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EATURE MAY 2016, VOL. 1, NO. 1 recovery from the Great Recession, populations continue to increase rapidly. How did this happen? country’s the amid especially on states, burdens fiscal continuing Despite 2013). Officers, Budget State of Association (National expenditures state in $52 billion nearly into translated 2013, this In 2012). al, (Spycher et. state housed in are incarcerated nation’s the is 98%of fact the culture, popular in famous more are facilities super-max to Alcatraz from prisons federal While 2014). Parker, & Jácome, 2016). This is roughly $80 billion annually spent on jailing 2.4 million people in America (Kearney, Harris, Union, Liberties Civil (American prisons on criminal justice systemwith90%spent the U.S. on is spent dollars discretionary fund general every 15state of out One in thiscountryiscostly. Mass incarceration (446 per100,000)runningadistantsecondandthirdinmassincarceration(Walmsley,2015). Russia and 100,000) per (492 Rwanda with world, the in first ranks States United the 100,000, every 2015). With698 people inprisonfor (Rivera, 7 million that numberincreasesto or probation parole of form the in supervision correctional under who are incarcerated formerly the with combined When 2015). (Carson, country the around prisons and jails in incarcerated presently are people million two over well has experienced a500% States increase inimprisonment(Mauer&King,2007) cades, theUnited and de- four the last During people. its of the incarceration including leader, world is arecognized States which United in the areas many other There are power. wind and production, gas natural technology, in is aleader the nation instance, in many leader areas.For on beingaworld The Statespridesitself United , OfficeofMulticultural Affairs KadeemFuller Graduate Mentor, by Postsecondary Education Altering thePipelinetoPrisonandPathways F amongothers, which and Columbia, were part of in Panama,Nicaragua, paramilitary interventions and military, American neighborsthrough political, their Latin Americas to to policy introduced Foreign domestic. and foreign fields, policy and operation two areasof Second, thewarentailed waged bybothpoliticalparties. was and decades spanned drugs on war Thus, the administration. the Johnson back to and evendating Clinton, and Carter including presidents Democratic and Regan, and such as Nixon administrations by Republican waged was war the First, axes. multiple along view theformer to it ishelpful incarceration, mass and drugs on the war between the connection To understand enemy numberone.” be “public combat whathedeclaredto campaign to launched anational Nixon President in 1971 when was popularized drugs” The “waron The WaronDrugsandMassIncarceration , OCCRLDirector Eboni M.Zamani-Gallaher University ofIllinoisat Urba na-Champaign (National Association spent oncorrections expenditures were nearly $52billion Officers, 2013). of StateBudget dollars instate In 2013, regional realpolitik. On the domestic side, the war side, the domestic On realpolitik. regional and trafficking drug with engagement complex a swept upinthe policy(Courtwright,2014). were drug convictions — including convictions non-violent , violent aimed at states multiple lawssprungupin While three-strike you’re out.” and “Three strikes the baseballadage, invoked which warwagedinCalifornia, notable most with the suit, policy followed and politics State which structured court proceedings. enlisted legislation, law enforcement, legislation, enlisted sentences for drug convictions, drug for sentences the courts, and prisons in order and prisons the courts, entailed minimum entailed mandatory to eradicate drug sales and use and sales drug eradicate to for law enforcement; and, it and, enforcement; law for within the country. Federal within thecountry. erected the legal framework the legal erected an entailed legislation including crack cocaine, which crack cocaine, including I controlled substances controlled I Schedule of list expanded Cantarell: White Background f.1

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UofI colors ALTERING THE PIPELINE TO PRISON AND PATHWAYS TO POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION 4-color Who isLockedUpandOutofOpportunities? question regardingthepricepaidforwarondrugshelpstoanswerfirstquestion--namely,wholost? the second of Perhaps our consideration and internationally. States in theUnited the answerishighly contested surprisingly, Not article. this of scope the beyond is policy, drug concerning question, first The price? the worth it was case, any In won? who are course of war any with questions The 2010). Waldock, & (Miron second every $500 for accounting Drugs on War the on dollars $15 billion over spent government federal U.S. the 2010, In U.S. prison population increased threefold from 585,084 to 1,596,127, reaching its present level of over 2 million. 2006, the 1987 and example, between For swelled. populations prison Consequently, rate. a profound viduals at convict, andincarcerateindi- criminalize, arrest, The thewarondrugscombined systematically to multiple axesof Census Bureau,2015). 2012; U.S. (Kerby, incarcerated males White 106 of with 1out population, the make up77%of Whites contrast, In men incarcerated. 36 Latino of with 1out population, the 17% of for account Latinos American malesareincarcerated. 6 African of 1 out population, U.S. the of 2004). Statistics, make up13% Americans African While Justice of Bureau 2001; 2010; Blumstein, (Alexander, than theirwhitecounterparts rates higher at color of people and females numbers than larger in incarcerated are males gender, and ethnicity by race/ American incarceration 2006). Whenconsidering Barton, & (Coley attainment educational of which many of prisons, have lowlevels in backgrounds overrepresented ethnicallyunderserved racially, and/or individuals fromlow-income, number of higher 2001). Thereisadisproportionately 1 (Blumstein, and Whites8to between Blacks incarceration of making theratio tripled, American incarceration African 2000 of the rate to 1980 from point, in Case 2007). Welch, 1995; Huling, & (Mauer and sentencing with disparate corresponds Johnson, 2004; Mauer & King, 2007; Mitchell, 2005). There is a racialized criminal profiling of males of color that & in jail(Bobo those of approximately half ethnicity, representing by raceand receiving theharshestsentences Americans African with imprisonment and sentencing on effect race significant statistically a found has Research shop talk”butanempiricalfact,supportedinevidence. “barber and isnot anecdotal and timeservedwithraceincomeisnot convictions, interplay betweenarrests, system justice the that observed 2015). ThePresident (Liptak, by wealth” and by race skewed particularly “remains it that noting U.S. the in flaws the discussed Obama President convention, NAACP the at remarks his During “In toomanyplaces,blackboysandmen,Latino President BarackObama,NAACPAnnualConvention,July14,2015 Percent ofPopulation WhoAreIncarcerated andAreNot (Data Source: experience beingtreateddifferentunderthelaw.” Carson, 2015 & U.S.CensusBureau,2015) Incarcerated byRaceandGender.

between educational attainment and attainment educational between correlation the given important cally are criti- for grants Pell out. this bear numbers The 1994). Record, crime” (Congressional of a life to return to only prison leave inmates most am afraid I education, Without prisoners. rehabilitating primary hopefor our is education said, often have I “As declared, He inmates. to should beextended opportunities postsecondary that ly strong felt the program, of sponsor Island, Rhode of Pell Claiborne tor Sena- afterthought. mere no was eligibility inmate However, 1994). GAO, (U.S. need financial strating demon- students other for available grants Pell affect adversely not did and inmates were recipients Pell of 1% than less fact, In awarded. grants Pell the total of component was asmall participation Inmate individuals. cerated with financial need grants that would provide modest college aid. Among those eligible for Pell grants were incar- students offer to sought Grants, Opportunity Educational Basic the as 1972 in enacted Program, Grant Pell The commencement ofthewarondrugs. the as interestingly, period same the 1970s, in the to origins its trace can education prison therapy. Present-day psychoanalytic behaviorism and emphasis on with growing mapped coincide education and institution,” “correctional Reformatory in New York State. The 1950s saw a return to reform in which even the term “prison” was replaced by Elmira at discipline military and sports, education, vocational academic and system of a Brockway instituted example, Zebulon For inmates. as democraticparticipationfor as well education systems of instituted elsewhere and Pennsylvania, York, New in prisons model centuries, 20th early and 19th the in Later prisoners. of uplifting and themoral the humane for treatment capital ),the Quakersadvocated the early1800s (alongside In instruction. religious and labor with confinement solitary combined example, for 1799, of Act Penitentiary The rehabilitation. punishment and between tension the central study in a is education, prison American of The history Building aNewPipeline:PrisontoSchoolSociety Mass incarcerationisaphenomenonthatoncecreated,expandsandregeneratesitself.Whattobedone? 2014). Parker, & Jácome, Harris, Kearney, 2016; Union, Liberties Civil (American incarceration than education on spent less 2011). Thereis States, the on (The PewCenter again incarcerated were and release, their of terms the violated or new committed prisoners 10 in 4 that found study Center Pew A other. the on and opportunities employment or educational few hand, one the -- on interconnected and predictable are outcomes The 2004). Statistics, Justice of (Bureau point some at released be will prisons entered who inmates all of 95% example, For public enemies. of the level to rise problems that of set own its begets the latter incarceration, other among profiling, racial and poverty, gangs, drugs, was mass drugs war on to solution the If color. of males of by generations disproportionately paid is factors, on war the vis-à-vis incarceration mass of price The 2012). Moreover,lessthan25%havesomeformofpostsecondaryeducation(Contardo&Tolbert2008). all, 40% of state and federal inmates do not hold a high school diploma or GED -- double the national rate (Tolbert, in 8 White men between the ages of 20 and 34 who are without a high school diploma or GED are incarcerated. In 1 and men, Hispanic 14 in 1 men, black 3 in 1 attainment, educational by incarceration considering when (2010), Trusts Pew Charitable to According incarceration. of with levels correspond levels education surprisingly, Not “He whoopensaschooldoor,closesprison.”-VictorHugo - Photo: Flickr/vickens_dan

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UofI colors ALTERING THE PIPELINE TO PRISON AND PATHWAYS TO POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION 4-color successful transition fromprison. a for necessary — vocational academic, and life, — skills requisite the them acquire help to and incarceration, post- individuals, reintegrate to as a foundation serve can that provide skills is gearedto level Diploma (GED) Equivalency General diploma or high school beyond the inmates of education the 2015). Much of Education of Technical Career, Department (U.S. OCE the houses (DAEL) and Education Adult of Division (OCTAE) Education Adult and of Office The education. correctional for support and coordination improve to Act Education more than 38,000 inmate students” before 1994. Two years later, 63% of correctional systems offered educational enrolling prisons, 772 in programming educational post-secondary of form some offered systems correctional of the 50 states (Lillis, 1994; Messemer, 2003). In addition, Tewksbury, Erickson and Taylor (2000) report that “ 92% effect of eliminating Pell eligibility was profound. Prior to 1994, college programs were offered to inmates in 39 of the Consequently, their education. pay for economic problems—theysimplycannot and moral of its ownset to — pointing the dollar pennies on inmates whoworkearn Because most grants. Pell eligibility for inmate eliminated Clinton, by President law into signed and Biden, Joe by then-Senator part in written Act, Law Enforcement and In 1994, however, Pell grants for inmates became a casualty of the . That year, the Violent Crime Control incarceration overtimedecrease(Davis,etal.,2013,2014). of costs state and increase, release following employment gaining of odds lower, is recidivating of risk individual’s an as good private and public a both arguably is bars behind education postsecondary all, In 2004). Hausman, & (Bazos only incarceration 350 applyingthesameamounton crimes prevented to education incontrast correctional Bozick, (Davis, programs education on invested every $1million for prevented 600 crimesare nearly addition, 2013). In & Miles, Saunders, Steele, prison a in participated who those for less 43% was release of years three within rate recidivism the that found study Another 1995). Harer, 2014; Clark, & (Duwe rates recidivism lower education becauseoftheir foundation toreintegrateindividuals, for postsecondaryprison affordability, opendoor are anattractiveoption Diploma (GED)levelisgearedto Community colleges provide skillsthatcanserveasa them acquiretherequisiteskills diploma orGeneralEquivalency policies, andlocale. — life,academic,andvocational post-incarceration, andtohelp — necessaryforasuccessful beyond thehighschool transition fromprison. education ofinmates Much ofthe (OCE) was created in 1991 by the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Applied and Vocational Perkins D. Carl the by 1991 in created was (OCE) avenues of federal support. For example, the Office of Correctional Education of Correctional Office the example, For support. federal of avenues Various local and state prisons have provided education programs through other rgamn, ih 4% erae n nolet A pr o te eln of decline the of part As enrollment. in decrease 44% a with programming, Assistance, which included a one-time discretionary grant opportunity which discretionary grant included aone-time Assistance, individuals incorrections(Tolbert,2012). oaig 9406 Truh h porm aut dcto poies in providers education adult program, the Through $924,036. totaling of Education’s Reentry Education Model for the betterment of low-skill of the betterment for Model Education Reentry Education’s of ease inmate transition post-incarceration utilizing the U.S. Department U.S. the utilizing post-incarceration transition inmate ease develop to grants awarded were Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, Kansas, correctional education and workforce training programming geared to programming geared training workforce and education correctional Opportunities” (PRSCEO), administered by the Bureau of Justice by administered the Bureauof (PRSCEO), Opportunities” and diversity course such as dimensions, important education, prison titled “Promoting Reentry Success through Continuity of Educational of Success Reentry through Continuity “Promoting titled credential stepping stones, from certificate and associate’s degree to addition, the Second Chance Act (2013) established the program the (2013) established Act Chance Second the addition, only 2005, By suffered. degrees, graduate even and bachelors’ with the aim of rehabilitating correctional populations. In populations. correctional with rehabilitating the aim of with education, postsecondary offered prisons state all of 32% facilities, as well as many centers, jails and prisons, and jails centers, many detention as well as facilities, side, the federal On incourses. enrolled inmates 10% of only government’s education efforts in juvenile justice confinement though programs, education offered prisons federal of 98% only 13% of inmates were enrolled (Spycher, Shkodriani & inmates wereenrolled 13% of only Career, Technical, and Adult Education (OCTAE) houses the houses (OCTAE) Education Adult and Technical, Career, On the federal level, the Department of Education’s Office of Lee, 2012). educators deliveringinstruction. the access for of ease into translates community colleges and prisons federal and state proximity between close The built. also are where prisons areas rural in located often are colleges Community locale. and policies door open their programming dueto prison educational for a viableoption are also 2015).Community colleges Colleges, Community of Association (American counterparts four-year public at $9,139 to compared $3,347 was colleges community public in-district for fees and tuition average 2015 the in landscape, educational the broader in colleges are an attractive option for postsecondary prison education because of their affordability. By comparison, 2009). Community by (Mercer, prisonprogramsaredeliveredcommunity colleges the postsecondary Many of The VitalRoleofCommunityColleges successfully transitionafter release. to inmates of development the to contributes curbs recidivismand that programming prison promote Initiative Prison theBard Justice and of Institute Similarly, groupssuch as theVERA the community. and members of students, graduate professors, volunteer with UIUC Danville at programming delivers and support university as well as donations, grants, through funded is EJP side, financial the On courses. EJP in enroll to eligible are credit college of hours 60 of minimum a have who students that so articulated are credits Their attainment. degree and courses onsite offers which also Community College, Danville by way of typically enter EJP of university campus. Students the of east 30 miles prison, medium-security a state Center, Correctional Danville at inmates for workshops educational and courses college upper-level provides UIUC courses, education general occupational and the adultbasic GED, education programfor education, provide prisoncorrectional community colleges 2006. hile in which established was Urbana-Champaign, at Illinois of University (EJP) Project Justice is theEducation stone stepping educational the next example of One Education JusticeProject(EJP) effective and promising a be to appears states, other relationship thatcouldbesuccessfullyreplicatedacrossthecounty. among California and Illinois in colleges, prisons andcommunity between California The partnering courses. learning in distance enrolled students 6,000 incarcerated over are there alone, California 2015). In (Rivera, Arts in Liberal degree receive anassociate’s to students 2015 that willprovideanopportunityfor fall 2-3) beginning (i.e., Four prisons in California have partnered with community college programs to begin offering courses California CommunityColleges General staff. coursework forinmates. and faculty college college-level part-time to addition in development, career occupational, and as well as offered are courses studies full- involve and facilities correctional several programs arehousedacross education postsecondary RCC education. correctional postsecondary provide to Corrections of Department with the Illinois contracts (RCC) Richland Community College RCC CorrectionalEducationPrograms POSTSECONDARY PRISONEDUCATIONINPRACTICE endeavor to endeavor at the at

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UofI colors ALTERING THE PIPELINE TO PRISON AND PATHWAYS TO POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION 4-color policy andsocialjusticeforadiscountedpopulation oflearners. educational advance practice to research and community college of potential the and incarceration of landscape the complex provoke thoughton we hopethisessayservesto closing, In education andapromisingfuture. pathways postsecondary in fashioning to role play avital to are positioned community colleges our standpoint, From one. timely a is good private public and a as education prison of question the incarceration, mass of era the In Concluding Thoughts contributing totheoverallcollegecompletionagenda(TheJohnHowardAssociationofIllinois,n.d.). subsequently and students incarcerated postsecondary of enrollment the increasing scale, a muchon larger tems aid prisonsys - are poisedto community colleges has grown; prison population the Illinois programs aredeclining education correctional postsecondary the sametimethat 2011). At prison programs(Erickson, and vocational academic in erosion been has there where states the of one is Illinois of State The 2014). al., et (Davis states 20 across programs have been reducedorelimination technical education in academic schools and vocational/career rehabilitation. Over the past decade, the number of course offerings delivered by community colleges or technical individual part of and animportant as apublic good education correctional recognizing to program showsareturn a pilot for students incarcerated to are returning grants Pell that announcement The ObamaAdministration’s the futurelifetrajectoriesofformerinmateswillimproveandrecidivismbeprevented. succeed insociety, necessary to and givenskills opportunities are providedwithhigh-quality educational students if that feels administration The enrollment. program of years five within prison from release for eligible students (Collins, 2015). The aim of this initiative is to provide funding to incarcerated individuals that are temporarily qualified inmates for grants Pell federal to access reinstall to authority have the does Education of Department the approval, congressional absent prisoners for grants Pell on ban the lift not will initiative pilot administration’s While the facility. correctional a Maryland Program whilevisiting Pilot new SecondChancePell administration’s the Obama Lynch announced Loretta General Attorney Duncan and SecretaryArne July 30,2015, Education on education).Then, community college Promise, whosecenterpieceisfree and America’sCollege (AGI), Initiative efforts with his postsecondary education initiatives and college completion agenda (e.g., the American Graduation reform prison new President’s the in convergence interest be appears to There also programs. education correctional postsecondary bolster to is efforts reform his in one-step Importantly, chance.” second a deserves it for work to willing “everyone that Obama stated President critical. is reform that and governments state and federal to costly El Renoin Oklahoma, (Kaplan, 2015). He has openly contended that the American prison system is overcrowded, crime-free life. On July 16, 2015, President Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to visit a , a lead and wage livable a earn to prepare them help to and society to return to needed tools and skills with the incarcerated equip in recentyearsabouthow our nation’s to interest Therehasbeenasurgeof direction. latter the in swinging be to pendulum seems the rehabilitation, punishment and between basic tension the to Returning Where ThingsStandNow Bureau ofJusticeStatistics(2004,April14). Bobo, L.D.,&Johnson,D.(2004). Blumstein, A.(2001).Raceandcriminaljustice.InN.J. Bazos, A.&Hausman,J.(2004,March). Baum, D.(1996). (2010). The M. Alexander, new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration American CivilLibertiesUnion(2016). American AssociationofCommunityColleges(2015). References Duwe, G.,&Clark,V.(2014). Theeffectsofprison-based S., Turner, M., Williams, R., Bozick, L., J. Steele, M., L. Davis, Davis, L.M.,Bozick,R.Steele,J.L.,Saunders,J.,&Miles, J. Courtwright, D.T.(2004).TheControlledSubstancesAct: Contardo, J.,&Tolbert,M.(2008). Congressional Record(1994,February9). Collins, M.S.(2015,July31). (2006). E. P. & Barton, J., R. Coley, Carson, E.A.(2015). the warondrugs. Black and white Americans’ views on the death penalty and (pp. 21-31).Washington,DC:NationalAcademyPress. becoming: Racial trends and their consequences, Volume II Smelser, W.J.Wilson,&F.Mitchell(Eds.), Public PolicyandSocialResearch. education asacrimecontrolprogram. the politicsoffailure(p.21). intheageofcolorblindness. Fast facts The PrisonJournal, 94 educational programming onrecidivismand employment. Santa Monica,CA:RANDCorporation. go fromhere?Theresultsof acomprehensiveevaluation. How effectiveiscorrectional educationandwheredowe Miles, J.N.V.,Saunders,&Steinberg,P.S.(2014). Corporation. education to incarcerated adults. education: Ameta-analysisofprogramsthat N. V.(2013). and AlcoholDependence,76 How a“bigtent”reformbecamepunitivedruglaw. John JayCollegeofCriminalJustice. community. education: Bridginglearningfromincarcerationtothe record, 140(12). Sun. Jessup toannouncePellgrantsforinmates. Policy InformationReport.EducationalTestingService. An educationalperspectiveontheUSprisonpopulation. Bureau ofJusticeStatistics. Author. in theU.S.Releasesfromstateprison. . Reentry RoundtableonEducation.NewYork: Evaluating theeffectivenessofcorrec Smoke andmirrors:Thewarondrugs Washington,DC:Author. Du BoisReview,1(1),151-180. Prisonersin2014. (4), 454-478. Obama cabinetofficialsin (1), 9-15. New York:Little,Brown. The NewPress. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Santa Monica,CA: Locked up and locked out: A tasteforpunishment: Prison postsecondary Massincarceration. UCLASchoolof Washington, DC: Washington,DC: Correctional Congressional Reentry trends TheBaltimore America provide tional Drug

Erickson, K.(2011). Messemer, J.E.(2003).Collegeprogramsforinmates:The Mercer, K.R.(2009).Theimportanceoffunding Spiller, M.J.,&Porter,J.(2014).Bringinganendtothe Rivera, C.(2015,August5). The PewCharitableTrusts.(2010). The PewCenterontheStates(2008). National AssociationofStateBudgetOfficers(2013). Mauer, M.,&King,R.S.(2007,July). Mauer, M.,&Huling,T.(1995). Liptak, K.(2015,July15). Kaplan, R.(2015,July16). The John Howard Association of Illinois (n.d.). Harer, M.D.(1995). Garland, D.(2001). Erisman, W.,&Contardo,J.B.(2005,November). 54 post-Pell grantera.J Community CollegeReview,37 postsecondary correctionaleducationalprograms. DC: TheSentencingProject. rates ofincarcerationbyraceandethnicity. Emerald GroupPublishingLimited. and EducationalReform(pp. 71-90). E. M.Zamani-Gallaher(Ed.), school toprisonpipelineintheageof“post-racialism.”In community collegeprograms. DC: PewCharitableTrusts. Incarceration’s effectoneconomicmobility. Trusts. bars inAmerica2008.Washington,DC:PewCharitable DC: Author. Expenditure ReportSeries(1985-2013). DC: TheSentencingProject. the criminaljusticesystem:Fiveyearslater. prison visit. education putIllinoisatrisk. Research andEvaluation. Washington, DC:FederalBureauofPrisons,Office and recidivism:Atestofthenormalization consequences. The InstituteforHigherEducationPolicy. secondary correctionaleducationpolicy. to ReduceRecidivism:A50-stateanalysisofpost years. IllinoisIssues,UniversityofSpringfield. corrections facilitieshasbeendroppinginrecent inmates whoareinvolvedineducationalprogramming (1), 32-39. CBSNews. ThousandOaks,CA:SagePublications. Mass imprisonment:Socialcausesand Prison education:Thepercentageof Prison educationprogramparticipation ournal ofCorrectionalEducation, Justice reformbid. Obama getspersonalduring Four prisonsinCaliforniatoget LosAngelesTimes. The ObamaAdministration Young blackAmericansand (2), 153-164. Collateral costs: Uneven justice:State One in100:Behind United Kingdom: WashingtonDC: Washington, hypothesis. Washington, CNNPolitics. Washington, Washington, Cuts in prison Learning State at

FEATURE VOL. 1, NO. 1 7 Tolbert, M. (2012). A reentry education model supporting U.S. GAO (1994, August 5). Pell grants for prison inmates, education and career advancement for low-skill individuals HEHS-94-224R. Washington, DC: Author. in corrections. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Wacquant, L. (2001). Deadly symbiosis: When ghetto and Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. prison meet and mesh. Punishment and Society, 3, U.S. Census Bureau (2015, May). Annual population 95-134. estimates. Washington, DC: Author. Walmsley, R. (2015). World prison brief. London: Institute U.S. Census Bureau (2015, September). U.S. Census Bureau: for Criminal Policy Research. State and county quick facts. Washington, DC: Author. Welch, K. (2007). Black criminal stereotypes and racial U.S. Department of Education (2015, September 28). profiling.Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(3), Correctional education. Office of Career, Technical, and 276-288. Adult Education.

OFFICE OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESEARCH AND LEADERSHIP University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 51 Gerty Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 http://occrl.illinois.edu Email: [email protected] (217) 244-9390 The Office of Community College Research and Leadership (OCCRL) was established in 1989 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. OCCRL is affiliated with the Department of Educational Policy, Organization, and Leadership in the College of Education. Projects of this office are supported by the Illinois Community College Board (ICCB) and the Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE), along with other state, federal, private and not-for-profit organizations. The contents of publications do not necessarily represent the positions or policies of our sponsors or the University of Illinois. Comments or inquiries about our publications are welcome and should be directed to [email protected]. FEATURE briefs are prepared pursuant to a grant from the Illinois Community College Board (Federal Award Identification Number is: V048A150013).

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Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher may be reached at [email protected]. Kadeem Fuller may be reached at [email protected]. FEATURE VOL. 1, NO. 1