5/13/2020 Video Game Archive Intellivision IQP Report - Google Docs

Development of Interactive Resources from the WPI Video Game Archive’s

Intellivision Materials

An In teractive Qualif ying Pr oject submitted t o the F aculty of WORCESTER POL YTECHNIC INS TITUTE in partial fulfilmen t of the r equirements f or the degree of Bachelor of Science

by Benjamin Mar shall

Date: 6 April 2020

Report Submit ted t o:

Professor Dean O ’Donnell, Worcester P olytechnic Ins titute

This report represents work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its web site without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, see http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects.

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ABSTRACT

This pr oject f ocuses on the WPI Gor don Libr ary’s Video Game Ar chive, specific ally its it ems related t o the 1979 Ma ttel In tellivision. The pr oject aims t o incr ease the c ollection’s utility b y putting t ogether a de tailed his tory of the c onsole, iden tifying his torically import ant g ames and creating pr otocols f or e xpanding the c ollection, and cr eating a s tation fr om which r esearchers can use the In tellivision with supporting documen tation f or its access and main tenance. The project success fully tr ansformed this c ollection of ma terials in to an in teractive his torical r ecord.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thank s t o Pr ofessor Dean O ’Donnell, who advised this pr oject and pr ovided man y gr eat resources.

Special thank s also t o Arthur Carlson f or his help in na vigating and w orking with ar chived materials.

Many thank s as w ell t o Hillar y Ellis, dir ector of c onservation a t The Str ong Na tional Museum of Play, f or sharing her kno wledge and pr otocols f or the c are and main tenance of In tellivision hardware and ma terials.

2 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g0x1V_gkaBIbL9CEqAZariBvcBitV08mIF08w-5LQNY/edit# 3/43 5/13/2020 Video Game Archive Intellivision IQP Report - Google Docs

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

TABLE OF C ONTENTS 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMAR Y 5 Overview of Me thods 5 Final R ecommendations 6

1 - In troduction 7

2 - Backgr ound/literature r eview 8 The Sec ond Gener ation of Console Gaming 8 Arcade Games and the Fir st Gener ation of Home Consoles 8 Second-Generation Inno vations 8 Atari V s. Ma ttel 9 Hardware 9 Table 1. Comparison of basic har dware, A tari 2600 v s In tellivision. 9 Marketing and Game Pr oduction 10 Video Game Cr ash and Do wnfall of Ma ttel Electr onics 10 Video Game Cr ash of 1983 10 Intellivision P ost-Mattel Electr onics - INTV Corp 11 Future of In tellivision - In tellivision Liv es! and In tellivision Amic o 11

3 - Me thods 12 Station Se tup and Use Guide 12 Inventory and Main tenance Guide 13 Accession Guide 13 Interactive Exhibit 15

4 - Conclusion and r ecommendations 16

REFERENCES 18

APPENDIX A: Access and oper ation 19 Setting up the St ation 19 Using the In tellivision 20 Returning the St ation 21

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APPENDIX B: Curr ent In ventory 21

APPENDIX C: In tellivision Main tenance and Cleaning 23 General Main tenance 23 Upon F ailure of a Cartridg e 23 Cleaning a Non-Functional Cartridg e 24 Cleaning with Compr essed Air 24 Cleaning with Alc ohol 24 Cleaning b y Abr asion 24

APPENDIX D: In tellivision Accession Guide 25

APPENDIX E: Accession Ra ting Guide - Not es on E very In tellivision Game 27

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This pr oject w orks with the it ems in the Gor don Libr ary’s video g ames c ollection, specifically the it ems in this c ollection r elated t o the In tellivision, a video g ame c onsole r eleased by Ma ttel Electr onics in 1979. Prior t o this pr oject, the In tellivision and its g ames w ere simply stored in bo xes in the Gor don Libr ary; without the equipmen t r equired t o use these ma terials or information on their use and c are, the y w ere of lit tle use t o r esearchers. The g oal of this pr oject was t o g ather these ma terials and in formation t o tr ansform these In tellivision ma terials in to a resource f or WPI s tudents and f aculty. Additionally , the pr oject aimed t o aid futur e r esearch and learning b y c ompiling a v ariety of in formation about the c onsole, its g ames, and their place in the his tory of video g ames.

Overview of Methods

● Station Se tup and Use Guide: In or der t o cr eate a usable and accessible s tation fr om the Intellivision ma terials in the ar chive, I iden tified and assembled the it ems r equired t o make the In tellivision function, then learned ho w t o oper ate this c ollection of ma terials. Using these ma terials and in formation, I cr eated a self -contained s tation f or the Intellivision and wr ote a guide on using this s tation f or futur e r esearch and educ ation. ● Inventory and Main tenance Guide: In or der t o w ork with the In tellivision ma terials in the ar chive, I assessed the ar chive’s curr ent c ollection, learned ho w t o pr operly main tain Intellivision ma terials, and learned ho w t o r estore the function of ma terials tha t w ere broken or unusable. In addition t o using this in formation t o w ork with the In tellivision collection f or the dur ation of the pr oject, I documen ted this kno wledge in the f orm of an inventory lis t and a c are and main tenance guide. ● Accession Guides: In or der t o aid the futur e e xpansion of the ar chive’s In tellivision collection, I cr eated a r eference documen t tha t c ould be used t o quickly e valuate g ames and peripher als f or acquisition. F or each c artridge and peripher al r eleased f or the Intellivision, I iden tified the it em’s financial v alue in the curr ent r esale mark et, not able features, and v alue t o the c ollection. Additionally , I cr eated a documen t f or use b y archivists upon r eceipt of ne w ma terials t o in tegrate them in to the c ollection. ● Interactive Exhibit: A t the s tart of this pr oject, I had also planned t o cr eate an in teractive exhibit in the Gor don Libr ary t o g enerate in terest in the video g ame ar chive and educ ate students about the In tellivision and its place in video g ame his tory. The e xhibit w ould have included both ph ysical it ems and prin ted mark eting ma terials displa yed with information about them. T o further eng age s tudents, t ournaments w ould be hos ted t o allow visit ors t o pla y a selection of In tellivision g ames. The e xhibit w as scheduled t o g o for thr ee da ys in la te Mar ch; ho wever, the global C OVID-19 outbr eak c aused all e vents on c ampus t o be c anceled, including this e xhibit.

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Final Recommendations

With the pr oject mee ting mos t of its g oals, the mos t import ant w ork t o be done with this collection is t o k eep it up t o da te t o r eflect chang es in the c ollection and in the In tellivision resale mark et. While the e xhibit did not happen, it is not critic al t o the fulfillmen t of the project’s g oals; ho wever, if ther e is in terest in put ting on such an e xhibit in the futur e, it w ould most lik ely lead t o the In tellivision c ollection seeing mor e use b y s tudents and f aculty. Tha t said, my futur e r ecommendations ar e as f ollows: ● If the In tellivision s tation is e xpected t o see use f or a particular e vent or activity , o verlays and possibly manuals not included in the c ollection should be cr eated in pr eparation b y printing digit ally s tored c opies1 . It ma y also be a g ood idea t o t est g ames tha t ar e expected t o see use be fore such an e vent and upda te the in ventory if an ything is different. ● The spr eadsheet of not es, pricing in formation, and accession r atings f or e very Intellivision g ame will e ventually bec ome out dated and need t o be upda ted. If the collection e xpands signific antly, the v alue of particular it ems t o the c ollection will chang e as the y partially depend on wha t is alr eady in the c ollection. If enough time passes, games ma y chang e in r esale price or e ven r elevance (smaller s tudios or g ame fr anchises may r esurge in import ance, especially with a ne w In tellivision-branded c onsole r eleasing in Oct ober 2020) and need t o be r e-evaluated. ● An e ffort should be made t o acquir e g ames de termined t o be of high import ance t o increase the educ ational and r esearch v alue of the c ollection. Additionally , an e ffort should be made t o acquir e an In tellivoice V oice S ynthesis Module t o enable In tellivoice games (one of which is curr ently in the c ollection) t o be pla yed.

1 h ttps://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mh-20BnCi-PbIHOw0R73yttZLqBBBa90

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1 - IN TRODUCTION

The Ar chives and Special Collections a t WPI’ s Gor don Libr ary c omprise se veral collections tha t r elate t o WPI or W orcester his tory, highligh t the c areers of WPI alumni or faculty, support WPI curricula, or r eflect r esearch in terests of f aculty or s tudents2 . Among these is a c ollection of video g ame ma terials supporting the In teractive Media and Game Development curriculum, c ontaining man y g ames and s ystems spanning dec ades of video g ame history. The utility of these it ems t o WPI s tudents and f aculty is se veralfold, pr oviding information about the his tory of video g ame mark eting, g ame de velopment, and s ystem hardware among other things. Since the video g ame c ollection w as es tablished in 2006 b y tw o IQP s3 , se veral other projects ha ve been c ompleted t o pr omote the c ollection’s utility and accessibility 4 . Some of these pr ojects ha ve f ocused on individual c onsoles, w orking with the ma terials in the c ollection related t o a particular s ystem and cr eating a sub-c ollection with a dir ected purpose, writ ten history, and pr otocols f or the sub-c ollection’s access and e xpansion. This pr oject is similarly focused on the Ma ttel In tellivision, a video g ame c onsole r eleased in 1979, and its g ames. With the g oal of making another c ollection which c an be easily utiliz ed and e xpanded, I achie ved the following: ● Put t ogether a r esearched his tory of the In tellivision which supports IMGD and r elated curricula b y pr oviding his torical in formation about g ame de velopment, g ame and console mark eting, c onsole har dware, and g ame indus try c ompetition in the 1970s and 1980s. ● Created a s tation c ontaining the In tellivision, its g ames, and all necessar y peripher als t o allow r esearchers t o use the In tellivision-relation ma terials in the c ollection, support ed by an in ventory of these ma terials, a guide f or using the s tation, and a guide f or maintaining and r epairing these ma terials. ● Conducted r esearch on e very In tellivision g ame f or his torical r elevance, de velopment information, and r esale mark et pricing , cr eating guides f or ar chivists t o seek out and evaluate In tellivision g ames and add them t o this c ollection.

2 “Gordon Library: Collections.” WPI, web.wpi.edu/academics/library/about/collections.html. 3 Arnold, Matthew , Benecke, Nikki , Perry, Brendan (2006). Establishing a Collection of Video Game Ephemera. Retrieved from: h ttps://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/gordonlibrary-studentreports/9; Germain, B. M., Sutman, E. B., & Foertsch, M. J. (2006). The game archives projects. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/5076 4 Chung, C. R., Chipman, J. D., & Fanara, S. Z. (2010). ESTABLISHING A VIDEO GAME STUDY AREA. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/1492; Welch, S. P. (2017). Revised Atari Collection and Maintenance Policies of the WPI Gordon Library. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/533; Tang, D. Y., & Samih, R. (2018). Expanding the Video Game Archive at Gordon Library. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/2492; Sargent, A. L., Kreiselman, J., & Peters, R. C. (2019). WPI’s Gordon Library Video Game Archive Collection and Use Pertaining to the Nintendo Entertainment System. Retrieved from h ttps://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/5354.

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2 - BA CKGROUND/ L ITERATURE R EVIEW

The Second Generation of Console Gaming

While the In tellivision w as a v ery early home video g ame c onsole, it is c onsidered t o be in the “ second g eneration” of c onsoles 5. The sec ond g eneration of video g ame c onsoles comprises a number of s ystems r eleased be tween 1976 and 1984 which build upon first-generation s ystems using inno vative har dware.

Arcade Games and the First Generation of Home Consoles

The c ommercial video g ame indus try s tarted in the early 1970s with tw o major s f orms of gaming: c oin-operated s ystems f or ins tallation in ar cades and other businesses, and home video game c onsoles tha t c onnected t o home t elevision se ts. The fir st mass-manuf actured and c ommercially sold video g ame w as Comput er Spac e, a coin-operated c abinet-style ar cade shoot er g ame 6. R eleased in 1971 b y a c ompany tha t w ould become A tari, and f ollowed b y A tari P ong the f ollowing y ear, this e vent spa wned an en tire industry of inno vative c oin-operated s ystems7 . These early s ystems used specializ ed har dware and displa ys r ather than g eneral c omputers t o sa ve on c osts and space, and the ne xt dec ade of arcade g ames br ought classics such as Space In vaders (1978), As teroids (1979), P ac Man (1980), and Donk ey K ong (1981) 8 . In addition t o A tari, the r elease and sub sequent success of these games br ought c ompanies such as Nin tendo and Seg a in to the video g ame indus try. Meanwhile, the fir st g eneration of home video g ame c onsoles beg an with the Magna vox Odyssey in 1972 9 . Lik e all fir st-generation c onsoles, the Ody ssey did not run g ames fr om R OM (read-only memor y) c artridges, but ins tead c ame pr e-programmed with a number of g ames. Over the ne xt fiv e y ears, Magna vox, Nin tendo, and Colec o each r eleased se veral c onsoles with a small handful of g ames on each, while A tari and Epoch r eleased the single-g ame s ystems Home Pong and Electr otennis1 0.

Second-Generation Innovations

In 1976, the r elease of the F airchild Channel F beg an the sec ond g eneration of c onsole gaming1 1. Sec ond-generation g ames used g eneral c omputers c apable of running softw are fr om memory r ather than har dwired g ame logic, allo wing the use of R OM c artridges t o run as man y different g ames as cr eative pr ogrammers c ould mak e. This separ ation of c onsoles and g ames, in

5 Waldron, Valerie. “CVGA Disassembled.” Omeka RSS, www.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/cvga-disassembled. 6 Donovan, Tristan. Replay: The History of Video Games. Yellow Ant Media, 2010. p.20. 7 ibid., pp. 23-25. 8 ibid., pp. 76, 79, 86, 99-100. 9 Donovan, Tristan. Replay: The History of Video Games. Yellow Ant Media, 2010. pp. 21-22. 10 Waldron, Valerie. “CVGA Disassembled.” Omeka RSS, www.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/cvga-disassembled. 11 ibid.,p. 65.

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addition t o g eneral impr ovements in har dware, br ought much mor e c omplex and cr eative games t o home c onsoles.

Atari Vs. Mattel

The tw o bes t-selling c onsoles in the sec ond g eneration w ere the A tari 2600 and the Intellivison1 2. As the y ar e dir ect c ompetitors, c omparing and c ontrasting the tw o c onsoles is the best w ay t o put in formation about the In tellivision in to c ontext. The A tari 2600 w as r eleased in 1977 with an in troductory price of $199 USD 1 3, while the In tellivision w as r eleased in 1979 with an in troductory price of $299 USD 14.

Hardware

The In tellivision and the A tari 2600 dif fer gr eatly in man y aspects of their har dware which ar e dif ficult t o c ompare. F or e xample, the A tari 2600 c an theor etically dr aw mor e sprit es to the scr een a t one time than the In tellivision, but in pr actice this is r arely the c ase. This is because the In tellivision has a chip separ ate fr om the CPU c ontrolling video output, r esulting in increased video quality but less pr ogrammer c ontrol1 5. The 2600 has no such chip, theor etically allowing pr ogrammers t o cr eate mor e c omplex visual displa ys tha t lea ve lit tle t o no c omputing power t o the r est of the g ame 16. However, as a g eneral indic ator of their ability t o pr ocess and s tore c omplex in formation, their CPUs and RAM ar e mor e able t o be dir ectly c ompared. Also of not e is the c omplexity of their c ontroller input.

Table 1. Comparison of basic har dware, A tari 2600 v s In tellivision. Atari 2600 1 7 Intellivision1 8

CPU 8-bit, 1.19 MHz 16-bit, 895 Hz

RAM 128 b ytes 1436 b ytes

Controller 8 dir ections, 1 but ton 16 dir ections, 15 but tons

Introductory Price $199 USD $299 USD

Table 1. Comparison of basic hardware, Atari 2600 vs Intellivision.

12 ibid., p. 89 13 ibid., p. 68 14 “Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History.” Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History, Blue Sky Rangers, www.history.blueskyrangers.com. 15 “Master Component.” Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History, history.blueskyrangers.com/hardware/2609.html. 16 Boris, Dan L. “System Specs.” Atari 2600 Tech Page, www.atarihq.com/danb/a2600.shtml. 17 ibid. 18 “Master Component.” Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History, history.blueskyrangers.com/hardware/2609.html.

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While the A tari 2600 has a f aster pr ocessor, the In tellivision is the fir st 16-bit c onsole, has signific antly mor e RAM, and has a c ontroller with mor e c omplex har dware. The mor e expensive har dware of the In tellivision led the c onsole t o be 50% mor e e xpensive, ho wever. When it c ame time t o build upon their c onsoles, A tari r eleased the A tari 5200, a mor e expensive pr oduct with superior har dware t o c ompete with the In tellivision1 9, while Ma ttel Electronics r eleased the In tellivision II, a cheaper pr oduct with the ability t o pla y A tari 2600 games using an additional c omponent kno wn as the S ystem Chang er2 0.

Marketing and Game Production

When the In tellivision w as fir st r eleased in 1979, the A tari 2600 had a signific ant head start. Ma ttel decided t o c apitalize on its t echnical adv antages o ver the 2600 b y building an advertising c ampaign sho wing the In tellivision’s superior gr aphics c ompared t o the 2600 2 1. Mattel also secur ed licensing with man y sports leagues such as the NHL , NB A, and NFL t o cr eate official-feeling “ sports ne twork” g ames and boos t sales in or der t o c atch up t o A tari 22. A tari’s response w as t o license popular ar cade g ames, s tarting with Space In vaders, and r elease ports for the A tari 2600 2 3. A tari sold millions of units of Space In vaders, P ac-Man, As teroids, and Frogger, making it nearly impossible f or Ma ttel t o c atch up 24. Ma ttel la ter licensed those same games and made their o wn ports; this e ffectively cemen ted these simple ar cade g ames as valuable g ame fr anchises.

Video Game Crash and Downfall of Mattel Electronics

Video Game Crash of 1983

The home video g ame indus try under went an ag gressive r ecession in 1983. While ther e are man y f actors tha t led t o this cr ash, a mark et flooded with thir d-party g ames w as a major cause2 5. Man y c ompanies tried t o r ecreate the success of Activision, a g ame de velopment company s tarted b y f ormer A tari pr ogrammers2 6, and the r esult w as a home c onsole g ame market spr ead be tween t ens of de velopment c ompanies. As c ompanies w ere f orced t o shut down, millions of unsold c artridges w ere sold of f a t lo w prices. This f orced mor e c ompanies t o lower their prices, tr ansforming the mark et in to one of underpriced g ames, man y of lo w quality . Another f actor in fluencing the video g ame cr ash of 1983 w as Americ a’s o verall ec onomy. Unemployment a t the end of of 1982 e xceeded 10%, which has happened in no other y ear since

19 Donovan, Tristan. Replay: The History of Video Games. Yellow Ant Media, 2010. pp. 99-100. 20 “Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History.” Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History, Blue Sky Rangers, www.history.blueskyrangers.com. 21 “Legacy.” Intellivision Entertainment, w ww.intellivisionamico.com/legacy. 22 ibid. 23 Donovan, Tristan. Replay: The History of Video Games. Yellow Ant Media, 2010. p. 79. 24 ibid., p. 79; Buchanan, Levi. “Top 10 Best-Selling Atari 2600 Games.” IGN, IGN, 14 June 2012, www.ign.com/articles/2008/08/26/top-10-best-selling-atari-2600-games. 25 Donovan, Tristan. Replay: The History of Video Games. Yellow Ant Media, 2010. pp. 98-99. 26 ibid., pp. 89-90.

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the Gr eat Depr ession 27. This made the ultr a-cheap c artridges sold of f b y shut tered c ompanies attractive t o c onsumers; other c onsumers ma y ha ve simply s topped buying video g ames entirely.

Intellivision Post-Mattel Electronics - INTV Corp

In 1983, Ma ttel Electr onics emplo yed multiple s trategies in an a ttempt t o sur vive the crash. The y r educed the price of their In tellivision II fr om $150 t o jus t $69, c ancelled development of their ne w har dware, and laid of f mos t of their pr ogrammers 28. Ma ttel Electronics ended 1983 with $300 million in losses, and Ma ttel closed the division the f ollowing year. The righ ts t o the In tellivision and its g ames w ere sold t o a f ormer Ma ttel Electr onics marketing e xecutive under a separ ate c ompany, INTV Corp. 2 9 INTV Corp. c ontinued t o pr oduce and sell c onsoles and g ames un til 1991.

Future of Intellivision - Intellivision Lives! and Intellivision Amico

In 1997, another gr oup of f ormer In tellivision pr ogrammers f ormed In tellivision Productions and ob tained the righ ts t o the In tellivision and its g ames3 0. The y r eleased fr ee emulated v ersions of se veral In tellivision g ames on the w eb tha t y ear, f ollowing it up with tw o more c ollections: In tellivision Liv es! in 1998 and In tellivision R ocks in 2001 3 1.

In 2018, the In tellivision tr ademark and in tellectual pr operty w as tr ansferred t o Intellivision En tertainment3 2. In tellivision En tertainment is de veloping a ne w c onsole, the Intellivision Amic o, along with a number of g ames t o be made a vailable f or digit al do wnload 33. The Amic o has an announced r elease da te of Oct ober 10th, 2020.

27 Amadeo, Kimberly. “Compare Today's Unemployment with the Past.” The Balance, 7 Feb. 2020, www.thebalance.com/unemployment-rate-by-year-3305506. 28 “Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History.” Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History, Blue Sky Rangers, www.history.blueskyrangers.com. 29 ibid. 30 ibid. 31 ibid. 32 Roney, Steve. “Intellivision Productions, Blue Sky Rangers and Intellivision Entertainment.” AtariAge Forums, 26 Nov. 2019, atariage.com/forums/topic/285395-intellivision-productions-blue-sky-rangers-and-intellivision-entertainment/. 33 “Intellivision Entertainment.” Intellivision Entertainment, w ww.intellivisionamico.com/.

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3 - ME THODS

This pr oject aims t o mak e the In tellivision c ollection mor e use ful, accessible, and extendable, with each of the pr oject’s objectiv es supporting this g oal in a dif ferent and important w ay. In or der f or the c ollection t o be accessible, it has t o be or ganized in to a s tation with de tailed ins tructions on its use. T o ma ximize the c ollection’s use fulness, it needs supporting documen tation de tailing the ma terials it c ontains, their c ondition, and in formation on ho w t o pr eserve their c ondition thr ough pr oper main tenance. F or the c ollection’s gr owth, research needed t o be done in to other In tellivision-related it ems and ho w t o e valuate them f or accession. Additionally , t o pr omote the In teractive Media Ar chive and in form WPI s tudents about the In tellivision’s place in video g ame his tory, the g oal of cr eating an in teractive e xhibit was cr eated. Thus the pr oject w as divided in to the f ollowing objectiv es:

1. Organize In tellivision ma terials and peripher als f or futur e use and cr eate a guide t o using the ar chive’s In tellivision.

2. Take s tock of curr ent In tellivision r esources and documen t pr otocols f or their c are and main tenance.

3. Research signific ant g ames or accessories f or the In tellivision and cr eate a prioritiz ed accession guide f or e xpanding the c ollection in the futur e.

4. Create an in teractive e xhibit tha t displa ys In tellivision it ems along with in formative description labels and allo ws people t o pla y not eworthy In tellivision g ames.

Station Setup and Use Guide

In or der t o cr eate a usable and accessible s tation fr om the In tellivision ma terials in the archive, I needed t o iden tify and assemble the it ems r equired t o mak e the In tellivision function, then learn ho w t o oper ate this c ollection of ma terials. This enabled me t o cr eate a self-contained s tation f or the In tellivision and cr eate a guide on using this s tation f or futur e use by other s. Information on se tting up the In tellivision w as pr ovided b y the Mas ter Componen t Owner’s Manual which w as s tored with the c onsole in the ar chive prior t o this pr oject. The manual indic ated tha t both audio and video output ar e deliv ered thr ough a single c o-axial c able with wha t I ob served t o be an R CA plug. A CR T t elevision w as pr ovided b y Arthur Carlson, the Assistant Dir ector f or Ar chives and Special Collections. This t elevision had an F-type c onnector socket used f or c able t elevision input; an adap ter allo wing the In tellivision’s R CA c able t o connect t o this sock et w as r equested and pr ovided. This t elevision and adap ter ar e suf ficient t o operate the In tellivision. The t elevision, adap ter, In tellivision Mas ter Componen t, and a bo x

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containing In tellivision c artridges w ere placed on a r olling c art t o cr eate a port able and self-contained In tellivision s tation. The in formation I g ained fr om the Owner ’s Manual and through e xperimentation w as used t o writ e the Use Guide in Appendix A .

Inventory and Maintenance Guide

In or der t o w ork with the In tellivision ma terials in the ar chive, I needed t o assess the archive’s curr ent c ollection, learn ho w t o pr operly main tain In tellivision ma terials, and learn how t o r estore the function of ma terials tha t w ere br oken or unusable. In addition t o using this information t o w ork with the In tellivision c ollection f or the dur ation of the pr oject, it w as important t o documen t these pr ocesses and r esults f or the futur e use of other s. Creating a de tailed in ventory of the In tellivision g ames in the ar chive r equired the identification of r elevant in formation t o r ecord about these g ames as w ell as t echniques f or gaining this in formation. A “min t c ondition” In tellivision g ame c onsists of a bo x c ontaining a cartridge, a manual, and tw o c ontroller o verlays. Ther efore, I r ecorded f or each g ame which of these c omponents ar e included as w ell as their c ondition. Man y of the c ontroller o verlays w ere in poor c ondition or v ery fr agile; due t o the na ture of their use, the y t end t o scr ape o ver time. To pr event further degr adation of these o verlays, the y w ere put in pr otective slee ves be fore use. I then t ested each g ame c artridge t o see if it r an; the g ames which w ere unable t o run w ere later cleaned (ins tructions in Appendix C ) and r e-tested. I also f ound it pertinen t t o r ead the manuals of each g ame t o learn the number of pla yers r equired and r ecord this in formation. I accessed ins tructions online f or g ames without ph ysical manuals 3 4. Finally , I w anted t o r ecord for g ames with multiple r elease v ersions which v ersion w as in the ar chive. Surprisingly , the simplest w ay t o iden tify v ersions w as b y t esting eas ter eg gs, as g ames r eleased multiple times were oft en pr ogrammed with dif ferent eas ter eg gs on each r elease3 5. In or der t o learn about the main tenance and cleaning of the In tellivision and its g ames, I submitted a r esearch inquir y t o the Str ong Na tional Museum of Pla y, a museum which has an extensive c ollection of ma terials r elated t o the In tellivision3 6. I r eceived a r esponse fr om Director of Conser vation Hillar y Ellis de tailing c are, main tenance, s torage, and cleaning processes which w ere used t o cr eate a main tenance and cleaning guide ( Appendix C ).

Accession Guide

In or der t o aid the futur e e xpansion of the ar chive’s In tellivision c ollection, I cr eated a reference documen t tha t c ould be used t o quickly e valuate g ames and peripher als f or acquisition. F or each c artridge and peripher al r eleased f or the In tellivision, I needed t o iden tify the it em’s financial v alue, not able f eatures, and v alue t o the c ollection. Ther e ha ve only been 125 g ames of ficially r eleased f or the In tellivision, making it possible f or a one-per son t eam t o

34 “Intellivision Game List.” Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History, Blue Sky Rangers, www.history.blueskyrangers.com/game-list.html. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. 35 “Digital Press Easter Eggs.” Digital Press HQ, w ww.digitpress.com/easteregs/intellivision.htm. 36 Boellstorff, Tom, and Braxton Soderman. “Intellivision in the Archive.” Intellivision in the Archive | The Strong, 31 July 2019, www.museumofplay.org/blog/2019/07/intellivision-in-the-archive.

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research each one individually . Additionally , I needed t o cr eate a documen t f or use b y ar chivists upon r eceipt of ne w ma terials t o in tegrate them in to the c ollection.

In or der t o g et pricing in formation f or each In tellivision g ame and peripher al, I c onsulted the price-lis ting w ebsite pricecharting.c om3 7. This w ebsite uses alg orithms which sc an online video g ame lis tings t o c ollect pricing da ta on v arious video g ames separ ated b y “loose it em” sales, “ closed in bo x” sales, and “ne w” sales 38. R ecording these prices f or the accession reference documen t enables ar chivists t o e valuate an y pot ential addition t o the c ollection and see if the y’re g etting a g ood deal.

In addition t o pricing in formation, I needed t o kno w ho w v aluable each it em w ould be t o the c ollection. This v alue is based on the it em’s his torical signific ance as w ell as the c ollection’s current in ventory - f or e xample, the In tellivoice V oice S ynthesis Module is much mor e v aluable to a c ollection c ontaining c ompatible g ames, and those g ames bec ome mor e v aluable with the addition of the module. The w ebsite f or In tellivision Liv es!, a c ompilation of In tellivision g ames with softw are t o emula te the In tellivision on per sonal c omputers, had a lis t of all 125 Intellivision g ames along with in formation about each g ame and digit al c opies of g ame manuals and c ontrol o verlays. This pag e no long er e xists as the w ebsite no w r edirects t o the w ebsite of the Blue Sky Rang ers (a gr oup of f ormer In tellivision pr ogrammers a t Ma ttel Electr onics). The Blue Sky Rang ers w ebsite has a similar lis t of g ames with in formation but no a ttached o verlays and manuals 3 9; ho wever, I accessed these pag es using ar chive.org and sa ved dir ectories of manuals and o verlays4 0. While this w as a meaningful s tarting poin t, I also individually researched each g ame f or not able s tories or f eatures. Using this in formation, I w as able t o sc ore each g ame on a sc ale fr om 1 t o 5, wher e 1 r epresents a highly desir ed it em and 5 r epresents an item of lit tle signific ance. This r ating s ystem w as used in a pr evious video g ame ar chive pr oject and its r euse is mean t t o pr ovide c onsistency4 1.

The accession guide tha t r esulted fr om this r esearch (Appendices D and E ) allo ws archivists t o e valuate an y possible addition t o the c ollection quit e quickly . Ho wever, the guide may e ventually need t o be upda ted as the r ating of an it em depends partially on the s tate of the current c ollection. If the c ollection e xpands signific antly, it ems will need t o be r e-evaluated, and pricing tr ends ar e also subject t o chang e o ver time.

37 “Intellivision Prices & Intelli Game List.” PriceCharting, w ww.pricecharting.com/console/intellivision. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. 38 “FAQ and Help for PriceCharting.” PriceCharting, w ww.pricecharting.com/faq. 39 “Intellivision Game List.” Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision History, Blue Sky Rangers, www.history.blueskyrangers.com/game-list.html. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. 40 “Intellivision Software”. Intellivision Lives!. http://intellivisionlives.com/bluesky/games/credits.shtml. Archived 25 December 2019 at http://web.archive.org/web/20181225134511/http://intellivisionlives.com/bluesky/games/credits.shtml. Accessed 6 April 2020. 41 Kreiselman, J., Peters, R., & Sargent, A. (2019). WPI’s Gordon Library Video Game Archive and Use Pertaining to the Nintendo Entertainment System (Undergraduate Interactive Qualifying Project No. E-project-022519-233041). Retrieved from Worcester Polytechnic Institute Electronic Projects Collection: https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-022519-233041/

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Interactive Exhibit

At the s tart of this pr oject, I had also planned t o cr eate an in teractive e xhibit f ocusing on an aspect of the In tellivision with the in tent t o in form and eng age WPI s tudents. The theme I selected w as “In tellivision - Inno vations in the Sec ond Gener ation of Consoles” and w as mean t to include both ph ysical it ems and prin ted mark eting ma terials arr anged along a timeline. Examples of displa y it ems ar e bo xes and c artridges of ar cade g ame ports, a prin ted flier f or PlayCable, and gr oundbreaking g ames such as Ut opia. T o further eng age s tudents, a selection of games w ould be hos ted as t ournaments, giving people fir st-hand e xperience with an Intellivision and g ames fr om the la te 1970s and early 1980s. This e xhibit w as scheduled t o g o f or thr ee da ys in la te Mar ch. Un fortunately, ho wever, the global outbr eak of C OVID-19 c aused the WPI adminis tration t o mo ve classes of f-campus f or the r emainder of the ac ademic y ear. As a r esult, all on-c ampus e vents w ere c anceled, including the e xhibit.

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4 - CO NCLUSION A ND R ECOMMENDATIONS

While the pr oject did not mee t its g oal of “ showing of f” the In tellivision with an e xhibit, the es tablishment of the s tation and its pr otocols w as success fully c ompleted. Such an e xhibit would cert ainly g enerate in terest in the In tellivision c ollection and w ould be w orthwhile if someone had an in terest in put ting one on in the futur e, but ther e ar e other w ays t o publiciz e the c ollection with less e ffort. My per sonal r ecommendation f or this is t o w ork with the instructor of an IMGD c ourse t o in tegrate the In tellivision s tation in to a lectur e or e ven a small project. One w ay t o incr ease the c ollection’s futur e utility is t o f abricate o verlays and manuals f or games, either in pr eparation f or a particular activity or pr oactively. Digit al v ersions of Intellivision o verlays and manuals c an be f ound on Google Driv e4 2 and prin ted. Similarly , it ma y be v aluable t o t est the function of cert ain g ames periodic ally, especially c artridges which ha ve begun t o sho w c orrosion, either in an ticipation of an e vent or activity or simply t o k eep an updated in ventory. Additionally , mos t c ontroller o verlays ar e curr ently unslee ved in the collection bec ause the y w eren’t used when t esting their g ames t o pr eserve their quality . I recommend slee ving these o verlays once the WPI c ampus bec omes accessible ag ain. Now tha t all In tellivision g ames ha ve been r esearched and giv en accession r atings, an effort c an be made t o add ne w it ems t o the c ollection. Acquiring g ames de termined t o be of high import ance will incr ease the c ollection’s educ ational and r esearch v alue; ther e ar e se veral items with accession r atings of 1 thr ough 3 which curr ently ha ve r esale prices ar ound t en dollars. Additionally , an e ffort should be made t o acquir e an In tellivoice V oice S ynthesis Module to enable In tellivoices g ames (one of which is curr ently in the c ollection) t o be pla yed. While I ha ve no further r ecommendations f or the c ollection as it curr ently s tands, it ’s important t o r ecognize tha t the r elevance and v alue of these g ames ar e not unchanging , e ven after 40 y ears. If the c ollection e xpands signific antly with ne w acquisitions, the v alue tha t unowned it ems ha ve t o the ar chive will chang e as a r esult. If a ne w g ame is r eleased in an old franchise, the his torical v alue of older g ames fundamen tally chang es. If , in the c ase of the Intellivision, a 40- year-old c onsole g ets a spiritual successor , the r esale v alue of the original’ s games ma y be driv en up b y nos talgic c onsumers and c ollectors. The not es I c ollected f or Appendix E will e ventually need t o be r e-evaluated t o r eflect these chang es. T o brie fly summarize all r ecommendations:

● Spread a wareness of this ne w r esource b y w orking with IMGD educ ators t o mak e use of the In tellivision c ollection. ● Fabricate o verlays and manuals fr om digit al sour ces f or g ames curr ently in the c ollection which ar e missing these it ems. ● Properly s tore all In tellivision ma terials, particularly o verlays, in w ays c onsistent with maintenance and accession guidelines (Appendices C and D ) when the WPI c ampus is accessible. ● Expand the In tellivision c ollection with g ames and har dware tha t will incr ease the collection’s v alue t o r esearchers and educ ators.

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● Update the Accession Ra ting Guide ( Appendix E ) in the futur e t o r eflect chang es tha t will occur.

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REFERENCES

Amadeo, Kimberly . “Compar e T oday's Unemplo yment with the P ast.” The Balance, 7 F eb. 2020, www.thebalance.com/unemployment-rate-by-year-3305506.

Arnold, Ma tthew , Beneck e, Nikki , P erry, Br endan (2006). Es tablishing a Collection of Video Game Ephemer a. R etrieved fr om: https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/gordonlibrary-studentreports/9

“Blue Sky Rang ers In tellivision His tory.” Blue Sky Rang ers In tellivision His tory, Blue Sky Rang ers, www.history.blueskyrangers.com .

Boellstorff, T om, and Br axton Soderman. “In tellivision in the Ar chive.” In tellivision in the Archive | The Strong , 31 July 2019, www.museumofplay.org/blog/2019/07/intellivision-in-the-archive .

Boris, Dan L. “S ystem Specs. ” A tari 2600 T ech P age, w ww.atarihq.com/danb/a2600.shtml .

Buchanan, Le vi. “ Top 10 Bes t-Selling A tari 2600 Games. ” IGN, IGN, 14 June 2012, www.ign.com/articles/2008/08/26/top-10-best-selling-atari-2600-games.

Chung, C. R ., Chipman, J . D ., & F anara, S. Z. (2010). E STABLISHING A VIDE O GAME S TUDY ARE A. Retrieved fr om h ttps://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/1492

“Digital Pr ess E aster Eg gs.” Digit al Pr ess HQ , www.digitpress.com/easteregs/intellivision.htm.

Donovan, T ristan. R eplay: The His tory of Video Games . Y ellow An t Media, 2010.

“FAQ and Help f or PriceCharting. ” PriceCharting , w ww.pricecharting.com/faq.

Germain, B. M., Sutman, E. B., & F oertsch, M. J . (2006). The g ame ar chives pr ojects. R etrieved from h ttps://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/5076

“Gordon Libr ary: Collections. ” WPI, w eb.wpi.edu/academics/library/about/collections.html.

“Intellivision En tertainment.” In tellivision En tertainment, w ww.intellivisionamico.com/.

“Intellivision Game Lis t.” Blue Sky Rang ers In tellivision His tory, Blue Sky Rang ers, www.history.blueskyrangers.com/game-list.html. Accessed 3 F eb. 2020.

“Intellivision Prices & In telli Game Lis t.” PriceCharting , www.pricecharting.com/console/intellivision. Accessed 3 F eb. 2020.

18 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g0x1V_gkaBIbL9CEqAZariBvcBitV08mIF08w-5LQNY/edit# 19/43 5/13/2020 Video Game Archive Intellivision IQP Report - Google Docs

“Intellivision Softw are”. In tellivision Liv es!. http://intellivisionlives.com/bluesky/games/credits.shtml. Ar chived 25 December 2019 at http://web.archive.org/web/20181225134511/http://intellivisionlives.com/bluesky/gam es/credits.shtml . Accessed 6 April 2020.

Kreiselman, J ., P eters, R ., & Sar gent, A . (2019). WPI’ s Gordon Librar y Video Game Archive and Use P ertaining t o the Nin tendo E ntertainment S ystem (Under graduate In teractive Qualif ying Pr oject No. E -project-022519-233041). R etrieved fr om W orcester P olytechnic Ins titute Electr onic Pr ojects Collection: https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-022519-233041/

“Legacy.” In tellivision En tertainment, www.intellivisionamico.com/legacy.

“Master Componen t.” Blue Sky Rang ers In tellivision His tory, Blue Sky Rang ers, https://history.blueskyrangers.com/hardware/2609.html.

Roney, St eve. “In tellivision Pr oductions, Blue Sky Rang ers and In tellivision En tertainment.” AtariAge F orums, 26 No v. 2019.

Tang, D . Y ., & Samih, R . (2018). Expanding the Video Game Ar chive a t Gor don Libr ary. R etrieved from h ttps://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/2492

Waldron, V alerie. “CV GA Disassembled. ” Omek a R SS, www.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/cvga-disassembled.

Welch, S. P . (2017). R evised A tari Collection and Main tenance P olicies of the WPI Gor don Library. R etrieved fr om h ttps://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/533

Zbiciak, Joseph. “ An In tellivision His torical Documen t: Cop yright Kludg es”. Yahoo Group s. 22 March 2001. be ta.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/intvprog/conversations/messages/215 Archived 4 No vember 2016 a t https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142129/https:/beta.groups.yahoo.com/neo/gro ups/intvprog/conversations/messages/215. Accessed 6 April 2020.

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APPENDIX A: AC CESS A ND O PERATION

Setting up the Station

1) Retrieve the In tellivision c art fr om the ar chive. It should ha ve a t elevision on its t op shelf and tw o bo xes - one c ontaining the c onsole and another c ontaining g ame ma terials - on its lower shelv es. Mak e sur e no c ords ar e dangling fr om the c art - the t elevision’s po wer c able can be g ently c oiled ar ound the t elevision t o pr event this, and all other c ables should be tucked in to the bo x c ontaining the In tellivision c onsole.

2) Roll the c art t o a loc ation close t o tw o outle ts. Not e tha t when the In tellivision is being used, there will be a series of wir es and c omponents fr om the outle t t o the In tellivision c ontroller. Therefore, it should be se t up wher e no f oot tr affic passes be tween the user(s) and the outlet.

3) Plug the t elevision’s po wer c able in to the outle t.

4) Remove the In tellivision c onsole fr om its bo x. While y ou c an put the c onsole on a shelf of the c art, it ’s bes t t o place it on a t able y ou will be sit ting a t while using the In tellivision. This is f or eas y access t o the c onsole and its c artridge port as w ell as ensuring the c ontroller cables ar en’t s tretched.

5) The In tellivision will ha ve tw o c ables c oming out of it, not including the tw o c oiled c ables connecting t o its c ontrollers: one c able with a po wer outle t, and another with audio/video output.

6) Plug the In tellivision’s po wer c able in to an outle t.

7) The In tellivision’s audio/video output c able ends in an R CA plug - a t the time of writing , the station’s t elevision accep ts F-T ype c oaxial input and an adap ter is a ttached t o this c able. Using the alr eady-attached adap ter, c onnect the c able t o the t elevision’s c oaxial port.

8) Power on the t elevision and se t it t o channel 3 or channel 4 - ther e is a s witch on the underside of the In tellivision c onsole if y ou need it t o be one or the other .

9) Insert a c artridge kno wn t o be in a g ood w orking c ondition ( Appendix B ) t o ensur e everything w orks - if a g ame menu does not displa y, fir st ensur e tha t the TV is po wered, then ensur e tha t the In tellivision is po wered, then tr y s witching fr om channel 3 t o 4 on the TV or vice v ersa, and finally ensur e the In tellivision is pr operly c onnected t o the t elevision.

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Using the Intellivision

1) To pla y an In tellivision c artridge, r etrieve the g ame fr om the bo x of g ame ma terials. Consult the in ventory ( Appendix B ) t o see wha t should be included - bo x, manual, o verlays - and confirm tha t the y ar e all t ogether.

2) If the g ame includes o verlays, ensur e tha t the y ar e slee ved f or their pr otection be fore using them. If the g ame does not include o verlays, c onsult the dir ectory of digit al g ame o verlays4 3 and f amiliarize y ourself with the c ontrols or mak e a c opy of the o verlay, depending on y our needs. Once the o verlays ar e pr operly pr otected, slide them on to the but tons of the Intellivision’s c ontroller or c ontrollers.

3) If y ou find tha t an y in formation r egarding the g ame dif fers fr om the in ventory ( Appendix B ), update the in ventory t o r eflect this ne w in formation.

4) If the c artridge does not run, a ttempt t o r estore its function using the ins tructions in Appendix C .

Returning the Station

1) Remove the c artridge fr om the In tellivision and the o verlays fr om the c ontroller or controllers, if using. R eturn these t o the place fr om which the y w ere r etrieved.

2) Return the c ontroller or c ontrollers t o the In tellivision, ensuring tha t the y slide in nea tly without dangling wir es.

3) Put a way an y other c artridges and g ame ma terials and r eturn them t o the c art.

4) Power of f the t elevision and unplug it fr om the outle t, r eturning the po wer c able t o the c art without allo wing it t o dangle b y looping it ar ound the base of the t elevision.

5) Unplug the In tellivision fr om the outle t and the t elevision, r eturning these c ables and the Intellivision itself t o its bo x. Close this bo x and r eturn it t o the c art.

6) Return the In tellivision c art t o the ar chive, t o the loc ation wher e it w as originally r etrieved or as other wise dir ected.

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APPENDIX B: CU RRENT IN VENTORY

Control 1 Player, Game Condition Manual? Box? Overlays? 2, both? Notes 1-2 Lock 'n' Chase Does not run Yes Yes Yes (Hotseat) Yes 1-2 2 overlays came in box Burgertime Working (two!) Yes Yes (3) Players and 2 out of box 1-2 Frogger Working Yes Yes No Players 1-2 Frog Bog Working Yes No Yes Players Poker & 1-2 Blackjack Working Yes No No Players 1-2 Utopia Working Yes No Yes (3) Players This is the later cartridge 1-2 version with updated Auto Racing Working No No No Players steering 1-6 Players Skiing Working Yes Yes Yes (hotseat)

Sea Battle Working Yes Yes Yes (4) 2 Players Triple Action Working No Yes No 2 Players Boxing Working Yes Yes Yes 2 Players Older version of game Armor Battle Working No No No 2 Players with slower tank rotation.

Only works if inserted at an angle (further in on Football Working No No No 2 Players the left) Major League Baseball Working No No No 2 Players Singleplay One overlay in box, one Sub Hunt Working Yes Yes Yes er outside Advanced Dungeons & Singleplay Extremely finicky with Dragons Working Yes Yes Yes er insertion angle Singleplay Finicky with insertion Night Stalker Working Yes Yes Yes er angle

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Singleplay Both overlays outside of Star Strike Working Yes Yes Yes er box Runs but not playable without Singleplay Requires Intellivoice Bomb Squad voice Yes Yes Yes er (voice synthesis module) Singleplay Had an Intellivision Space Armada Working Yes Yes Yes er manual tucked inside! Singleplay Pitfall! Working No Yes Yes er Must be inserted very firmly to work as the Singleplay front of the contacts Astrosmash Working No Yes Yes er seems degraded.

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APPENDIX C: IN TELLIVISION MA INTENANCE A ND C LEANING

General Maintenance

Though y ou ma y w ant t o t est the c artridges in the ar chive on occ asion, especially if planning t o use one, the bes t w ay t o main tain their quality is t o ab stain fr om cleaning pr ocedures unless necessary. Only mo ve on t o the f ollowing cleaning ins tructions if the c onsole, its c omponents, or its c artridges ar en't w orking.

Remember also tha t it is v ery import ant f or main taining the quality of o verlays tha t the y ar e stored and handled in a w ay tha t the y ar e not ben t or scr aped. St ore all original o verlays in protective slee ves cut t o the siz e of the o verlay; the y c an be used while in these slee ves and should not be r emoved f or an y r eason.

Upon Failure of a Cartridge

If a c artridge y ou ar e t esting does not w ork, y ou fir st w ant t o find out wher e the pr oblem lies. Ensure tha t the In tellivision and displa y ar e po wered on and hook ed up acc ording t o the access document. In particular , ensur e tha t the channel s witch on the under side of the In tellivision matches the displa y channel se t b y y our t elevision or displa y. Once this has been c onfirmed, tr y one or tw o c artridges kno wn t o w ork t o iden tify whe ther the f ailure lies in the c artridge or the Intellivision. If using a module such as the In tellivoice, tr y other In tellivoice c artridges as w ell t o determine whe ther the base c omponent, c artridge, or accessor y c omponent ar e the poin t of failure.

Cleaning a Non-Functional Cartridge

If a c artridge is not w orking with the In tellivision, tr y the f ollowing thr ee s teps, which ar e ordered fr om leas t t o mos t in vasive, time-c onsuming, and possibly damaging t o the c artridge. After each s tep, tr y the c artridge once mor e. Hope fully, St ep 1 will be enough.

Cleaning with Compressed Air

Take a c anister of c ompressed air and insert its no zzle if one is not in place. K eeping the c anister completely uprigh t, blo w air in to the opening of the c artridge, mo ving and r otating the c artridge to blo w dus t and debris fr om all ar eas. Ne ver shak e the c anister of c ompressed air , blo w in to a cartridge when the c anister is not uprigh t, or blo w air fr om y our mouth in to a c artridge. A small burst has been enough t o r estore mos t g ames t o function, so y ou ma y w ant t o t est a fter a ligh t application of c ompressed air be fore c oming back t o this s tep and blo wing air mor e thor oughly.

Cleaning with Alcohol

Dip a c otton s wab in isopr opyl alc ohol (70% or abo ve, a higher c oncentration is be tter) and insert it in to the c artridge opening , making sur e t o clean both the plas tic w alls and back of the

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cartridge as w ell as the me tal c ontacts. W ait f or the c artridge t o dr y c ompletely be fore using (this will t ake long er with a lo wer c oncentration of isopr opyl alc ohol). A mor e sophis ticated alcohol applic ator such as a f oam pain tbrush ma y be desir ed f or e fficiency, but c otton s wabs ar e fine f or this purpose as the lack of sharp edg es in an In tellivision c artridge means lit tle t o no risk of depositing c otton lin t in the c artridge. Not e: K eep alc ohol a way fr om an y s tickers, labels, or ink.

Cleaning by Abrasion

Warning! Only use this me thod if no other me thods w ork and ther e is visible c orrosion on the cartridge's c ontacts.

This appr oach a ttempts t o fix c artridge c ontacts tha t ar e f ailing due t o a la yer of c orrosion or stubborn deposit ed ma tter on the c ontacts. A rubber er aser is a gr eat w ay t o g ently rub of f ligh t corrosion or grime, and poses lit tle risk t o the c artridge. If this isn't enough, mo ve up t o using very fine sandpaper (ideally 600 grit or higher , no lo wer than 200). Y ou'll lik ely need t o open up the c artridge t o g et t o the pins tha t need a ttention; do not use sandpaper on undamag ed pins and mak e sur e y ou're only sanding the c ontacts. Finally , clean with c ompressed air f ollowed b y alcohol t o ensur e tha t an y particles r emoved fr om the c ontacts do not r emain in the c artridge.

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APPENDIX D: IN TELLIVISION A CCESSION GU IDE

Upon r eceipt of an In tellivision g ame, fir st check the In tellivision c ollection in ventory t o see if the g ame alr eady e xists. If it does, gr oup the it ems t ogether and upda te the in ventory t o r eflect items which ar e duplic ates. If it is a ne w g ame, add it t o the in ventory noting the it ems tha t y ou have.

After upda ting the in ventory, not e wha t it ’s missing fr om the f ollowing and act acc ordingly: ● One bo x ● One c artridge ● One manual ● Two c ontroller o verlays

Box: If the g ame is missing a bo x or is not in its original bo x (e. g. in a shoebo x), put the remaining ma terials in a labeled ar chival bo x of the appr opriate siz e f or the ma terials. If the game has its original bo x, ma terials c an be s tored inside, but the bo x ma y be t oo flims y t o protect its c ontents (and itself ) when s tacked benea th other bo xes or mo ved ar ound. Do not stack g ames in their original bo xes; if y ou wish t o c onserve space b y s tacking, place these bo xes in their o wn mor e dur able bo xes.

Cartridge: The c artridge should be used t o iden tify a g ame; if it c ame pack aged with ma terials for a dif ferent g ame, tr eat those ma terials as a separ ate g ame without a c artridge. If ther e is no cartridge, s tore the ma terials in a sealed or labeled bo x or bag if the g ame’s bo x is not included; if the g ame’s bo x is included, s tore all g ame ma terials in this bo x as abo ve. If the c artridge’s label is missing or unr ecognizable, t est the c artridge per the use guide (Appendix A) t o iden tify the game, then s tore the c artridge in a labeled plas tic bag t o ensur e it c an be iden tified.

If the g ame is missing a manual: Consult the dir ectory of digit al g ame manuals 44 and see if the manual f or this g ame is included. If it is, y ou c an r efer t o it in digit al f orm or prin t it out if necessary. If the manual is not in the dir ectory, y ou ma y wish t o sear ch f or it online; upda te the directory if y ou find it.

Controller o verlays: Inserting a c ontroller o verlay in to a c ontroller c an degr ade the o verlay. Use thin and tr ansparent c ard slee ves, cut do wn t o the siz e of the o verlay, t o pr otect the o verlay during use and s torage. If the o verlays ar e missing , c onsult the dir ectory of digit al g ame o verlays 45 and see if the o verlay f or this g ame is included. If it is, prin t it out and cut it t o the pr oper siz e to be used as an o verlay. If the o verlay is not in the dir ectory, y ou ma y wish t o sear ch f or it online; upda te the dir ectory if y ou find it. If one o verlay is in g ood c ondition but the other is missing or signific antly dec ayed, y ou may also wish t o cr eate a c opy if the g ame allo ws both c ontrollers t o be used. If the o verlay is not in the dir ectory of digit al g ame o verlays, sc an the o verlay in g ood c ondition and add it t o the directory.

44 h ttps://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mh-20BnCi-PbIHOw0R73yttZLqBBBa90 45 h ttps://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mh-20BnCi-PbIHOw0R73yttZLqBBBa90

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After f amiliarizing y ourself with the ma terials and ins tructions of the g ame and preparing the c ontroller o verlays, t est the g ame per the use guide (Appendix A) and r eflect its condition in the g ame’s in ventory en try.

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APPENDIX E: AC CESSION R ATING GU IDE - NO TES O N EV ERY IN TELLIVISION GA ME

Relea Access se In ion Title Year Network Publisher Archive? Cost Rating Notes Two versions exist; the original release had steering toward a direction on the screen while the revised version has steering relative to the car's orientation. The game's packaging does not indicate which version it is, but the "realistic" steering can be enabled on the origninal release version by holding 1+6+9 on the controller during startup. Source: https://web.archive.org /web/20161104142129 /https:/beta.groups.yah oo.com/neo/groups/int Auto vprog/conversations/m Racing 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics Yes $3.00-7.00 4 essages/215 Yes, Boxing 1981 Sports Mattel Electronics Working $2.50-6.50 4 The only Intellivision game to synthesize speech using the sound chip. With the release of the Intellivoice, ME's Marketing department banned future use of Major speech without League requiring the Baseball 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics Yes $3.00-5.00 2 Intellivoice. Also released as NASL $5.00-10.0 "Soccer" due to Soccer 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics 0 4 licensing restrictions. Also released as NBA "Basketball" due to Basketball 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics $5.50-6.00 4 licensing restrictions.

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Also released as NFL "Football due to Football 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics Yes $5.00-7.00 4 licensing restrictions. Also released as NHL "Hockey" due to Hockey 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics $6.00-7.00 4 licensing restrictions. Also released as "Bowling" due to licensing restrictions. First Intellivision game PBA programmed by Mattel Bowling 1981 Sports Mattel Electronics $2.50-7.50 4 employees. Also released as "Golf" $4.50-10.5 due to licensing PGA Golf 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics 0 4 restrictions. Tennis 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics $4.50-7.00 4 U.S. Ski Also released as Team "Skiing" due to Skiing 1980 Sports Mattel Electronics Yes $4.00-7.00 4 licensing restrictions. Full title is technically "ADVANCED DUNGEONS & DRAGONS Cartridge" for legal reasons, renamed to "ADVANCED DUNGEONS & DRAGONS Cloudy Mountain Cartridge" when the sequel released. Re-released ADVANCE as "Adventure" and D "Crown of Kings" for DUNGEON licensing reasons. First S & $5.50-12.5 cartridge to go over 4K DRAGONS 1982 Action Mattel Electronics Yes 0 5 in size. was one of the original four games introduced with Intellivision when it was test marketed in 1979. Production Armor name was Battle 1979 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $4.50-5.00 3 "Tanks-A-Lot" Yes, Frog Bog 1982 Action Mattel Electronics Working $3.00-9.50 5 Lock 'N Ported from an arcade Chase 1982 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $4.00-6.00 2 game Pac-Man clone. Night Stalker 1982 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $5.00-6.50 5

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Sea Battle 1980 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $5.00-6.50 5 One of the best-reviewed Intellivision games Shark! $10.00-23. ever; "A must cartridge Shark! 1982 Action Mattel Electronics 00 1 for Intellivision owners" Collection of simple games originally developed for the interactive TV show Sharp Shot 1982 Action Mattel Electronics $4.00-7.00 4 "Powww" Snafu 1981 Action Mattel Electronics $5.00-6.00 5 Sub Hunt 1982 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $4.00-6.00 5 Originally developed as a collection of 6 Atari 2600 game clones. Was reduced to 5 games due to space considerations and again to 3 when Mattel lawyers requested that their Pong clone and their Triple Breakout clone be Action 1981 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $3.00-6.00 2 dropped. The game was produced at the same time as the Disney movie TRON, using Tron: storyboards from the Deadly $5.00-10.5 film to guide Discs 1982 Action Mattel Electronics 0 4 development. Like Deadly Discs, Tron: made in parallel with Maze-a-Tro the production of the n 1982 Action Mattel Electronics $4.50-8.50 4 Disnet movie TRON Started as a Asteroids clone called Meteor! A variation called Avalanche was also developed on the cartridge and, to avoid a lawsuit, the game was locked to play only this variant version. The original Asteroids clone code is still on the cartridge Space and a glitched startup Astrosmash 1981 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $4.50-5.50 3 can execute the

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original code. This unused code was reused for the game Space Hawk. Self-correcting difficulty setting - game gets harder over time but eases up when player loses lives. Space Space Clone of the arcade Armada 1981 Action Mattel Electronics Yes $3.50-5.00 3 game Space Invaders. Consumers complained that the game was too easy. A more difficult version Space Space was released soon Battle 1980 Action Mattel Electronics $4.00-5.50 4 after. The development of this game led to the discovery of a controller encoding issue - pressing a side button at the same time as particular disc directions would instead encode a numeric keypress. This led to a bug wherein "hyperspace" would initiate at random, which was explained away as a Space Space feature ("black holes") Hawk 1982 Action Mattel Electronics $4.00-6.50 4 in the game's manual. Space Yes, Star Strike 1981 Action Mattel Electronics Working $3.00-5.00 5 was one of the original four games introduced with Intellivision when it was test marketed in 1979. The program code was recycled in ABPA the Triple Challenge Backgamm $3.50-12.0 cartridge released by on 1979 Strategy Mattel Electronics 0 4 INTV Corporation. Checkers vs. a computer with two skill levels (also can recommend a move to Checkers 1980 Strategy Mattel Electronics $3.50-9.00 4 the player).

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Video game version of the board game Reversi. The board game is trademarked under the name Othello; Atari licensed the name for its video game version, but Mattel instead used the older name which Reversi 1982 Strategy Mattel Electronics $4.50-6.50 4 had no trademark. Also released as "Chess" due to licensing restrictions. At the highest difficulty, the computer's move could take hours. Luckily, a feature was included to allow USCF $8.00-18.5 switching difficulty in Chess 1982 Strategy Mattel Electronics 0 4 the middle of a move. Original Intellivision game, later ported to Aquarius. Sometimes referred to as "Civilization 0.5", Utopia is considered to be the first (or among the first) city-building game, god game, and/or real-time Utopia 1982 Strategy Mattel Electronics Yes $4.50-9.00 1 strategy game. Horse Racing 1980 Gaming Mattel Electronics $4.50-8.00 5 Most popular Intellivision game Las Vegas because it came with Poker & Yes, the Master Component Blackjack 1979 Gaming Mattel Electronics Working $2.00-4.50 3 from 1980 to 1982. Las Vegas Roulette 1980 Gaming Mattel Electronics $5.00-9.00 5 Contained a major bug that could crash the game. Shipped anyway, but led Mattel Electronics to heavily prioritize playtesting and QA as part of the Royal development cycle Dealer 1982 Gaming Mattel Electronics $3.00-6.00 4 from then on.

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Was one of the original four games introduced with Intellivision when it was test marketed in 1979. Older versions of the game required numbers to be entered starting with the ones place; a newer version The Electric was made with Company: Children's $4.50-12.0 left-to-right number Math Fun 1979 Learning Mattel Electronics 0 4 entry. Doesn't work on Intellivision II; Mattel offered to replace copies of Word Fun with any other Intellivision game. A group of kids exploited this by buying up cheap copies of Word Fun, exchanging them The Electric for higher-value Company: Children's $4.50-10.0 games, and reselling Word Fun 1980 Learning Mattel Electronics 0 4 them. Designed to recreate the gameplay and feel of the vector-graphics arcade game Tempest using raster graphics, hence the name Vectron 1983 Arcade Mattel Electronics $4.00-7.50 4 "Vectron". Intellivoice required. A foreign version was not recorded when the other Intellivoice games were due to content (dropping B-17 $7.00-12.0 bombs on France, Bomber 1982 Mattel Electronics 0 3 Germany, and Italy). Intellivoice required. Unsold copies distributed in Mexico, despite the Intellivoice Bomb Yes, $6.00-10.0 never being sold in Squad 1982 Mattel Electronics Working 0 3 Mexico. Space First game to require Spartans 1982 Mattel Electronics $3.00-8.00 3 the Intellivoice module Tron: Solar $11.50-27. Requires Intellivoice Sailer 1983 Mattel Electronics 00 3 component. Mistakenly

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marketed as "Solar Sailor" - a "sailor" is a person while a "sailer" is a vehicle. Full title is technically "ADVANCED ADVANCE DUNGEONS & D DRAGONS: Treasure DUNGEON of Tarmin Cartridge" S & for legal reasons. DRAGONS Re-released as : Treasure $9.50-15.0 "Minotaur" for licensing of Tarmin 1983 Mattel Electronics 0 4 reasons. Arcade game port. Developed by two non-employees who made an Intellivision development system using a PlayCable unit and a computer. They were paid $24,000 and Bump 'n' $9.50-13.0 were not on the game Jump 1983 Mattel Electronics 0 4 credits. Arcade game port. First Intellivision game not released in a "network" (for example, all blue-bordered games released prior to this were in the Sports Network), although its maroon-bordered box indicates it was at one Yes, $6.00-10.5 point made to be in the BurgerTime 1983 Mattel Electronics Working 0 3 Arcade Network. Similar to the arcade game Centipede. Tens of thousands of copies were packaged that said "1 or 2 can play", which had to be crossed out by hand with a marker. Link: https://atariage.com/for ums/topic/217272-whic Buzz $10.00-10. h-buzz-bombers-versio Bombers 1983 Mattel Electronics 00 4 n-is-rarer/ Promotional game Kool-Aid $15.00-29. made with General Man 1983 Mattel Electronics 00 3 Foods. GF liked the

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game and wanted a sequel.

Activision's Happy Trails was extremely similar to Loco-Motion and released first, harming sales of Loco-Motion. This Loco-Motio $5.50-10.0 nearly came to a n 1983 Mattel Electronics 0 4 lawsuit by Mattel. Graphics code written for the Intellivision III was used to provide higher-quality graphics than standard Intellivision games. The Marketing dept capitalized on this by calling it "SuperGraphics", a fairly meaningless term that was then added to later Intellivision games. Masters of the First Intellivision game Universe: to have credits on The Power $14.00-27. packaging, future of He-Man 1983 Mattel Electronics 50 2 releases followed suit. Port of an arcade game. You play as a $5.00-11.0 bomber plane from a Mission X 1983 Mattel Electronics 0 4 top-down perspective. Announced as part of the Sports network, but "networks" were dropped before release. The algorithms developed $7.50-13.5 were reused in many Motocross 1983 Mattel Electronics 0 4 future games. Longest production time of any Intellivision game - over 2 years. Announced as part of the Action Network, but "networks" were $8.50-21.0 dropped before Pinball 1983 Mattel Electronics 0 3 release. Beamrider 1983 Activision $20.00-24. 4 Later ported to Atari

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00 consoles. Awarded "Best Cartridge Game of the year" by Video Review magazine. Designed/written by Carol Shaw, one of the first female game Happy $8.00-19.0 designers/game Trails 1983 Activision 0 3 programmers. Originally designed and released for the Atari 2600, the Intellivision version $4.00-10.0 was released the Pitfall! 1982 Activision Yes 0 2 same year. Another game $29.00-59. designed by Carol River Raid 1983 Activision 00 4 Shaw. $6.00-10.0 Stampede 1982 Activision 0 5 A hacked version to make the game harder was programmed by a Mattel Electronics programmer and enjoyed by ME The programmers, but was Dreadnaug $17.00-23. of course never ht Factor 1983 Activision 50 4 released to the public. Worm $31.00-64. Original Intellivision Whomper 1983 Activision 00 5 game. $12.50-20. Port of the arcade Centipede 1983 Atarisoft 50 5 game. $24.00-40. Defender 1983 Atarisoft 00 5 Licensed from Atari. Since Lock 'N' Chase, a Pac-Man clone, had already been made, Lock 'N' Chase's programmer Mike $17.50-33. Winans ported Pac-Man 1983 Atarisoft 00 3 Pack-Man as well. Port of the arcade game. Did not work with the Intellivision II, a fact which was prominently displayed Carnival 1982 Coleco $3.00-4.00 4 on thir packaging.

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Arcade game port. Doesn't work on Intellivision II. Universal Studios sued Nintendo and Coleco for ripping off King Donkey Kong; Nintendo fought Kong 1982 Coleco $4.00-8.50 3 and won the lawsuit. Arcade game port. Donkey $10.50-29. Doesn't work on Kong Jr. 1983 Coleco 00 3 Intellivision II. $7.50-32.0 Lady Bug 1983 Coleco 0 5 $8.00-11.5 Doesn't work on Mouse Trap 1982 Coleco 0 5 Intellivision II. $37.00-99. Turbo 1983 Coleco 00 5 Port of the original $5.50-12.0 arcade game. Doesn't Venture 1983 Coleco 0 5 work on Intellivision II. $15.00-19. Zaxxon 1983 Coleco 50 5 Ported from the original Atari 2600 Atlantis 1982 Imagic $2.50-7.50 5 version Basic Donkey Kong Beauty & clone. Intellivision only the Beast 1982 Imagic $3.00-6.50 4 game. Demon Ported from Atari Attack 1982 Imagic $3.50-8.00 5 2600. $14.00-37. Intellivision exclusive. Dracula 1983 Imagic 00 4 Unique gameplay. $4.50-12.5 Dragonfire 1982 Imagic 0 5 $33.00-101 Fathom 1983 Imagic .00 5 $12.50-18. Original Intellivision Ice Trek 1983 Imagic 00 5 game. Microsurge $5.00-12.0 on 1982 Imagic 0 4 $7.00-13.0 Original Intellivision Nova Blast 1983 Imagic 0 5 game. Safecracke $10.00-26. Original Intellivision r 1983 Imagic 00 5 game. Swords & $6.50-17.5 Original Intellivision Serpents 1982 Imagic 0 5 game made by a

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programmer at Imagic who previously worked at Mattel Electronics. Tropical $10.50-23. Original Intellivision Trouble 1982 Imagic 50 5 game. $16.50-28. Original Intellivision Truckin' 1983 Imagic 00 5 game. White $13.50-28. Original Intellivision Water! 1983 Imagic 50 5 game. Atari 2600 and Commodore 64 Blockade $9.50-31.0 versions advertised Runner 1983 Interphase Tech. 0 5 but never released. $10.50-37. Sewer Sam 1983 Interphase Tech. 00 5 Yes, Frogger 1983 Parker Bros. Working $5.00-8.50 3 Arcade game port. $15.50-19. Port of the Nintendo Popeye 1983 Parker Bros. 50 4 arcade game. $7.00-16.5 Port of the arcade Q*bert 1983 Parker Bros. 0 4 game. Star Wars: The Empire Strikes $10.50-20. Also released for Atari Back 1983 Parker Bros. 00 4 2600 and Atari 5200. Super $80.00-129 Port of the arcade Cobra 1983 Parker Bros. .00 5 game. $150.00-15 Tutankham 1983 Parker Bros. 9.00 5 Only Sega-published game for the Congo $79.00-217 Intellivision. Received Bongo 1983 Sega .00 5 poorly. An advanced version of the original Tennis, Champions $12.00-25. built on the original hip Tennis 1985 Dextell Ltd. 00 4 code. Includes code from NASL Soccer. Developed for the Entertainment Computer System as a World Cup $15.00-40. one- or two-player Soccer 1985 Dextell Ltd. 00 4 game. Body Slam: $65.00-123 Super Pro 1988 INTV Corp. .00 5

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Wrestling Unlike the other "enhanced" sports games, this game was built from scratch, Chip Shot: ignoring the code from Super Pro $8.50-24.5 the original PGA Golf Golf 1987 INTV Corp. 0 4 cartridge. $13.50-40. Port of the arcade Commando 1987 INTV Corp. 00 4 game. Originally created by Atari but wasn't completed and source code was not kept. INTV purchased rights to debug and release game working with disassembled code from a prototype. In testing the assembler and disassembler, Dave Warhol created "Deadly Dogs!", a modified version of TRON Deadly Discs using hot dog sprites from BurgerTime rather than men. This code was added to the Dig Dug cartridge and can be accessed by pressing 4+7 on both $31.50-50. controllers during Dig Dug 1987 INTV Corp. 00 2 startup. Burgertime sequel that $27.50-65. started as a Masters of Diner 1987 INTV Corp. 00 2 the Universe sequel. Was originally developed under secrecy by Mattel for use with 3D glasses. After Mattel Electronics closed, Hover $10.00-30. INTV Corp released it Force 1986 INTV Corp. 00 4 without 3D capabilities. Learning $100.00-40 Fun I 1987 INTV Corp. 0.00 5 Learning $171.50-51 Fun II 1987 INTV Corp. 2.50 5 Mountain 1988 INTV Corp. $55.50-126 4 Improved version of

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Madness: the code from US Ski Super Pro .00 Team Skiing Skiing Arcade game port. A POV driving grame was considered by some to be unsuited to the Intellivision, and Pole $11.50-43. the port was difficult Position 1988 INTV Corp. 50 4 but possible. Original Intelivision game produced by a programme r at Imagic Improved version of who "NBA Basketball" like originally the other "Super Pro" worked at sports games. Adds a Mattel $12.00-26. computer opponent Electronics. 1987 INTV Corp. 00 4 and other features Improved version of "NHL Hockey" like the other "Super Pro" Slap Shot: sports games. Adds a Super Pro $18.00-41. computer player and Hockey 1987 INTV Corp. 00 4 other features Last official release for the Intellivision and the most expensive today. Uses "Super Pro" marketing term despite the fact that there was Spiker! no original "Volleyball" Super Pro $1054.00-1 like the other "Super Volleyball 1989 INTV Corp. 237.00 3 Pro" games Only game developed for both Intellivision and NES. Originally developed and announced as an enhanced version of Motocross called "Monster Truck Rally". INTV Corp sold the rights to the NES version and changed Stadium the name of the Mud $102.50-20 Intellivision version to Buggies 1989 INTV Corp. 7.50 4 "Stadium Mud

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Buggies". Much like "Spiker! Super Pro Volleyball", it uses the "Super Pro" marketing term despite the fact that there was Super Pro $25.00-75. no original Decathlon 1988 INTV Corp. 00 5 "Decathalon" game. Improved version of "NFL Football" like Super Pro $7.00-22.5 most other "Super Pro" Football 1986 INTV Corp. 0 4 sports games. Port of a Data East arcade game about a roller-skating "Disco Boy" trapping women by skating squares around them. The core gameplay was kept, but the game was changed to be about an ice-skating penguin $16.50-39. trapping other Thin Ice 1986 INTV Corp. 00 5 penguins instead. The art on the box was Thunder $24.00-51. reused from AD&D: Castle 1985 INTV Corp. 00 5 Treasure of Tarmin Was originally announced as ADVANCED DUNGEONS & DRAGONS TOWER OF MYSTERY Cartridge, but was never released by Mattel Electronics and INTV Corp never Tower of $33.00-56. licensed the D&D Doom 1987 INTV Corp. 50 4 name. Originally developed as a collection of all four Strategy Network games. Reversi was dropped to save space, and it was released as "Triple Action", a collection of Triple $48.50-131 Chess, Checkers, and Challenge 1987 INTV Corp. .50 3 Backgammon. World 1985 INTV Corp. $8.00-19.0 4 Singleplayer version of

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Champions 0 Major League hip Baseball. Renamed to Baseball avoid using the Major League trademark; however, the title screen says "All-Star Major League Baseball". The game was shipped with a fatal bug; in response, the game manual instructs player to restart their game should this happen.

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