TT T T TERRITORIAL Prescott Arizona Corral TIMES of Westerners International
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A publication of the Prescott Corral of Westerners International Volume IV, Number 2
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The TERRITORIAL TIMES is a publication of the Prescott Corral of Westerners International, Prescott, Arizona, a non-profit organization dedicated to the study, preservation, promotion and dissemination of information with respect to the real history of the American West. Price per copy is $7.50 ($10.00 by mail). Back copies of available issues may be ordered by mail.
CORRAL OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Sheriff Pat Moore Co-Swamper Patti Moore Deputy Sheriff Cindy Gresser Co-Swamper Coleen Pena Trail Boss Roger Pena Symposium Coord. Fred Veil Keeper of the Chips Jack Hoeft WI Liaison Al Bates Brands Recorder Mike Piacenza Historian Bruce Fee
Immediate Past Sheriffs: Roland Michaelis, Don Shaffer and Mike Shepard.
PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE
The Corral members responsible for this publication are: Al Bates, Jay Eby, Bruce Fee, Russ Sherwin, Fred Veil and Andy Wallace.
PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Photographs and illustrations in this publication were obtained from the following institutions and individuals: Sharlot Hall Museum (pages 3, 11, 16, 19, 20, 29 and the back cover); James E. Babbitt (pages i, 3 and 7); Tom Jonas (map page 2); the Linda Kowall Woal Collection shared by David Lindbloom (pages 8, 10 and 13); Gary Melvin (pages 14 and 30); Don Bufkin maps from Historical Atlas of Arizona (pages 24, 26 and 28); photo from World’s Oldest Rodeo (page 30).
John Huff Designs prepared the front cover layout.
Cover Photo: An undated postcard view of the historic Gadsden Hotel in Douglas, Arizona. Located within a mile of the United States’ border with Mexico the hotel is named in honor of James Gadsden who had much to do with establishing that border. It is renowned for its ornate two-story lobby and broad marble staircase. Originally opened in 1905, much of the structure was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1920.
© Prescott Corral of Westerners International, Box 11086, Prescott, Arizona 86304-1086
A publication of the Prescott Corral of Westerners International May 2011, Volume 4, Number 2
CONTENTS
1 James E. Babbitt—Ambush in Sycamore Canyon
8 Mona Lange McCroskey—Early Movie Making Comes to Prescott, 1912
16 Thomas P. Collins—Dan Thorne: Whiskey Row Success Story
23 Al Bates—The Creation of Arizona: Spoils of the Mexican-American War
29 The Disappearing World’s Oldest Rodeo Trophy
i
Walter Hinchman’s sketch of the Ambush in Sycamore Canyon (See article note 14)
ii
AMBUSH IN SYCAMORE CANYON By James E. Babbitt
n late November of 1867 a little-known episode in the Arizona Indian wars took place just below the Mogollon Rim in the depths of Sycamore Canyon. A I party of railroad surveyors, accompanied by a cavalry escort, was making its way down the bed of the canyon toward the Verde Valley when it was attacked by an Indian war party.
For several hours, arrows, bullets and bould- Eastern Division (UPED). It would become ers rained down on the survey party from both the Kansas Pacific Railway in 1869.i canyon rims. Soldiers scaled the steep can- yon walls, returning fire and eventually driv- During the Civil War, Palmer had com- ing off the attackers. The manded the 15th Cavalry Indians melted into the Regiment of Pennsylvania surrounding countryside volunteers. Soon recog- with unknown casualties, nized for his military com- while the surveyors and petence and leadership, he troopers suffered only was promoted to brigadier minor injuries. They general in 1864. At war‘s continued toward the end he employed several mouth of the canyon, fol- veterans of his old regiment lowed up the Verde River to work on the surveys for to Chino Valley and pro- the UPED, of which he was ceeded on to Prescott, the secretary-treasurer. capital of Arizona Terri- One wartime associate, tory. Lieut. Charles Hinchman, recommended his younger The survey party was led brother, Walter, to Palmer by William Jackson Pal- as a member of the expedi- mer, a Pennsylvania rail- tion and Palmer hired Wal- road developer and Civil General W. J. Palmer ter for his artistic skill.ii War hero who in 1869 would become president of the Kansas Pacific In the summer of 1867, the UPED topograph- Railway Company. In 1862 Congress had ical engineers, under the leadership of Gener- authorized construction of the first transconti- al Palmer and General W. W. Wright (the nental railway from Omaha to Sacramento. ―general superintendent‖ of the UPED), went While the Union Pacific Railroad built a line into the field to survey feasible routes from westward from Omaha to connect with the western Kansas through southern Colorado, Central Pacific in Utah Territory, other pro- New Mexico, and Arizona to the Pacific moters envisioned a transcontinental line Coast. West from Albuquerque they explored through the Southwest to California. This two lines in detail. The first followed the Rio second road, chartered by Congress in 1863, Grande south to the Thirty-second Parallel, was first called the Union Pacific Railway, then turned west along the Gila River to San Diego. A second line traced the Thirty-fifth
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Parallel westward across northern Arizona to stripped and mutilated several of the fallen Los Angeles. At conclusion of the survey, soldiers. Palmer would recommend the northern route that was later followed by the Atlantic and This battle cast a pall over Palmer‘s party and Pacific Railway in the 1880s.iii caused them to take extra precautions as they struck out for Colorado including military es- When Walter Hinchman accepted General corts.v Palmer's invitation to join the UPED survey, he was given the title of ―tapeman‖ and assigned to the second of two divisions under the direction of a civil engineer, J. Imbrie Miller. His duty was to assist Miller‘s crew in measuring and recording ele- vations and grades. It seems Miller also expected Hinchman to walk the whole way from Kansas to California. General Palmer, however, upon disco- vering Hinchman's drawing tal- ent, promoted him to the posi- tion of ―sketchist,‖ and assigned him to document the landscape, people and events encountered on the way west. Palmer also assigned Walter a horse to ride, which made him ―happy as a lark.‖iv
The UPED crews assembled at Salina, Kansas, in early June 1867, then marched west some two hundred miles to Fort Wal- lace, the official embarkation point for the expedition. While there, the fort was attacked by Cheyenne, Arapahoe and Sioux warriors led by Cheyenne war chief Roman Nose. A furious battle ensued near the fort, and seven members of the Seventh U.S. Cavalry were killed and five more were severely Map of the Ambush Area wounded. The Indians scalped,
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Traveling up the Arkansas River, the engineer Whipple on November 14, 1867, and five corps also explored the Purgatoire Valley in days later they started back toward the Rim southern Colorado before turning south to country and the sources of the Verde River.vii Santa Fe. The crews regrouped south of Al- buquerque at Fort Craig, and General Wright Dr. Bell, who later chronicled the Thirty- returned east to report to the UPED directors second Parallel survey, also described much on their progress. Palmer then divided the of the northern Arizona survey. Using Pal- survey into two parties: the first, including Dr. mer‘s notes he wrote, ―It was not the wish of William A. Bell, a British physician and ama- our surveyors to carry a line of railway over teur photographer who ac- the actual base of the San companied Palmer and Francisco Peaks at an ele- Wright, was to go south to vation exceeding 7,000 the so-called ―Gila route‖; feet for 100 miles.‖ Pal- the second, including Gen- mer, therefore, ―after hav- eral Palmer and his sketch ing pushed rapidly for- artist Hinchman, would go ward in advance of the west along the Thirty-fifth parties to Prescott, deter- Parallel. At Fort Craig, mined to retrace his steps Company L of the Third through this intricate can- U.S. Cavalry replaced the yon country, and ascertain previous cavalry escorts.vi if there was any possibili- ty of finding a practicable The rugged, mountainous way through it. Hin- topography of northern chman accompanied him Arizona presented major during these excursions. challenges to construction At some point General of a railroad. Steep grades John Irvin Gregg, at that ascending the San Francis- General J. I. Gregg time commandant of Fort co volcanic field, eleva- Whipple, joined him with tions that exceeded 7,000 feet, and tortuous an escort.‖ Like Palmer, General Gregg also canyons and gorges draining to the Verde and had commanded a regiment of volunteer ca- Little Colorado rivers were formidable ob- valry early in the Civil War, and, although stacles. Palmer conducted exhaustive exami- Palmer had a company of the Third Cavalry nations of east-west routes north of the Mo- with him, Gregg chose to personally escort gollon Rim. A potential line around the north Palmer‘s surveyors with some of his Eighth side of the San Francisco Peaks was consi- Cavalry troopers back to the rugged edge of dered but was discounted because of its length Sycamore Canyon.viii and cost. Palmer then turned his attention to possible lines that descended to the Verde and A military escort was a prudent safeguard, but Chino Valleys south of the San Francisco until now the UPED survey had not been Mountains. In need of supplies, and of a base threatened in Arizona by Indians and they had from which to examine this southern route, just passed through Yavapai Indian country Palmer led the expedition directly west along en route from the San Francisco Mountains. the Beale Road to the vicinity of the future Yet as Palmer explored the canyons south of railroad station of Ash Fork, thence south to the Bill Williams Mountain, in the last ten Prescott. Palmer‘s party arrived at Fort days of November, he would write in his
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journal that ―very few days have passed . . . in adjutant ordered his sergeant and six men to which we did not meet recent signs of In- scale the west side of the canyon. General dians; the rude wigwams of bunch grass and Palmer then ordered five of his men to pro- branches, which the Arizonans call ‗wicky- vide covering fire to the scaling party. The ups‘; the moccasin tracks; the mescal heaps; Indians then began to fire from the east rim. the fresh trails. . . . We have been surrounded Palmer ordered another scaling party of six by these constantly.‖ Palmer and Hinchman men to go up the east side cliffs. ―How we would later report they had been attacked by got up, God knows,‖ wrote Palmer: Apaches, as these signs suggest.ix ―I only remember hearing a volley from On November 19, General Gregg‘s party left below, shots from above. Indian yells on Fort Whipple with Palmer and his surveyors all sides, the grating roar of tumbling to search for ―a route from the Val de Chino, boulders as they fell, and the confused eastward to the Colorado Chiquito [Little echoing of calls and shouts from the Colorado River], by crossing the head-waters cañon. Exhausted, out of breath and wet of the streams flowing into the Rio Verde with perspiration, boots nearly torn off close up to where they emerged from the . . . and hands cut and bleeding, I sat down on base of the San Francisco Mountains.‖ As the the summit and looked around. Across surveyors skirted the upper reaches of Syca- the chasm I saw the other scaling party. more Canyon, its drainage looked promising Everything was quiet as death, the Indians for a descending rail route. Dropping into it, had disappeared, melting away as sudden- Palmer's sense of danger increased. He felt at ly and mysteriously as they had at first once that traveling down the bed of a narrow appeared. They had gone to their hidden canyon ―violated the fundamental rule of In- lairs, cowed by our determined approach.‖ dian warfare.‖ Even so, the surveyors and their escort determined to push on to the Palmer later observed that, ―It was nothing mouth of the gorge as it emptied into the short of a miracle that nobody was hurt. Verde River.x These Indians are poor shots, which . . . must account for our escape. They are afraid also Suddenly, a shot rang out from the brink of of our ‗heap-firing guns‘ as they call the the canyon, and the dreaded war whoop burst Spencers.‖xii upon the surveyors. Showers of arrows fol- lowed. The Indian yells echoed among the The scaling parties remained on both rims to cliffs. In Palmer's words, ―It was a yell of provide cover for the survey party as it moved triumph—of confidence. It appeared to say, downstream through the afternoon and night ‗Oh ye wise and boastful white men, with toward the Rio Verde. Palmer continued: your drilled soldiers and repeating guns, and wealth and power, who came out to hunt the ―By daybreak we had got well on our poor Indian from his wigwam, look where we way. We scrambled along . . . faint from have got you!‘ ‖xi hunger and fatigue, having come nearly twenty miles on foot, up and down cañons The surveyors took cover in a brushy thicket and steep ravines, climbing through close to the foot of the canyon walls, but the mountain passes and stumbling over the Indians rolled large boulders down on them, rocky bed of the streams. . . . We had had forcing them to keep moving. The muleteers nothing to eat for over twenty-four hours, scattered their animals and General Gregg‘s and very little sleep; the night was bitterly
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cold, and our over-coats were left behind when we scaled the cliff during the Indian While in Prescott, Calhoun called on the terri- attack.‖ torial Chief Justice William F. Turner to or- ganize a community meeting to discuss the Eventually darkness and rain overtook them UPED railroad project. The meeting was at- and they camped a second night. The next tended by territorial officials, miners, and day Palmer rejoined Gregg, who was camped ranchers from the area surrounding Prescott. near the mouth of Sycamore Canyon. Pal- It concluded with unanimous passage of a mer‘s greatest loss was his ―noble grey horse, resolution urging Congress to grant a charter Signor‖ which ―had helped to carry me faith- and subsidies to the UPED, in part because fully from Santa Fe through New Mexico, and the railroad would bring a tide of emigration thus far into Arizona, but he has fallen a mar- to Arizona and would forever settle the ―In- tyr to the topography of the sources of the Rio dian question.‖ Contemporary newspaper re- Verde. While George [Palmer's servant] was ports that cover this and earlier actions of leading him up a precipitous path he lost his Palmer‘s surveyors make no mention of their footing in jumping over a rock, and tumbled close call with Apaches in Sycamore Can- to the bottom of the cañon, 100 feet, killing yon.xvi himself instantly.‖xiii Upon his return to Prescott, General Palmer Reaching the Verde River, the survey party and the 35th Parallel party wasted no more rejoined General Gregg and his escort. Pal- time searching for a railway line of descent mer‘s notes do not say so, but he probably from the Colorado Plateau. They made their accompanied Gregg southward to Camp way up the Chino Valley to Walnut Creek and Verde and up the new wagon road to Prescott. headed west to Aztec Pass and on to Fort Mo- Walter Hinchman shortly afterward made the jave at the Colorado River. Fording north of drawing reproduced at the beginning of this The Needles, they crossed the Sierra Nevada article.xiv at Tehachapi Pass, turned up the Central Val- ley of California, and reached San Francisco Alfred R. Calhoun, a newspaper correspon- in September 1868.xvii dent for Philadelphia's The Press, accompa- nied the UPED survey and described the loca- The railroad, renamed the Kansas Pacific, did tion and surroundings of Fort Whipple as ―the not gain the necessary congressional support best of any post we [have] seen since leaving and was not built. General Palmer's dream of Fort Wallace.‖ Calhoun also toured Prescott a transcontinental railroad along the Thirty- and described it: fifth Parallel was not realized until the con- struction of the Atlantic & Pacific Railway in ―Yesterday I rode up the creek [Granite 1882–1883. Still, the survey he led produced Creek] to Prescott and was delighted to valuable information about the topography, find a snug little American town, three natural resources, and inhabitants of post- years old, and nestling among the hills. Civil War northern Arizona, and gave the There are eight stores in Prescott, and American public a glimpse of life and events more saloons than its three hundred inha- in the frontier Southwest. bitants; two lager beer breweries; and a place where an old Mexican makes very queer pies with heavy crust and ambi-
guous stuffing.‖xv END NOTES
5
i Despite its name, the UPED was totally separate from Creek, thence down the Chino Valley and Granite the Union Pacific RR chartered by Congress along with Creek to Prescott. viii the Central Pacific RR in 1862. David H. Bain, Empire In 1866 Gregg became colonel of the new 8th U.S. Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad Cavalry that was sent next year to Arizona. He com- (New York: Viking Press, 1999), 161-62, 192-94, 454- manded the District of Prescott on his brevet rank of 57. Congress authorized the UPED to change its name general but was so contentious and ineffective that to the Kansas Pacific Railway Company on March 3, Gen. Henry W. Halleck, commander of the army‘s 1869 (15 U. S. Statutes-at-Large, p. 348). Pacific Division, relieved him in November 1867. ii Walter Hinchman, the sketch artist, was born near Gregg retired from active service on April 2, 1879. Philadelphia on July 25, 1845, to a prominent Quaker Constance W. Altshuler, Cavalry Yellow & Infantry family. At an early age, he moved with his mother to Blue (Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1991), pp. Cincinnati to live with her brother, Isaac Shoemaker. 145-46. ix Shoemaker was a talented artist who taught young Bell, quoting Palmer, New Tracks in North America, Walter to draw and sketch. Hinchman attended Earl- p. 410-11. Yavapai in the autumn were accustomed to ham College in Richmond, Indiana, and served for a roam lands above the Mogollon Rim. Palmer‘s men- short time in the Civil War as a corporal in a Union tion of wickiups and mescal cooking pits were as much regiment, mustering out on September 5, 1864. He signs of Yavapai people as Apaches. Timothy Braatz, later went to work as a mechanical draftsman in the Surviving Conquest: A History of the Yavapai Peoples U.S. Patent Office in Washington. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003) 43-44. iii William J. Palmer, Report of Surveys Across the x Bell, New Tracks, p. 411. Continent in 1867– 68, on the Thirty-fifth and Thirty- xi Ibid. p. 412. second Parallels (Philadelphia: W. B. Selheimer, 1869) xii Ibid. pp. 414-15, 419. The Spencer carbine was a p. 5. William Wierman Wright (1824–1882) was a shoulder firearm designed by Christopher Spencer. Its civilian engineer from Pennsylvania in charge of rai- lever action fed seven metallic cartridges from a tubu- lroads that followed Gen. William T. Sherman‘s armies lar magazine. Indians called it ―heap-firing‖ because it through Georgia. By 1865 he commanded the Military could be fired as fast as the soldier worked the lever Railroad Construction Corps as a volunteer colonel. and cocked the hammer. Sherman, Memoirs, pp. 664, William T. Sherman, Memoirs, 2d ed., 2 vols. in 1 886. (orig. publ. 1886; New York: Library of America, xiii Bell, quoting Palmer, New Tracks, pp. 416-18. 1990) p. 626. Georgetown Univ., Washington DC, xiv special collections
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First Photograph of San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, 1867
Artist’s Rendering of Peaks Photograph for Publication, 1869 ______
The above two pictures illustrate the technique used to create print illustrations from photographs in the 19th century before photo engraving was perfected. The top figure is the first known photograph of the San Francisco Peaks, taken by Alexander Gardner in November 1867 during the Palmer railroad survey. The bottom figure is lithographic reproduction of the photograph by an unknown artist used to illustrate Dr. William A. Bell’s New Tracks in North America , a chronicle of the survey that was published in 1869.
7 Early Movie Making comes to Prescott, 1912 By Mona Lange McCroskey
he little town of Prescott, Arizona, was still basking in Arizona‘s new baby- state status on July 12, 1912, when director Romaine Fielding and a cast of T 19 ―well-known photoplay artists‖ from the Sigmund Lubin Company of Philadelphia arrived on the 1:28 train, traveling in two Pullman cars with a custom seventy-foot baggage car full of props and photo equipment.i
They were there on a three-month stopover to number of local young people have offered to produce silent films in the scenic areas in and pose for these pictures.‖iv Fielding shrewdly around Prescott, their presence having been used this civic boosterism to secure publicity, procured after ―months of props, and extras for his brisk correspondence‖ pictures. between Prescott Cham- ber of Commerce Secre- Before arriving in Prescott, tary Malcolm Frazier and Lubin‘s Southwestern the moviemaker.ii At that company had filmed in El time all Arizona Cham- Paso, Juarez, Douglas, and bers of Commerce were Tucson. The troupe started heavily engaged in boost- out under the management ing their communities, and direction of Wilbert and the prospect of at- Melville, who in June 1912 tracting moviemakers had been replaced by Ro- was very exciting. Also, maine Fielding, a principal Frazier chaired the Ari- in the company. Fielding zona Good Roads Asso- was a colorful and intri- ciation, which was cam- guing character, variously paigning to connect the described as unconvention- state‘s major cities and al, dynamic, compelling, attractions and recog- forceful, flamboyant, and nized the motion pic- even bizarre. A Journal- ture‘s potential as an ―in- Miner reporter characte- comparable marketing rized Fielding as ―one of tool‖ in the promotion of the most peculiar and inter- Southwest tourism.iii esting human types‖ he had met, who ―with his inscrut- An innovative portable able smile and low-pitched camera recently designed voice seems to marshal and by Siegmund Lubin Romaine Fielding command his cohorts with- enabled him to send out the least apparent ef- crews to film on location, and Fielding‘s was fort.‖v Fielding handed out a biography stat- one of two companies assigned to capture the ing that he was born in Corsica to affluent landscape and the romance of the West. The parents; lost his inheritance; came to the Unit- Prescott populace was captivated and ―a ed States and attended Shattuck Military
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Academy, the University of Minnesota, and the stereotypical Western story. Some of Columbia University Medical School; and them depicted Mexicans and underdogs fa- that he had acted on the stage in England and vorably, even as heroes. His ―considerable the U.S. for twenty years. respect and romantic fascination for the His- panic culture‖ was reflected in his plots and In fact, Fielding was born William Grant colorful costumes.ix Women appeared in a Blandin in Riceville, Iowa, in 1868. He was more favorable light. Fielding played on the abandoned by his unwed parents and raised Westerner‘s ―psychological relationship‖x to by his grandparents in Minnesota. He at- the environment, which he perceived as an tended the University of Minnesota for a time, evil power that mocked man‘s striving. Field- and then worked at numerous jobs, including ing‘s work was described by reviewers as vi- assistant manager of an engine works, ma- vid, demoniac, compelling, repulsive, gigan- chinist, and travel agent. He prospected in the tesque, and startling, and by himself as ―phys- Klondike where he met authors Rex Beach ical and mental realism.‖xi His films were of and Jack London, and he established a doc- a very different genre than the child-friendly tor‘s office in Kansas City, Missouri, under Westerns made later in Prescott by Tom Mix the name of Romanzo A. Blandin. and Tex Ritter.
In 1907 Blandin abandoned his medical prac- Romaine Fielding delighted the town of Pres- tice, married local stage actress Mabel Von cott by praising its scenic beauty, the clean, Valkenburg, whose stage name was Mabel crisp mountain air, and the enthusiasm of the Vann, assumed his stage name of Romaine Chamber of Commerce. He toured Granite Fielding, and moved to New York.vi For a Dells and Watson Lake and was pleased with few years Fielding barnstormed on the Pan- ―the wonderful scenic opportunities and the tages and Belasco circuits. In 1911 at age for- accessibility to the rugged granite background ty-four he appeared on film for the Solax Film afforded in so many places by natural stage Company. After a few months he moved to settings.‖xii He intimated that the film com- the Lubin Film Company as a leading man in pany might stay on indefinitely. A studio was the traveling stock company.vii set up on property owned by Frank M. Mur- phy behind Mercy Hospital at 712 Western Fielding for the year preceding his promotion Avenue, where the wardrobe manager in- to director had written and acted in many of stalled the $10,000 collection of military garb, the company‘s films, although he did not re- Spanish costumes, and evening dresses ceive individual credit. Upon his rise in posi- brought with the company. A fifty-foot tion he became a high-profile spokesman for square stage was constructed, covered by a the Lubin group, where ―his energy and im- sliding canopy. Fielding invited onlookers, agination were matched only by his flair for who were cautioned to remain silent while self-promotion.‖viii Within a month he had scenes were being shot and not to appear be- written, directed, and starred in five one-reel fore the camera without being invited. He pictures in Tucson: The New Ranch Foreman, also solicited suggestions for plots from the The Ranger’s Reward, A Romance of the local populace, especially children. Secretary Border, The Sandstorm, and A Western Frazier, too, invited Prescott‘s citizenry to Courtship. take part in the making of motion pictures and in suggesting stories with true local color.xiii The plots of Fielding‘s films set him apart from other directors, ranging far afield from
9
Ominously, a note in the local paper on the scene.xv On the following day, with permis- day of the troupe‘s arrival observed that the sion from landowner Edwin C. Payne, he summer rains had begun with a gentle and filmed local horsemen, ―mounted on rugged steady downpour. Yavapai range ponies, breaking the calm of centuries at Granite Dells [with] some classic Fielding‘s first Prescott film was The Cringer, rides over hill and dale and through the placid claimed to be the first moving picture made in waters of the lake.‖xvi From there Fielding Yavapai County. He used one hundred fifty went to the Ungles [sic] ranch in the area of star struck extras. The ambitious script con- Four-Mile House to film a band of Angora tained seventy-eight scenes, to be filmed in goats. He was becoming impatient with twenty local natural settings. A Lubin press shooting delays caused by summer showers. release recounted the plot:
A young sheep herder (played by Romaine Field- ing) who is a moral co- ward, being much ill-used, is turned into a ferocious being. He steals a horse, rides into the mountain town, sets fire to a barn, enters a bank and holding up the cashier, steals a bag of gold. He is pursued by a posse and takes refuge in a log hut, where he is killed, and dying exclaims: ―I was not afraid.‖xiv
The director was beaming after the first day‘s work and thanked the locals who, ―ahorse, awheel, on foot and in autos, lent action and variety‖ to a mob
Publicity Photo For The Cringer, 1912
10
In his quest for realism, Fielding planned to town‘s planned three-day Labor Day celebra- burn a house within the city limits with the tion. Prescott Fire Department in attendance, set- ting off a skirmish between The Cringer proved to be a Mayor Morris Goldwater popular film and earned and Fire Chief A.A. Johns. critical acclaim for its di- The mayor refused to allow rector. It was an important a fire anywhere near Pres- milestone in Fielding‘s ca- cott. This setback, com- reer because of the atten- bined with summer rain tion it called to his passion delays, brought on low for realism. Also, his cha- troupe morale. Morale was racter was noted for its un- quickly revived when the iqueness. The film‘s suc- fire chief approved the cess prompted Lubin to burning of a building that spend more on advertising Fielding had purchased in and publicity for his direc- Prescott. Mayor Goldwa- tor. (A Mirror reviewer ter, however, stood firm said the film was unplea- and overruled the chief‘s sant and that if it had been decision. Finally, Field- done by anyone less than ing‘s company spent three Fielding ―it would be utter- days building a ―house‖ Mayor Morris Goldwater ly repulsive.‖xvii) outside the city limits that was then torched. This scene was followed When The Cringer opened in October 1912 at by pursuit scenes on Willis between Cortez the New State Theater in Prescott, three and Granite Streets and at Head Lumber showings attracted most of the population, Company and a hold-up of the Yavapai Coun- necessitating an extra showing. The film was ty Savings Bank. well received, although a local news report said that some of the finer points were over- Fielding took advantage of looked ―because everybody his victory over the mayor, was busy picking himself making sure the burning out in the different scenes building caught the atten- and boasting of it to his tion of The New York Dra- neighbor.‖xviii A local ad- matic Mirror. The Mirror vertisement for the picture praised him for his dedica- stated ambiguously, ―Some tion to realism. Prescott‘s picture. Ask your friends.‖ citizens worried that the troupe might leave because Fielding filmed three more of Fielding‘s conflict with pictures in the Prescott area the mayor, but at a meeting in quick succession: The with the Chamber of Uprising, The Neighbors, Commerce their differences and The Forest Ranger. were ironed out and the His desire for realism was film maker hinted that he increasing to the point that would stay to film the when, in shooting a scene
Fire Chief A. A. Johns 11 for The Neighbors, the leading lady fell from equipment from basement storage for filming her horse while attempting to board a train, he a gambling segment. However, the camera- filmed ―take two‖ before seeking treatment man could not get enough light to shoot in the from Dr. Yount for her injury.xix bar and the scene was restaged on the set off Western Avenue. The many extras, ―gathered Fielding worked without a stand-in, staging from the local constellation of robust chivalry fights on top of moving trains and riding off and mountain beauty,‖ in The Uprising at- steep embankments on his horse. He en- tended the opening at the Elks Theater, setting hanced his reputation as an excellent horse- an attendance record.xxiv Hundreds more were man when he commandeered George Carter‘s turned away from the packed theater. horse and roped steers on Carter‘s Kirkland area ranch during roundup. When the horse The weather had improved and Fielding ex- was cornered in the corral by a steer, Fielding pressed his intention of filming two films a stood up in the saddle and bulldogged the week for the next three months. steer as it approached, earning rancher Cart- er‘s praise for his ―courage and quick- The Forest Ranger, filmed partly on Spruce thinking.‖xx The director demonstrated his Mountain, earned praise from the local press marksmanship skills when he used live am- for Fielding‘s continuing attention to realism. munition to shoot within three inches of an Forest Supervisor Hinderer volunteered facili- actor‘s face during the filming of A Life for a ties under his control to assist in the actor‘s Life, astounding the movie company and on- authentic portrayal of a forest ranger. Hin- lookers with his ―ease and accuracy.‖xxi Such derer‘s office was virtually moved to the Lu- pistol shooting was admired in ―a community bin studio so that scenes could be shot depict- where every man carries a revolver and ing day-to-day work there. A Lubin release knows well how to use it.‖xxii described the activity on the set: ―Uniformed men from the sheriff‘s posse elbowed the The Uprising was shot at the Burnt Ranch to clerks of the office, Mexican greasers and recreate a historic 1865 Indian battle. The ―Yanks‖ down on their luck made the outside Journal-Miner outlined the plot in a July 30, forest ring with the blows from their axes. 1912 article: ―The present photoplay deals Cowgirls, lithe and breezy, seemed to spring largely with the heroic rescue of a babe, in the from nowhere. A few greasy Chinamen beto- face of constant rifle fire by hidden Apaches. kened the fate that washing was one of the The hero [Fielding] is wounded many times local industries. Spurred cowboys rode hither but manages to deliver his tender charge into and thither, and dialects and languages made the hands of a friend, just as the last of his life a Babel of Prescott, Arizona.‖xxv blood flows out.‖ Prescott‘s summer rain pattern continued to Fielding‘s cast included ―Indians, trappers, provoke Fielding, who was obsessed with his and primitive white women‖ from Yavapai work and railed at delays. He often worked County. With the cooperation of a few set- eighteen hours a day. He told Malcolm Frazi- tlers who remembered the battle, the fight er that if the rains continued he would have to scene was ―true to nature and without any ―fold his tents and like the Arab, silently steal trimmings of the dime novel character.‖xxiii away‖ to California or another, drier loca- Some scenes were shot on Granite Creek east tion.xxvi While awaiting a break in the weath- of the Crystal Ice Company. The Palace Sa- er the director again solicited ideas from Pres- loon was refitted with roulette, faro, and craps cott residents. He filmed a roadrunner killing
12 a rattlesnake and Apache Indians on the res- Siegmund Lubin chose him as the first Lubin ervation, clips that were later incorporated director to make two-reel films.xxviii into his pictures. Romaine Fielding profusely thanked Prescott Fielding then purchased a flashy Buick auto- for its help in filming the photoplays that mobile in Prescott and transported a cast to paved the way to this honor and stated that he Jerome where he filmed Chief White Eagle would remain in Prescott. He was inspired to and Who is the Savage? Neither of these fea- make more ―westerns‖ in and around Prescott tures received good reviews; in fact The Mir- from late August until the first week in No- ror said that Chief White Eagle was ―one of vember: The Physician of Silver Gulch, Juan the most senseless plays the Lubin Company and Juanita, A Life For a Life, The Sheriff’s has produced under Romaine Fielding for Mistake, The Way of the Mountains, A Dash some time.‖xxvii Significantly, these two pho- for Liberty, The Surgeon, His Western Way, toplays added to Fielding‘s reputation for The Blind Cattle King, The Mexican Spy, The shooting unusual, out-of-the ordinary films in Power of Silence, Out of a Beast a Man is the colorful Southwest, and in October 1912 Born, and Courageous Blood.xxix
In these films Fielding took the role of a doctor, Mexican charac- ters, and a cattleman. He was crit- icized by Eastern reviewers for playing around racial themes. Un- deterred, Fielding kept writing and directing films focused on Mex- ican, Indian, and Anglo mixed re- lationships in the West. Fielding‘s acting ability, however, received praise from the critics. They seemed to be able to separate his story lines and his portrayals.
In 1913 Romaine Fielding was chosen by readers of Motion Pic- ture Story Magazine as the most popular male movie player. He received over one million votes and outdistanced the most well- known silent screen stars by a large margin. An ―avalanche of [Fielding] votes . . . came pouring in from the Southwest and else- where during the closing days [of voting].‖xxx In 1914 he again placed high in the Motion Picture 1913 Fan Magazine Cover featuring Romaine Fielding Story voting and was selected as the New York Telegraph readers‘
13 most popular player. They were destroyed in a film vault explosion and fire at the Lubin Studios in Philadelphia Prescott continued its love affair with Ro- on June 13, 1915. maine Fielding. When he nabbed a forger wanted in Tucson he was appointed a deputy Now nearly forgotten, Romaine Fielding, ―out sheriff, ―which carries with it the doubtful of his disjointed and irregular background, privilege of arresting claim-jumpers, crook created a unique element in American cine- [sic] gamblers and other dangerous crimi- ma—realism.‖xxxii It is significant that he nals,‖ notwithstanding that the alleged forger ―strove for ethnic realism while virtually was acquitted and sued him.xxxi Fielding also every other cinematic troupe in the country was sued by Frank Young, a porter at the Del continued to denigrate and vilify Mexican Monte Saloon in Prescott, for injuries caused characters.‖xxxiii By 1915 moviegoers pre- when Fielding‘s Buick knocked him from his ferred to escape by watching stereotypes, and bicycle on West Gurley Street. Fielding returned to Vaudeville.
On November 2, 1912, the Journal-Miner re- Romaine Fielding appeared in six silent films ported that the Lubin Company had con- in 1926 and 1927. He died on December 15, cluded filming in Prescott for the present. 1927, at the age of fifty-nine after undergoing The article continued that Fielding was mak- a rudimentary facelift that caused a fatal neck ing arrangements to move the troupe to Castle swelling. Fielding was always evasive about Hot Springs for the winter and that they his private life, but at the end his first wife would return in the summer to resume film- claimed to be his widow. It was speculated ing. The director and his troupe departed that he fathered as many as ten children out of without fanfare. wedlock. The loss of his films only added to the Fielding mystique. Romaine Fielding continued his movie mak- ing for the Lubin Company elsewhere in Ari- zona until 1915, but he did not return to Pres- cott. Unfortunately, none of the 107 South- west films made by Fielding exist today. SOURCES
14
Anderson, Robert. ―Famous and Forgotten: Romaine xi Robert Anderson, ―Famous and Forgotten: Romaine Fielding: Author, Producer, Director, Actor, Realist.‖ Fielding: Author, Producer, Director, Actor, Realist‖ Master‘s thesis, University of San Diego, 1977. (master‘s thesis, University of San Diego, 1977): vii. xii ―Lubin Company is Enjoying Climate,‖ Prescott Eckhart, Joseph P. The King of the Movies: film pio- Journal-Miner, 14 July 1912. neer Siegmund Lubin. (Madison/Teaneck/London: xiii Linda Kowall Woal, ―Romaine Fielding: The West‘s Fairleigh Dickinson University Press), 1997. Touring Auteur,‖ Ibid. 35, FN 63. xiv ―Lubin Films,‖ The New York Dramatic Mirror, 23 Woal, Linda Kowall. ―Rediscovering Romaine Field- October 1912: 30. ing and the First ‗Real‘ Westerns.‖ Master‘s thesis, xv ―Photoplay Folks Have Begun Work,‖ Prescott San Francisco State University, 1996. Journal-Miner, 16 June 1912. xvi Ibid. Woal, Linda Kowall. ―Romaine Fielding: The West‘s xvii Anonymous, ―Reviews of Licensed Films,‖ The Touring Auteur.‖ Film History 7, no. 4, (1995): 401- New York Dramatic Mirror, 12 October 1912, back 425. cover page. xviii ―Amusements,‖ Prescott Journal-Miner, 23 Octo- Woal, Linda Kowall and Michael. ―Romaine Field- ber 1912. ing‘s Real Westerns.‖ Journal of Film and Video 47.1- xix ―Face Scratches Not Inflicted by Cat,‖ Prescott 3 (1995) Journal-Miner, 24 July 1912. xx ‖‘Romaine Fielding ‗Shows ‗Em‘,‖ Lubin Clip- Lubin Film Company Bulletin (1912-1915). Lubin books. Film Company records – 1881-1984. Philadelphia xxi ―Romaine Fielding, Lubin Director, an Expert Free Library. Shot,‖ Moving Picture World article in Lubin Clip- books, n.d. Lubin Film Company Scrapbooks. Lubin Film Com- xxii ―Mr. Romaine Fielding,‖ article in Pearson’s Week- pany records, Philadelphia Free Library. December ly, Lubin Clipbooks, n.d. 1911-July 1915. xxiii ―Will Reproduce Historic Fight,‖ Prescott Journal- Miner, 25 July 1912. Prescott, Arizona Journal Miner. July 12-November 2, xxiv ―Indian Picture Being Filmed by Lubins,‖ Prescott 1912. Journal-Miner, 2 August 1912. xxv Oscar Griffin, ―The Forest Ranger,‖ Lubin Press Release, 1912. Clipbooks. xxvi END NOTES ―Be Kind, Jup. Pluv or Lubins Will Go,‖ Prescott Journal-Miner, 27 July 27, 1912. xxvii i ―Reviews of Licensed Films,‖ The New York Dra- ―Photoplay People Busy in Prescott,‖ Prescott Jour- matic Mirror, 27 November 1912. nal-Miner, 13 July 1912. xxviii ii ―Confer Honor on Romaine Fielding,‖ Prescott ―Lubin Company is after Romances,‖ Prescott Jour- Journal-Miner, 05 October 1912, 4. nal-Miner, 12 July 1912. xxix iii Reviews or synopses of these films can be found in: Linda Kowall Woal, ―Rediscovering Romaine Field- Moving Picture News, 28 September 1912: 28; New ing and the First ‗Real‘ Westerns‖ (master‘s thesis, San York Dramatic Mirror, 13 November 1912: back page; Francisco State University, 1996), 34. iv Moving Picture News 26 October 1912: 22; New York ―Lubin Company is After Romances,‖ Ibid. Dramatic Mirror, 13 November 1913: 35; New York v ―Photoplay People Busy in Prescott,‖ Ibid. vi Dramatic Mirror, 04 December 1912: 33; Moving Pic- Fielding divorced his first wife in 1917 and in 1918 ture News, 14 December 1912: 27; New York Dramatic married actress, Naomi Mary Lillian Sachs, aka Joan Mirror, 08 January 1913):28; Ibid., for The Power of Arliss. Romaine and Naomi had a son, Romaine, Jr., Silence; New York Dramatic Mirror, 15 January 1913: and two more sons who died in infancy. vii 52. Linda Kowall Woal, ―Romaine Fielding: The West‘s xxx ―Special Notice, P.S.,‖ Motion Picture Story Maga- Touring Auteur,‖ Film History 7 (1995): 402. viii zine (September 1913.) Ibid. 404. xxxi ―Mr. Romaine Fielding,‖ article from Pearson’s ix Ibid. 420. x Weekly in Lubin Clipbooks. Ibid. 405. xxxii Anderson, xii. xxxiii Ibid. 37.
15
Dan Thorne: Whiskey Row Success Story
By Thomas P. Collins
rescott in its earliest days was literally a place of golden opportunities both for miners and mine investors—and for those who provided them with es- P sential goods and services such as food, drink and gambling in return for their gold. Dan Connor Thorne was one of those who made the most of these op- portunities both as a mine investor and provider of pleasures.
In a relatively short time after arriving in later claimed that his father “had the distinc- Prescott in 1867 he was well established and tion of opening in 1868 the famous Palace was, as Lilly Frémont noted Bar, where the present Palace in her diary, “making money now stands on Whiskey fast from the Silver Belt Row.”iv If this was true, the Mine,” while “he keeps the bar certainly wasn‟t the im- chief faro & gambling place posing edifice that graces the in the village [the Cabinet center of the block today since Saloon on Whiskey Row], it would not have occupied but is nevertheless a good more than one 25-foot wide citizen.”i lot.v
A New Yorker likely born On Christmas Day 1869 Dan in June 1829,ii he came west pocketed the stakes along with after news of the discovery John H. Behan in a Prescott of gold at Sutter‟s Creek in pigeon-shooting contest just California reached the At- before he journeyed to New vi lantic Coast. According to Dan Conner Thorne York for a family visit. He the census records dated had “told the boys that he September 26, 1850, of Sut- meant to commit matrimony, ter County, California Territory, Daniel Con- but they didn‟t believe him.”vii On the trip he nor Thorne resided in Auburn and Vicinity at met Mary Anna Wilson, a native of New Jer- “Dwelling House # 824”—a lodge, shack, or sey and they married on February 28, 1870, in tent—on the gold diggings, about 35 miles Manhattan. Dan set off at once alone for the northeast of Sutter‟s Fort near Sacramento. Arizona Territory. By June Dan was having a $2,000 residence built on N. Montezuma After the California Gold Rush passed its Street in Prescott for his new bride.viii peak, Dan followed placer mining along the Snake River in the Idaho Territory before Upon Mary Anna‟s arrival in Prescott that coming to Prescott. By then a forty-year-old October, Dan was 41 and she was 20. Pres- widower,iii Dan was starting a new life in a cott itself was only six years old: a dusty lit- town where some men became millionaires tle mining village with a population of about within ten years. Dan‟s son, D.C. Thorne Jr., 675. The huge Plaza stood empty—the beau-
16 tiful old Yavapai County Court House was sion of the Palace Bar) stood. Hutchinson and not erected until 1878—and except for the Thorne immediately sold Lot 20 to Henry stately Diana Saloon on the southwest corner Asher and partners on December 10. The of Gurley and Montezuma streets, the hastily proceeds from this and the mining invest- thrown-up wooden buildings and the unpaved ments provided the capital for Thorne and his streets must have looked very crude indeed to partners to invest in the Tip Top and Cross the well-bred young bride. But she adapted Cut Lodes in July 1876. Mary Anna bore quickly and Dan busied himself in the Brad- Dan another son: Harry Ashley (b. June shaw Mountains, speculating for silver and 1877, Brooklyn, N.Y.). Apparently she chose gold. We read little of the Thornes in the to give birth in New York because she did not newspapers of the early 1870s, which gives trust the local doctors. She left Prescott in the impression that Dan was not prominent in April 1876 to join her family in New York. Prescott society. But he partnered with a Dan accompanied her only as far as Ehren- merchant named Cassidy and quietly went berg. He eventually joined her in New York, about investing in the mining industry. visiting friends and relatives. Thorne and various partners purchased sec- tions of the May Flower Lode, the White Pi- A frightening accident occurred at the outset cacho Lode, and the New Era Lode, as well as of the journey east. Dan Jr. was only two land in the Tiger District. years old, so he didn‟t remember it well, but his father regaled the family with the story The Thornes soon had two children: Stephen repeatedly in later years. Father, mother, and Wilson (b. 1872, Prescott) and Daniel Con- the two sons took the stagecoach to Ehren- nor, Jr. (b. 1874, Prescott). While Stephen berg, where Mary Anna and the boys would thrived, Dan Jr. contracted polio, leaving him catch the boat on the Colorado River to Yu- with one leg shorter than the other. Luckily ma, then another stage to California, where both boys survived the scarlet fever epidemic they would take the train East. The near- of February 1875, which broke out at Fort death experience burned the memory of that Whipple and spread to the town. journey into the minds of the family forever.
Dan and his partner William W. Hutchinson The Arizona Weekly Miner (April 7, 1876) reportedly ran a cock-fighting arena on Lot 19 carried the story. “The Arizona and New of Montezuma St. in early 1874.ix If so, it had Mexico stage which left here at 4 P.M. yes- a short run since Dan and William began con- terday with seven passengers met with an ac- struction of a large frame building on that lot cident a short distance beyond the 12-mile in April. The Miner of July 10, 1874, an- station, by which Mrs. D.C. Thorne and her nounced that the proprietors had opened a youngest child were hurt, but as we under- “new resort,” The Cabinet, which “has ever stand not seriously. It seemed that two men since attracted great crowds.” There they dis- suddenly appeared at a turn in the road, which played mineral specimens and published ads frightened the leaders and caused them to turn inviting prospectors to bring in valuable spe- the coach over. Mrs. Sheriff Bowers was also cimens for which they would pay cash. This in the coach with her three children but all “resort” was a fine-looking saloon. escaped unhurt except Mrs. Thorne and her child. Mr. Thorne, who was accompanying So successful was business that on December his wife as far as Wickenburg, on her way to 9, 1875, Thorne purchased Lots 19-20, on visit friends in the East, was holding their which the Cabinet (and possibly an early ver- oldest boy, and when he found the coach
17 going over threw him out into the sand on the and the drinks would have been on the upper side and he escaped without injury.” house.”xi
The family story of later years confused the An amusing story appeared in the Miner in stagecoach accident of 1876 with his father‟s August 1877 regarding Dan‟s adoption of a tale of a stage robbery that occurred on Sep- bear cub. “Mr. D.C. Thorne has come into tember 27, 1877, when Dan Sr. was on his possession of a nice little pet in the shape of a way to California. Thorne was riding shot- cub bear, of the Cinnamon specie. Dan has gun, which he described as the best seat on got the trick now wherewith to keep order in the coach. Inside sat Ed Peck of the Peck his usually well-regulated establishment. Mine fame, his wife, children, and aged par- Should one or more of the billigerents [sic] ents, and another passenger named Gus Ellis. become hostile and try to „take the town‟ Peck was carrying a huge sum of money. young bruin will be turned loose, and if not Eight miles west of Antelope Station, a able to command the peace, will at least be masked gunman—later identified as the in- able to „clean out‟ the crowd.”xii This sug- famous “Brazen Bill” Brazelton—held up the gests that Dan kept the cub in the Cabinet as stage. He commanded the driver to stop, get an attraction. In another family anecdote a down from the box and hold the leaders by brash young man rode his horse directly into the bits. Next he ordered Dan Thorne to the Palace Bar one day. Dan Thorne stopped throw out the express box and break it open him, straightened him out, and hired him to with an axe, which the robber himself sup- work in his bar. These stories offer insight plied. According to Dan Thorne, a gust of into Dan‟s whimsical disposition. wind blew the bandana from Brazen Bill‟s face, as Thorne was looking straight at him. In the meantime, Dan was growing rich with Brazelton hastily pulled the kerchief back on his new mining investments. With various his face and remarked that he would have to partners, he purchased 500 feet of the Silver kill Thorne, since he could recognize him. He Belt Lode on December 26, 1874. On July asked the driver if the horses would “stand 25, 1876, he and his partners bought 375 feet fire.” The driver replied they might but that of the Tip-Top and Cross Cut Lodes. He and there were women and children inside. The C.F. Cate purchased from J.W. Swilling a one holdup man changed his mind and rode away half interest in the Swilling mine, for one with the Wells Fargo box. He failed to search thousand dollars cash, in July 1877. It was the passengers and Peck‟s fortune remained one of the most valuable bonanzas, in terms safe.x of richness and extent, equal to the Tip-Top and the Peck in the Peck and Humbug dis- Not long after his return home, Thorne was tricts. In September 1877 Dan acquired all standing at the end of the Palace bar, facing interest in the Silver Belt Mine. the swinging doors. A customer entered the saloon, and Dan recognized him at once as the Dan‟s wife and sons journeyed back West holdup man, who also recognized him. The from New York in November 1877, but Dan felon turned around and left without a word. was compelled to leave them in San Francisco In relating this story in later years, Thorne for the winter, according to the November 30 remarked, “he didn‟t need to do that. He Miner, “on account of his three beautiful spared my life and didn‟t even rob me; I children being stricken down with scarlet fev- would have showed him the time of his life er. Mr. T. has received several telegrams since leaving the city, from Mrs. Thorne, that
18 the children were convalescent, and no fears birth mother. She burst into tears and ran were entertained as to their speedy recovery.” from the room, crying, “I killed my dear mother.”xiv Three months after his wife‟s Mary Anna returned to Prescott with her boys death, Dan sold the family‟s log home on in the spring of 1878, and in January 1880 she Alarcon Streetxv and moved with his children delivered a daughter, Mary Anna. The baby to 301 Carleton Street. He adopted an eleven- was only 16 days old on February 4, 1880, year-old girl, Florence A. Carrigan, possibly when her mother died of childbirth complica- to provide his infant daughter with a nanny.xvi tions. The obituary extolled Mrs. Thorne as a woman of more than ordinary culture, noted After a suitable period of mourning, Dan for her amiability of temper and sweetness of plunged back into business. On December 10 disposition, whose “chief charm was her de- Miner announced, “The Cabinet Saloon is re- votion to her family.”xiii Mary Anna (“An- ceiving a thorough overhauling and will be nie”) blamed herself for her mother‟s death all opened up to the public on Monday next with her life, although the infection that killed her a new management and on an improved style. may well have been caused by the doctor‟s Messrs. Thorne & Piercy will have the restau- failure to wash his hands before delivery. rant business under their care, and we venture One day in 1955, when she was seventy-five the assertion that two more competent and years old and sharing memories with grand- popular gentlemen cannot be found for this children, she was asked what she knew of her particular business in the country.”
Cabinet Saloon Interior
19
In early 1881 Dan was stirred by the prospect Shortly after his third marriage, Thorne and of a railroad connecting Prescott with other his partner Piercy leased the Exchange Saloon cities in Arizona. There had been much de- (west side of Montezuma St.), from C.F. Cate, bate over this subject. That February, Dan renovated it, and renamed it the Cabinet Res- Thorne joined 45 prominent citizens in the taurant. It “threw open its doors,” according incorporation of the Prescott & 35th Parallel to the newspaper ad, on September 4, 1881. Railroad Company, but years would pass be- It was a European style restaurant, with “Eve- fore the first train roared into Prescott. The rything the Market Affords constantly on Courier of June 12, 1885, complained, “A hand.” Thorne and Piercy now owned two railroad and quartz reduction works are badly “Cabinet” establishments, both with fine cui- needed in this part of Arizona.” sine. But Dan apparently tired of managing two such businesses at once. The Miner (Jan. In July 1881 a year and a half after Mary An- 6, 1882) reported that the “Cabinet” club na‟s death, Dan married a young Texan room, under the management of Bill Taylor, named Ellen Josephine Bouyea, who kept a is now a picture of beauty, the walls of which boarding house in Prescott with her sister have been decorated with handsome pic- Alice.xvii Josephine proved to be healthy and tures.” strong, and their marriage lasted for 31 years. She reportedly bore him two sons, neither of Family tradition has it that Dan loved gam- whom survived infancy. bling and owned a string of racehorses and
Cabinet Saloon Exterior
20 interest in a 150-acre racetrack. He filed ar- its principal rival, the Diana Saloon. Accord- ticles of incorporation with five partners for ing to the July 7 Arizona Gazette, “Volumes the Prescott Driving Club in 1882 and was a of smoke poured from the doors and windows founding member of the Prescott Jockey Club and soon the flames were seen issuing not on- in 1874. Pools were sold at the Cabinet Sa- ly from the roof of Thorne‟s, but from the loon, and in June 1875 Dan and a Mr. Cook eaves of the neighboring buildings so rapid entered “Bay Jim” in a race against four other was their progress.” Ellis & Whitney‟s sa- horses. Dan reportedly gambled away small loon, the Diana, had to be dynamited to pre- fortunes at the poker table in his saloon: vent the flames from jumping across the “money, land, property and mines.” But his street. The explosion was deemed “a com- varied investments kept him afloat. plete success; instead of the building flying into the air and sending burning fragments all Always on the alert for ways to enhance his over the city, it settled quietly to the ground a business, Dan took advantage of the demise mass of rubbish. Thus all danger in that di- of the local Prescott Dramatic Club in early rection was ended.” McCrum‟s loss 1882 and the consequent lack of theatrical amounted to $7,000. Dan also lost a building entertainment. In August 1882 he filled the (probably the Cabinet Restaurant) and stock void by constructing a stage in the rear of the of goods valued at $7,000. Not to be daunted, Cabinet Saloon. He hired singers, dancers, in 1885 Thorne and a new partner, Mr. Har- and actors to perform variety shows and rington, assumed management of the Eclipse packed the house nightly. In October 1882 Saloon (Lot 16) as well as the P & O Restau- the Miner announced that the Cabinet Min- rant (Lot 15). strel Troupe had arrived to make amusement for the crowds who spent their evenings in the In early 1886 Dan and a partner, Peter L. “ancient retreat.” Editor Charles Beach noted Kastner, contracted Col. John G. Campbell to that Dan “certainly deserves great credit for rebuild the Cabinet Saloon on Lot 21 of his indomitable energy and persistence.” He Whiskey Row. They paid Campbell $500 in touted Dan‟s periodic upgrades to the interior advance rent and signed a three-year lease on of his saloons and thanked him for the fine the lot. Construction moved slowly, and the performances of Mr. and Mrs. Norton, Miss partners complained to Campbell of the ex- Birdie Hastings, and Mr. Nathan (an accom- posed, uninsulated, and unplastered north plished pianist) at the Cabinet. “Mr. Thorne wall, which faced an empty lot. Campbell is always to be found in the lead of that par- refused to finish it. Barely had the Cabinet ticular branch of business which he fol- opened on September 13 when Thorne and lows.”xviii That same year, in May, Dan be- Kastner had a heated disagreement over the came the exclusive owner of the Silver Prince latter‟s errors in filling out checks. The indig- Mine. He had become an amusement and nant Kastner bought out Thorne on September mining magnate. 24, dissolving their partnership. But whatever their differences, they must have been forgot- In April 1883 Dan sold Lot 19 with the Cabi- ten when Kastner married Thorne‟s adopted net Saloon to Hugh McCrum of San Francisco daughter Florence in March 1887. for $5,777.50. And none too soon! On the morning of July 5 a fire broke out in the res- Still eager to invest in the lucrative businesses taurant department of the Cabinet and raged of Whiskey Row, Dan purchased the Palace down Whiskey Row, destroying the original Saloon and Chop House from Charles Mor- brick Palace bar, along with the Cabinet and gan (April 1888). He opened it May 1, with
21 himself as manager of the saloon and Fong End Notes Murphy as “chief de cuisine of the chop house.”xix He continued as sole manager until i Mary Lee Spence, ed., The Arizona Diary of Lily March 1891, when Mr. Smiley joined him as Frémont, 1878-1881 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997), 144-145. co-manager. It was a short-lived partnership. ii Family records list his birth as 1827, however the By May 13, W.A. Freeze had replaced Dan as 1870 Federal Census lists his age as 39 and his birth co-manager and became sole proprietor in therefore about 1831 and the 1900 Federal Census spe- September 1892. Perhaps stressed by jug- cifies June 1829. iii gling too many projects, Dan decided to sell Dan apparently first married about 1847, but the bride‟s name is unknown. Family tradition has it that the saloon and devote all his time to his min- “Mrs. D.C. Thorne” died on a journey to Oregon in a ing claims in the Congress District. covered wagon. See Lorretta Curry„s family narrative on Ancestry.com for Mary Anna Wilson Thorne. By 1897 Dan and Josephine were living in iv See D.C. Thorne, Jr.‟s narrative in the D.C. Thorne Maricopa County and visited Prescott infre- surname vertical file in the Sharlot Hall Museum Arc- hives. quently. Dan was attending to his mining in- v All of the lots on Whiskey Row were 25 feet wide vestments there: at least five well-developed and 150 feet deep. claims, including the Gold Standard, the Rov- vi Arizona Weekly Miner (Jan. 1, 1870). Behan later er group of quartz mines, and other claims gained notoriety as Cochise County, AZ, Sheriff at the rich in pyrite ores.xx Still, the 1900 Census time of the O.K. Corral shootout). vii Arizona Weekly Miner (April 2, 1870). shows him living with his wife and Dan Jr. in viii Arizona Weekly Miner (June 18, 1870). Thorne Prescott as a mining operator. But by 1902 purchased Lot 11 and one-half Lot 9, Block 7, on July Dan and his wife had moved to New York 18, 1870. City. Records of March 18, 1913, show the ix See Richard Gorby‟s “Prescott‟s Plaza: 1864-1900” couple married 31 years, residing in an in the Sharlot Hall Museum Archives. It is unclear where Gorby obtained this information. There are no apartment house at 248 Sherman Avenue in ads or news items in the Miner for the Cock Pit. Manhattan. He died of a heart attack at his x See R. Michael Wilson, Great Stagecoach Robberies residence on March 21, 1913. of the Old West (Connecticut: TwoDot, 2007), 84. The family‟s version differs in some details: there are two While Dan Thorne‟s participation in Pres- outlaws, described as “amateurs.” See also the Miner (Oct. 5, 1877). cott‟s social and political life is not well do- xi See Lorretta Curry‟s family narrative on Ance- cumented, his obituary notes that he was “al- stry.com. ways in the front rank” of all public move- xii August 24, 1877. ments, “whether business or pleasure was the xiii Arizona Weekly Miner (Feb. 1, 1880). xiv motive.” It also praises his generosity and his See Lorretta Curry‟s family narrative on Ance- stry.com. “many acts of benevolence.” As a politician, xv The Thornes sold their lot on N. Montezuma (Block “he was sagacious and always triumphed in 7) to Andrew L Moeller on March 2, 1876. They must his cause, generally being with the Democrat- have lived on Alarcon, then, from 1876 to 1880. ic party.”xxi Daniel Connor Thorne‟s lust for xvi Florence was reportedly a “visitor from New York.” life, his perseverance and resilience in the What happened to her parents remains unknown. xvii While the family history asserts that the Bouyea face of calamity and tragic personal losses, sisters may actually have been New Yorkers, the Fed- and his intrepid entrepreneurship in the min- eral Census records of 1880 and 1900 list Texas as ing industry and saloon and restaurant busi- their state of birth. nesses exemplify the Arizona Territory‟s pio- xviii October 13, 1882. xix neering spirit. Arizona Weekly Journal-Miner (May 2, 1888). xx See the Arizona Republican (Feb. 25, 1896), p. 5, c. 3. xxiPrescott Journal-Miner (March 26, 1913).
22 The Creation of Arizona: Spoils of the Mexican-American War
By Al Bates
lthough the unofficial title “Father of Arizona” was claimed early on by Charles D. Poston, a self-serving mining promoter and lobbyist who pro- Afessed an essential role in creating Arizona Territory, the primary credit should go to President James K. Polk. His policies while in office brought into be- ing the American Southwest, and—with a later assist from James Gadsden—made possible the creation of the political entity known as Arizona.
President Polk served only one term (by ceded that, indeed, the border would be at the choice) but he accomplished much in those Rio Grande. But then the American negotia- four years (1845-49). Polk presided over the tors dropped the other shoe: The United final land acquisitions that satisfied America’s States also wanted California and the lands “manifest destiny” and made the United between there and Texas for which we would States a bicoastal giant. He settled the pay them ten million dollars. The Mexicans boundaries for the Pacific Northwest by nego- unhappily had to cede about half of their tiation with England and he created the claimed territory to the United States; terri- American Southwest by setting in motion a tory that ultimately became our states of Cali- monumental land grab from the newly (1820) fornia, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico and Ari- independent nation of Mexico. zona.
When the United States The original instructions to acquired the fledgling nation American negotiators setting of Texas as a new state in terms to end the Mexican- 18xx it also acquired an American War were to set the international boundary easternmost part of the border dispute that would lead to at the Rio Grande River and war with Mexico. then to establish the remainder Americans believed that the of the international border at border should be at the Rio the 32nd parallel (a few miles Grande River; the Mexicans below Tucson) thus providing thought it should be much ample room for a southern further east. President Polk transcontinental railroad guaranteed war by sending corridor. Although the
American troops into the President James K. Polk Mexican government did disputed area, and Mexican agree to set the Texas border troops obligingly attacked them. at the Rio Grande, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established the border with what be- After the American response to the Mexican came New Mexico Territory well above the military action climaxed with the capture of 32nd parallel, using the Gila River as a major Mexico City, the Mexican government con- dividing line. Even so, Mexico ceded a gi-
23 gantic chunk of its lands, to the United States so important to the creation of Arizona? for peace and a paltry sum of money; how- ever, defects in the boundary settlement Imagine Arizona without that area. There quickly brought the treaty under fire from would be no Southern Pacific railroad (or In- both sides of the new border. terstate 10 for that matter). Tucson would be a minor Mexican city on the northern fringe The boundary location was at issue because of Sonora. Yuma could not exist at its current the map used in the treaty negotiations was location below the Gila River; and Phoenix, highly inaccurate (since the area had not yet without the Southern Pacific Railroad would been surveyed) and left the exact border posi- be a relatively unimportant border town. tion open to interpretation. Later negotiations between the American and Mexican boundary The rest of Arizona as we know it today commissioners led to a compromise that was probably would be a fringe part of western rejected by the United States Congress— New Mexico. Flagstaff, because of its posi- leaving in dispute a six thousand square mile tion on what would be the southernmost piece of land known as the Mesilla Strip. This dispute led to saber rattling on both sides and a second war appeared imminent unless a settlement could be reached.
And here is where James Gadsden comes in. Gadsden was a 65-year-old Georgia railroad man (formerly an Army officer and at onetime a Florida politician) in 1853 when he was tapped by Polk’s successor, President Franklin Pierce, to be Minister to Mexico with instructions to settle all issues left over from the Mexican War. However, Gadsden’s most essential mission was to obtain sufficient land below the 32nd parallel for the building of a transcontinental railroad. What Gadsden accomplished was the purchase of almost 30 thousand square miles of sparsely settled desert below the Gila River.
And why was that transaction
24 transcontinental transportation route, would nora, part of Durango and Chihuahua—half of be the area’s most important city and possibly the remaining Mexico. Santa Anna refused to a county seat for western New Mexico. look at the map and it was withdrawn from consideration. In his words, “The govern- Indeed, without the Gadsden Purchase the en- ment at Washington, with knife in hand, was tire concept of “Arizona” still trying to [cut] another could not exist. When most piece from the body which of what is now Arizona it had just horribly muti- came into the Union as part lated, and threatened of New Mexico Territory, another invasion.” the land above the Gila River was an isolated, The ceding of Baja unsettled area with no California was quickly off separate identity and of little the table. All four perceived value. It was not American negotiating until Americans began to options were rejected, and settle in the Gadsden the Mexican government Purchase that the idea of a was firm that their territory separate identity for an “Ari- James Gadsden must continue to include a zona” began. land route to Baja. This removed any possibility for an American port Once Gadsden was in Mexico, James Bu- at the Gulf of California, but had no impact chanan, the American Secretary of State, sent on the goal of providing for the southern rail- a messenger with instructions so confidential road route. The Mexicans placed little value that they were not written but were memo- on the land desired for a railroad route except rized by the messenger. Those instructions for the Mesilla Valley, a prime agricultural gave Gadsden four negotiating options, two of area that they used to negotiate a “splendid which included the acquisition of Baja Cali- indemnity” of 20 million dollars. fornia by the United States. If none of these offers were acceptable to Mexico, then Gadsden and the Mexican negotiators signed Gadsden’s final fallback was to at least get a draft treaty on December 30, 1853, which sufficient territory for the railroad. was submitted to the U. S. Congress for ratifi- cation; but the negotiations were not yet over. The Mexicans, led by their president, Antonio The United States Senate felt it necessary to López de Santa Anna, felt that they were ne- tinker with the details, first reducing the total gotiating at the point of a gun since they area to be purchased by drastically revising feared another war, their internal politics were the shape of the southern boundary, and then chaotic, and they were in desperate need of by reducing the purchase price by half. cash. On the other hand, they feared that giv- ing up too much land would bring down their The final boundary line between Old and New shaky government sooner rather than later. Mexico evolved as it did to fill two desires. The stepped section to the east was intended The negotiations began poorly. In Santa to bring the heavily used Gila Trail within the Anna’s version of events, Gadsden presented United States and the diagonal section to the a map at the first conference that showed the west was in response to Mexico’s request that United States containing Baja California, So- the border be far enough above the Colorado
25 River delta for the building of a bridge linking On the other hand, suitability of the land be- Baja California to Mexico. low the Gila for a transportation corridor was soon validated when the Butterfield Overland Neither the Mexican President nor the Ameri- Mail and Passenger Service was established can President was pleased with the results, across the district using very much the same and Gadsden himself urged that the new route to be followed 25 years later by the boundary not be approved, but both presidents Southern Pacific Railroad. eventually signed off on the revised docu- ment. The purchase became effective at the When American settlers began arriving in the end of June 1854 and, although the American area—many ahead of the formal possession— flag rose at Mesilla almost immediately, it they found more than an inhospitable waste took almost two years for the boundary to be populated by cactus and lethal critters. They surveyed and marked and for the United found opportunities in mining, farming and States Army to take formal possession of ranching. This despite the growing menace of Tucson. the Apache tribes and the activities of a grow- ing lawless element (including many who Acquisition of the new area below the Gila were on the run from California vigilante was not universally applauded. One Califor- groups) that was emboldened by a lack of law nia newspaper correspondent wrote that it was enforcement. “a barren, deserted, dreary waste—a desert— useful only as a dwelling place for the coyote, The earliest spur to settlement of the Gadsden the owl, the rattle-snake, and the prairie dog.” Purchase was the lure of mineral wealth, fu-
26 eled by stories of long-abandoned but rich government for their definition of Arizona Spanish silver mines. Indeed, the very name while awaiting action by Congress. Dr. Lewis Arizona comes from a fabulous 1736 silver W. Owings of Mesilla was chosen governor find called Planchas de Plata located west of and a full slate of other territorial officers was Nogales, Arizona, and just south of the cur- selected. Again Congress could not be both- rent international boundary. It was located ered. near a ranch settled by Spanish Basques who named the ranch “Arizona” derived from Then in March 1861 a convention held at Me- “aritz ona” for “the good oak” in the unique silla rejected the United States and tried to Basque language—not Spanish. attach their version of Arizona to the newly formed Confederate States of America, with Farmers, ranchers and merchants followed the Dr. Owings continuing as governor. This miners into the Purchase. There they found a didn’t make much of an impression either, drastic need for local civil government, and to and it remained up to controversial Texan quote one of those who mourned the lack of Colonel John R. Baylor to finally create an order, they had “no laws for our guidance, no Arizona Territory that would be recognized courts, [and] no officers to preserve the by a national government. peace.” The American settlers thus began clamoring for separation from the territorial Colonel Baylor led a ragtag-appearing but government at far-distant Santa Fe and for the effective mounted force from southwest establishment of a separate territory, with its Texas to take control of the Mesilla Valley in capital city located at either Tucson or Me- July 1861. Less than a month later he pro- silla. claimed the Confederate Territory of Arizona, splitting it from New Mexico along the 34th The first-known official, or semi-official, use parallel. He also named himself as military of the name Arizona is found in an 1856 me- governor, effectively putting Governor Ow- morial to United States Congress advocating a ings out of business. separate government for the Gadsden Pur- chase and for it to be named Arizona Terri- Baylor was successful in getting his version tory. The document was written in Spanish of Arizona recognized, and on February 14, and was signed by 57 Mesilla residents—and 1862, the Rebel government in far off Vir- had no noticeable impact. ginia bought his version of Arizona as a Con- federate Territory. That did not last for long, In August 1856, at a convention in Tucson, for once the few Confederate soldiers in “Ari- 260 delegates petitioned Congress for sepa- zona” were flushed out by the “Column from rate territorial status—again using the name California,” Union General James Carleton Arizona—and this time defining the bounda- declared himself military governor of Arizona ries as splitting New Mexico Territory west to Territory using a boundary definition recently east at 34 degrees, 20 minutes north, and ter- adopted by the United States House of Repre- minating at the Rio Grande River. That effort sentatives. also accomplished nothing. Then, on February 12, 1863, President Abra- With their patience running thin, the Gadsden ham Lincoln ended a long and contentious Purchase residents held a convention at Tuc- process by signing the Organic Act that split son in April 1860, and this time went to the Arizona from New Mexico along the now fa- extreme measure of establishing a provisional miliar vertical line—leaving the Mesilla Val-
27 ley behind. Our half-century path to state- hood had begun, but there was one final SOURCES: tweak left for Congress to make to the shape of Arizona. Books
Sacks, B: Be it Enacted, the Creation of the Territory And that had to do with the triangular shape of Arizona in the northwest corner of Arizona Territory Walker & Bufkin: Historical Atlas of Arizona (maps) that contained portions of Mohave and Pah- Faulk, Odie B.: Too Far North . . . Too Far South, Ute Counties. In 1866, Congress determined Westernlore Press, Los Angeles, 1967 to add this portion of Arizona to the new State Faulk, Odie B.: Destiny Road, the Gila Trail and the Opening of the Southwest, Oxford University of Nevada. When the Territorial Legislature Press, New York, 1973. became tired of protesting, they renamed the Griggs, George: History of the Mesilla Valley or the remains as Mojave County and accepted the Gadsden Purchase, Mesilla, New Mexico, 1930, reshaping of Arizona to its current outline. Contained within The Mexican Experience in Arizona, Arnow Press, New York, 1976 (Those portions quoting at length General/President Of course, Arizona’s future as a state was far Santa Anna on the Gadsden Purchase negotia- from guaranteed and it took strenuous efforts tions). by the Territorial citizens to stave off efforts to reunite Arizona and New Mexico as a sin- Periodicals gle state—which would have made this whole Journal of Arizona History, Spring 1999 & Summer story moot. 2005, published by The Arizona Historical Soci- ety (Garate articles on the naming of Arizona)
28 The Disappearing World’s Oldest Rodeo Trophy
ne of the most interesting artifacts of early Prescott history—the first tro- phy ever awarded at a “cowboy contest” or rodeo—has gone missing for Oextended periods, not just once but twice, for a total of 70 years lost from public view. The first time it resurfaced was during a World War 1 scrap metal drive. The second time it was recovered in southern Arizona from the personal ef- fects of a former Prescott Frontier Days Association official.
Independence Day celeb- and treasurer for the 1888 rations were traditional rodeo was astounded to from Prescott’s first year of recognize the trophy existence in 1864 with among the gathered horse racing as an materials. He bought the important part, but in 1888 trophy from the scrap the first “cowboy dealer who was satisfied competition” was added. with a small but instant Admission was charged profit. and prizes were awarded, including a plaque Where had it been for those presented to the 30 years? Who had outstanding competitor. donated it to the scrap That trophy was a key drive? There is no way that element in establishing anyone will ever know, but Prescott’s Frontier Days as the Prescott Frontier Days “The World’s Oldest Association was thrilled to Rodeo,” but it soon went have it back. Grace missing, not to appear Sparkes, the volunteer 30- again for 30 years. year association secretary, was pleased to accept the That first 1888 rodeo trophy and hung it proudly Juan Leivas consisted of two events, in her office where it steer roping and bronco remained on view for over riding. A young cowboy from Date Creek a quarter century. named Juan Leivas won the roping contest and tied for first in the bronco riding, to earn When the Yavapai County Board of Supervi- the “Best Cowboy” trophy. Juan soon left sors eliminated Ms. Sparkes’ paid job as Yavapai County for ranch work in southern county tourism ramrod in 1945 she moved to Arizona where, tragically, he died of injuries Cochise County where she managed mining suffered in a fall from a mean “outlaw” horse. properties inherited from her father. Again The trophy’s fate was unknown. the trophy dropped from public view, this time for 40 years, taking our story to 1985. Skip forward to 1918 and a Prescott area scrap drive to collect metal for the war effort: That was the year the late Ms. Sparkes was H. D. “Hed” Aitken, who had been secretary honored by induction into the Arizona
29 Women’s Hall of Fame, and it was then that her nephew and heir, Will Sparkes, contacted the Rodeo Association wishing to relinquish the trophy to Prescott “where it belongs.” Once again it was returned to the Prescott Rodeo Association and this time it was do- nated to the Sharlot Hall Museum for safe- keeping—on view again but now under lock and key.
This article was adapted from information in Danny Freeman’s, book “World’s Oldest Ro- deo” which painstakingly documents Prescott’s Frontier Days rodeos from 1888 to 1988. Danny, the first Prescott Corral Sheriff and long-time Frontier Days official, was the author of numerous articles, pamphlets and books about the histories of important Yava- pai County civic organizations. Clara Welch, great grand niece of Juan Leivas, with Danny Freeman at the 1986 presentation of the recovered trophy.
30 ABOUT US
The award-winning Prescott Corral (www.prescottcorral.org) was founded in 1962 as an affiliate of Westerners International (www.westerners-international.org), an organization dedicated to the preservation of the real history of the American West.
The Prescott Corral has a well-earned reputation for excellence in preserving Western history through its monthly dinner meetings and the annual History Symposium it co- sponsors with the Sharlot Hall Museum. The Prescott Corral’s most recent WI recognition went to corral member Dr. Joe Briggs who won third place in the Phillip A. Danielson competition for best presentation by any Westerner member in 2009.
ABOUT OUR CONTRIBUTORS
Jim Babbitt, a native of Flagstaff, holds a Master of Arts degree from the University of California at Berkeley. He owns and operates Babbitt’s Backcountry Outfitters of Flagstaff and is an adjunct professor of history at Northern Arizona University.
Mona Lange McCroskey is a fourth generation Arizonan and a member of a pioneer ranching family in Yavapai County. She has bachelors and master’s degrees in southwest history from ASU and a master’s in library science from the U of A. She has been recognized for her contribution to preservation of Arizona History with the “Sharlot Hall Award” and has been named an “Arizona Culture Keeper.”
Tom Collins, a professor emeritus of theatre at the University of Wisconsin-Platteville, is a volunteer at Prescott’s Sharlot Hall Museum where he conducts research on the theatre in Arizona Territory. His writings on that subject include a book called Stage Struck Settlers in the Sun Kissed Land: The Amateur Theatre in Territorial Prescott, 1868-1903.
Al Bates served as the Prescott Corral Sheriff in 1998 and is an occasional speaker on Territorial Arizona history. He is the author of Jack Swilling: Arizona’s Most Lied About Pioneer.
Gary Melvin, after a 35-year career as a physician is now a full-time and prolific artist working from his Prescott studio. The Territorial Times has been fortunate to feature his work regularly. To see more examples of Gary’s work, go to his website: garymelvinart.com.
World’s Oldest Rodeo Trophy, Prescott, Arizona, 1888