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~ORCEMENT rBI BULLETIN MARCH 1984, VOLUME 53, NUMBER 3 Contents Operations 1 The Uniformed Crime Investigator: A Unique Strategy to Protect and Serve By Gene N. Berry Law Enforcement 7 The Forgotten Victim: Stress and the Police Dispatcher Role By Dr. James D. Sewell and Linda Crew Forensic Science 12 Fiber Evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial (Part I) By Harold A. Deadman Communications 21 Nonverbal Elements in Courtroom Demeanor By Dr. John L. Waltman The Legal Digest 24 Entrapment, Inducement, and the Use of Unwitting Middlemen (Conclusion) By Michael Callahan 32 Wanted By the FBI The Cover: As a Federal Bureau of Investigation Published by the Office of Congressional means to control United States Department of Justice and Public Affairs, rising crime rates Washington, D.C. 20535 William M. Baker, Assistant Director and provide improved service to Editor-Thomas J. Deakin Assistant Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski the community, one William H. Webster, Director Art Director-Kevin J. Mulholland police agency The Attorney General has determined that the WriterIE ditor-Karen McCarron developed a publication of this periodical is necessary in the Production Manager-Jeffrey L. Summers Uniformed Crime transaction of the public business required by law Reprints- Marlethia S. Black Investigator of the Department of Justice. Use of funds for prlnllng this periodical has been approved by the Program. See article Director of the OHlce of Management and Budget p. t . through June 6, 1988. ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 How can my organization be more productive and cost-effective using existing manpower and equip• ment with minimal funding? This ques• tion is constantly on the minds of pro• gressive law enforcement administra• tors. Historically, the prevailing tend• ency was simply to ask for additional funds to support added personnel or equipment. Administrators were not always forced to look within them• selves to find solutions to field oper• ational problems. However, State propositions and recent government financial problems have changed all of this. Law enforcement agencies are now required to continue a high level of service, maintain top productivity, and create programs to reduce crime statistics, while remaining within roll• over or reduced budgets. Crime within a community is a pri• mary concern of all citizens, but espe• cially to law enforcement personnel and city administrators. Aware of gen• eral crime statistics and crime clear• ance rates, the Oceanside, Calif., Police Department was not able to state with confidence whether our preventive efforts were productive. Al• though the crime clearance statistics change from month to month and year to year, the fluctuating base line TheUniformed Crime Investigator A Unique Strategy to Protect and Serve By "Cooperation and coordination are LT. GENE N. BERRY main ingredients to the success of the program." Commander Operations Bureau Police Department Oceanside, Calif. ______________________________________ March 1984 I 1 was not satisfactory. A program had The UCI program is similar in one to be developed that would stabilize respect to training courses for field these statistics and overcome the evidence technicians or crime scene public's concern of crime. investigators. However, in these pro• Unfortunately, the following sce• grams, other "experts" are called in nario is a common daily occurrence in to assist if more than evidence collec• cities and towns across the United tion, preservation, and cataloging is States: needed in an investigation. This, in A house or business has been turn, can generate an overtime cost Lieutenant Berry broken into and the victim calls for factor if off-duty detectives or other police assistance. The police arrive personnel become involved. and begin their investigation. They The UCI program goes beyond ask a few questions, take these common practices. UCl's obtain photographs, and if fortunate, lift search/arrest warrants, interview and fingerprints from the scene. But in interrogate victims or suspects, and most cases, unless the case is of make composites of wanted subjects. major importance, the officer files They are charged with the responsibil• the report with the Investigations ity to do all that is necessary at the Division the following day, leaving initial call to bring the case to a suc• the citizen confused, frustrated, and cessful completion. For example, the wondering why nothing else can be UCI arriving at a crime scene evalu• done. ates the incident and determines what Initial responses by law enforce• investigative action will be taken. He ment personnel have been limited tra• has total responsibility and control ditionally because of their many and unless the incident is of such impor• varied responsibilities. They are tance or magnitude that detectives charged with handling calls for serv• and other investigating personnel are ice, making arrests where appropriate, needed. If this occurs, the responsibil• and performing lifesaving acts when ity for the crime scene rests with the necessary. Time does not allow the "call-out" detective and crime scene responding officer to do more than personnel will be given specific duties gather preliminary information. In addi• to perform. If the case does not re• tion, patrol officers investigating crime quire extensive followup, it will not be scenes usually do not possess the directed to the Investigations Division. necessary equipment or specialized In these instances, program personnel training required for a detailed crime are responsible for total crime scene scene analysis. This can be attributed management and resolution. (See fig. to a lack of "job specific" training 1.) courses or budgetary restraints. For The Uniformed Crime Investigator these reasons, the Uniformed Crime Program was designed to accomplish Investigator (UCI) Program was devel• three major goals: oped. Not only is it one answer to a -Raise the quality of "front end" community need, it also improved the investigations, department's response to a wide vari• -Raise the quantity of ety of crimes. prosecutable crimes, and -Raise the level of service to the community. 2 / FBI law Enforcement Bulletin Figure 1 Major Functions Performed by Uniformed Crime Investigators 1) Total crime scene management, 2) Crime scene photography, 3) Develop latent prints using powders and chemicals, In today's law enforcement ap- Operations 4) Conduct interviews/ proach to solving crimes, merely Twelve officers were selected to interrogations, taking an investigative report for de- participate in the program, including 5) Obtain search/arrest warrants, tectives to follow up later is not two women. The officers are uni- 6) Collect, preserve, and catalog enough. Whether they are the victim formed patrol officers assigned to the physical evidence, of a major crime or a simple theft, citi- field 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. 7) Crime scene sketch, zens expect the police to do all that Supervision of these officers is jointly 8) Collect body fluids, we can immediately. In either event, coordinated between patrol field ser- 9) Make impressions, the citizen believes he has been geants and Operations Bureau ser- 10) Make composites using the wronged and he expects a visible, geants. Operations sergeants partici- "Identi-Kit" process, concerted effort to help him. pated alongside UCI personnel during 11) Conduct neutron activation tests, the training phase. While they also Quantity of Prosecutable Crimes 12) Attend autopsies, handle patrol duties, they monitor and 13) Operate artificial lighting If the first goal is met and prelimi- supervise investigations handled by systems, nary investigations are upgraded, then UCI officers, who are primarily respon- 14) Maintain field activity records, perpetrators are more likely to be sible for crime scene investigation and identified and connected to crimes. work. However, when not engaged in 15) Conduct followup investigations. Physical evidence that has been col- UCI work, they handle any and all lected, victim statements that were patrol duties. taken, composites that have been It is absolutely essential that the Quality of "Front End" constructed, and search or arrest war- function of the UCI program be fully Investigations rants that have been obtained all play understood. On one hand, UCI offi- Without question, the most impor- a role at the front end of the investi- cers are performing patrol duties; on tant aspect to a successful conclusion gation in identifying criminals. the other, they are performing investi- of a crime scene investigation is at Law enforcement personnel know gative functions. Cooperation and co- the scene of the incident. Here is that in many cases, several crimes ordination are main ingredients to where the focus of attention is direct- are the end result of a few people. the success of the program. The em- ed. If proper techniques are not ap- Repeat offenders are often directly re- phasis of the program is placed on plied or a thorough understanding of sponsible for a series of criminal the goals to be achieved. If constantly the ultimate goal is not clear, the end events. By connecting those violators guided by the end results, the major result will be manifested in higher to crimes with good preliminary work, objectives of the program will be met. crime statistics and lower crime clear- the number of prosecutable crimes An interchange of ideas and informa- ance rates. will rise. This, in turn, will help to bring tion with constant updating is neces- Once a crime scene has been the arrest clearance rates up to an sary among UCI personnel, investiga- contaminated or given only a cursory acceptable level. tive personnel, and patrol officers. examination, the investigator's job be- Open channels of communication Level of Service to the Community comes more difficult. It is more diffi- must be maintained. cult to go back and reconstruct the The key feature of this program is For a program of these dimen- scene, to return and relocate victims that it is highly visible, action­oriented, sions to be successful, it is crucial or witnesses, or to remember who and is received enthusiastically by the that lines of responsibility be well- said what about whom.

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