Ordnance Survey Grid reference for 'northing').

Source, the evidence for the Dedication and Date.

Varia, for notes and other relevant information.

How the records are grouped and why (see AHDS History additional documentation)

As well as grouping the records of devotion according to their administrative setting, from the wapentake down to parish level, it is useful also to group them topographically, since the settlement history of any country is closely associated with its major divisions, particularly its river systems. Indeed, in England it has been argued by a number of scholars that 'river estates' were a major feature of the Anglo- Saxon socio-economic landscape, with watersheds forming long-lasting boundaries, while in Wales watersheds dominated the external boundaries of large political entities and rivers demarcated major internal divisions.

Notwithstanding the arguments in England over the validity of the 'multiple estate' concept, early medieval landed units extending over the area of several modern parishes are an irrefutable phenomenon, and it is a major assertion of this project that within groups of settlements, hierarchies both of settlement and devotion can be discerned. For these reasons, TASC records are grouped sequentially by drainage units and deaneries as well as by several rankings of political entities. Sources (and classes of sources) generally consulted in compiling the English and Welsh datasets

Late medieval wills form the largest class of documentary evidence, because devotional bequests appear so frequently up to the Reformation. Other medieval documentary sources include bishops' registers, chantry certificates, church and monastic inventories, churchwardens' accounts, charter rolls, monastic histories, and state papers; sources too numerous for individual citation and frequently available in published editions.

See E. L. C. Mullins (1978, 1983), Texts and Calendars. An Analytical Guide to Serial Publications, 2 vols., Royal Historical Society 7, 12.

Material evidence includes art-historical interpretation of sculpture, wall- and panel-paintings, and stained-glass.

Medieval wills in the pre-Reformation

Published wills and abstracts

Bell, Patricia (ed.) (1966), Wills 1480-1519, Bedfordshire Record Society 45. Cirket, A.F. (ed.) (1957), English wills, 1498-1526, in Bedfordshire Historical Record Society Publications 37. Foster, C.W. (ed.) (1914), Lincoln Wills, 1271-1526, Lincoln Record Society 5. Foster, C.W. (ed.) (1918), Lincoln Wills, 1505-1530, Lincoln Record Society 10. Foster, C.W. (ed.) (1930), Lincoln Wills, 1530-1532, Lincoln Record Society 24. Gibbons, Alfred (ed.) (1888), Early Lincoln Wills, an Abstract of all the Wills and Administrations recorded in the Episcopal Registers of the old Diocese of Lincoln, 1280-1547. McGregor, Margaret (ed.), Bedfordshire Wills Proved in the Perogative Court of Canterbury, 1383- 1548, Bedfordshire Record Society 58. Maddison, A.R. (ed.) (1888), Lincolnshire Wills, 1500-1600. Serjeantson, R.M., and Longden, H.I. (1913), The Parish Churches and Religious Houses of . Their Dedications, Altars, Images and Lights. Reprinted from Archaeological Journal 70, 2nd ser. 20 (1913), pp. 217-452. Weaver, J.R.H., and Bearwood, A. (1958), Some Wills Proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1393-1510, Oxfordshire Record Society 39.

Calendars of wills

Calendar of Lincoln Wills, 1, 1320-1600, ed. Foster, C.W., British Record Society 28, 1902. Calendars of Wills and Administrations at Lincoln, 4 (Archdeaconry of Stow, Peculiar Courts, and Miscellaneous Courts), ed. Foster, C.W., British Record Society 47, 1930. Original (manuscript) wills (original and microfilmed)

Abbreviations

RO: Record Office original/register wills (numbers in brackets) with RO references. Trs.: transcripts/abstracts. M: microfilm. RSer: Record Series. RS: Record Society. G: Gibbons, Alfred (1888), Early Lincoln Wills...1280-1547, Lincoln Record Series 1 [approx. 2,400 wills]. I: indices. BRS: British Record Society, Index Library (1888- , in progress), with volume numbers. County abbreviations: Beds, Bedfordshire; Bucks, ; Herts (); Hunts, ; Leics, ; Lincs, Lincolnshire; North'ts, Northamptonshire; Oxon, Oxfordshire.

Beds. RO: (approx. 1,500?). Trs.: Beds.HistoricalRS 45 (194 wills); G. M [no reference provided]. I: Beds.HistoricalRS 37,58.

Bucks. RO: D/A/We 1 (230), D/A/We 2 (181), D/A/We 3 (408), D/A/Wf 1 (358) (Total 1,177). Trs: [D/A/We 1] Bucks.RS 19; G. M: [D/A/We 1-3, D/A/Wf 1] M 22/1-2, 48. I: Bucks.RS (due 1997).

Herts. RO: 1-2AR (approx. 1,750). M: [1-2AR]. Trs.: Herts.RS 9 (St Albans); Herts Genealogist and Antiquary 1-3 (1895-9); G. I: included in BRS 42 (Hunts.).

Hunts. RO: 6 volumes (approx. 750). M: HK 2455, HK2456, HK2457. Trs.: G. I: BRS 42.

Leics. RO: 1495-1521 (c.80), 1522-40 (c.560), 1515-26 (c.950), 1526-33 (c.200) (Total c.1,790). Trs.: G. M [no reference provided]. I: BRS 27.

Lincs. RO: (approximately 2,150) M [no reference provided]. Trs.: G; Maddison, A.R. (1888), Lincolnshire Wills 1500-1600 (365 wills); LincolnRSer. 5 (254 wills),10 (345),24 (366) (Total, exc. G., 1,330). I: BRS 28, 57.

North'ts. RO: Register 1467-1510; 1st Series, Vols. A-H 1510-1540 (approx. 4,200). Trs.: G; Serjeantson, R.M., and Longden, H.I. (1913), The Parish Churches and Religious Houses of Northamptonshire. Their Dedications, Altars, Images and Lights. Reprinted from Archaeological Journal 70, 2nd ser. 20 (1913), pp. 217-452. M: Archdeaconry Court of Northampton 1510-1724. I: BRS 1.

Oxon. RO: MS Wills Oxon 178, 1528-43 (approx. 1,000). Trs.: OxfordshireRS 39 [Prerogative Court of Canterbury], 40; G. I: BRS 93 (Vol. 1, A-K) (approx. 300 wills).

Rutland See Northants. Probate jurisdiction at Northampton until 1541.

Abbreviations used in the TASC datasets when citing sources Bells The appropriate, published county inventory of bells and bellfounders. In the Middle Ages and at periods since, bells were 'christened' with saints' names which often reflected the patronage of the church, or other local devotional interests.

BW The volume or edition for the year stated (1733, 1754, or 1763) of Browne Willis's directory of clergy livings, based on John Ecton's updating of the Liber Regis. Parochiale Anglicanum: Or, The Names of all the Churches and Chapels Within the Dioceses of Canterbury, Rochester, London, Winchester, Chichester, Norwich, Salisbury, Wells, Exeter, St David's, Landaff, Bangor, and St Asaph. Distinguished under their proper Archdeaconries and Deanries [sic]. With An Account of most of their Dedications, Their Patrons, and to what Religious Houses the Appropriations belonged (London, R. Gosling, 1733). Thesaurus Rerum Ecclesiasticarum. Being an Account of the Valuations of all the Ecclesiastical Benefices in the several Dioceses in England and Wales... to which are added The Names of the Patrons, and Dedications of the Churches... By John Ecton, Esq. Late Receiver-General of the Tenths of the Clergy. The Second Edition, Wherein the Appropriations, Dedications, and Patronages of the Churches, have been Revised, Corrected, and placed in Regular Order, under their respective Archdeaconries, with numerous Additions, By Browne Willis, LL.D. (London, J. and P. Knapton [et al.], 1754). Thesaurus Rerum Ecclesiasticarum. [etc]... The Third Edition... (London, T. Osborne [et al.], 1763).

CCR Calendar of Charter Rolls covering the stated year. This is the principal source for grants of fairs from about the thirteenth to the fourteenth centuries. CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls covering the stated year. DB Chapter and entry in the appropriate county breves of 'Domesday Book', the fiscal survey of 1086. Two modern editions, the Phillimore and Alecto, have been published; older editions are to be found in the Victoria County History series (see VCH), usually in Vol. 1 or 2. FAF Frances Arnold-Forster, Studies in Church Dedications, or England's Patron Saints (3 vols, London, Skeffington and Son, 1899). Farmer D.H.Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of Saints (4th edn, 1997), p. 147. InqPM Inquisitiones post mortem roll(s) for the appropriate year. Leland Leland's Itinerary in England and Wales, ed. Lucy Toulmin Smith (London, Centaur Press, 1964). Lloyd John Lloyd, 'A study of the dedications given to religious buildings in Leicestershire before the Reformation' (unpublished MA thesis, University of Leicester, 1973). Nichols John Nichols, The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester (London, John Nichols, 1795, reprinted Wakefield, S.R.Publishers in association with Leicestershire County Council, 1971) P Appropriate county volume in the Historic Buildings of England series edited (and in many cases written) by Nikolaus Pevsner. Please note that revised editions are now available for many counties. Numbers indicate pages. Pat Rolls See CPR PN Volume in the English Place-Names Survey; county indicated by additional abbreviation, i.e. 'Oxon', Oxfordshire. Numbers indicate pages. For Leicestershire and , PNLeics, Barrie Cox (1971), 'The Place-Names of Leicestershire and Rutland', unpublished PhD, University of Nottingham. Owen Dorothy M. Owen, 'Medieval chapels in Lincolnshire', Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 10 (1975), pp. 15-22. Resting Places D. W. Rollason (1978), 'Lists of saints' resting-places in Anglo-Saxon England', Anglo-Saxon England 7, pp. 61-93 VCH Volume number and page of the appropriate county series of the Victoria History of the Counties of England. Reg Episcopal register for the appropriate diocese. Bishop's name is added. TLAHS Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society Wills Original or transcript wills proved in the appropriate archdeaconry. Testamentary sources given with mixtures of Roman and Arabic numerals, for example 'Wills 0ii/22', should be taken as reading '02/22'. This is to avoid automatic conversion by the software to a date. Worcestre John H. Harvey (ed), William Worcestre, Itineraries, Edited from the Unique MS., Corpus Christi College Cambridge, 210 (Oxford, Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969).

Additionally, in Oxfordshire entries Brookes C. C. Brookes, A History of Steeple Aston and Middle Aston, Oxfordshire (Long Compton, the King's Stone Press, 1929) Brown and Guest J. Howard Brown and William Guest, A History of Thame (Thame, F. H. Castle, 1935) Colvin See 'Marshall' E H. E. Salter, The Cartulary of the Abbey of Eynsham, Oxford Historical Society 49, 51 (Oxford, Oxford Historical Society, 1907, 1908). HC The Chronicle of Hugh Candidus, ed. W. T. Mellows (3rd rev. edn, Peterborough Museums Society, 1980). Gretton W. C. Emeris, 'The Church of St John the Baptist, Burford' in R. H. Gretton, The Burford Records, a Study in Minor Town Government (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1920). Marshall (1866) Edward Marshall, An Account of the Parish of Sandford in the Deanery of Woodstock, Oxon (Oxford and London, James Parker and Co, 1866). Marshall (1878) Edward Marshall, 'Historical Notices of the Parish of Deddington', Transactions of the North Oxfordshire Archaeological Society, 1878, p. 34, cited in H. M. Colvin, A History of Deddington, North Oxfordshire (London, SPCK, 1963) ('Colvin'). Meades Eileen Meades, The History of Chipping Norton (2nd edn, Chipping Norton, Bodkin, 1984). Monk W. J. Monk, History of Witney (Witney, J. Knight, Witney Gazette, 1894). ORS Oxfordshire Record Society ORS1 Rose Graham (ed), The Chantry Certificates and the Edwardian Inventories of Church Goods, Oxford Record Society 1 (Oxford, Oxford Record Society, 1919). The transcriptions are of entries pertaining to Oxfordshire in the Augmentation Office Miscellaneous Books, No. 441 (made in 1546) for Oxford itself, and in Chantry Certificate Roll, Nos. 38 and 97 (made in 1548), for the remainder of the county. The source reference is to the page in the Oxford Record Society's volume on which the transcript occurs: for example, ORS1/2 refers to an entry on p. 2. ORS6 F. W. Weaver and G. N. Clark (eds), Churchwardens' Accounts of Marston, Spelsbury, Pyrton, Oxfordshire Record Society 6 (Oxford, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1925). ORS23 E. R. Brinkworth (ed.), The Archdeacon's Court: Liber Actorum, 1584, Oxfordshire Record Society 23 (2 vols) (Oxford, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1942). ORS28, 30, 32, 34 Frederick Sharpe, The Church Bells of Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire Record Society 28, 30, 32, 34 (4 vols) (Oxford, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1949-53). ORS39 J. R. H. Weaver and A. Beardwood (eds), Some Oxfordshire Wills, Proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1393-1510, Oxfordshire Record Society 39 (Oxford, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1958). ORS41 P. M. Briers (ed), Henley records, Assembly Books i-iv, 1395-1543, Oxfordshire Record Society 41 (Oxford, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1960). ORS55 Kate Tiller (ed), Church and Chapel in Oxforddshire 1851, Oxfordshire Record Society 55 (Oxford, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1987). Pocock Ernest A. Pocock, A History of Clanfield in Oxfordshire (Clanfield, Cornerstone Publishing, 1999). R See W or R. Rattue (1990) James Rattue, 'An inventory of holy wells in Oxfordshire', Oxoniensia. W or R, plus number (in Oxfordshire entries) MS material collected for a county history by Anthony à Wood (1632-1695) ('W'), consisting mainly of notes on church monuments and heraldry; and by Bishop Rawlinson (1690-1755) ('R'), based on replies to a questionnaire submitted to incumbents in 1718. Both sets of material were deposited at the Oxford Library and have been published together in three volumes as Parochial Collections made by Anthony à Wood, M. A., and Richard Rawlinson, DCL, FRS, trs. F. N. Davis, Oxfordshire Record Series 2, 4, 11 (Oxford, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1920-8). The numbers which follow the letter W or R indicate the page number(s) in the collated edition. The material is collated alphabetically by parish and the page numbers are sequential.

AHDS History Additional Documentation

Record Grouping: The ‘topographical’ grouping of records described above is represented in the supplied files through a series of codes contained in the field “topographical_code”. The key for these codes is given in the file “codes.tab” (this file has been created by AHDS History).

Places of local/regional importance: In all instances where information was indicated by the use of bold formatting a new field entitled "*_importance" was inserted (where * represents the name of the original field) and the text 'imp' entered into the cell adjacent to relevant formatting. Where only one field in the files contained information identified as important the * prefix was not applied.

The file formats cited in this document may not have been supplied, but all data content discussed is present.