DIE UMDEUTUNG DER NEUTRALITÄT Eine Politische Ideengeschichte Der Eidgenossenschaft Vor Und Nach 1815 Peter Lehmann

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DIE UMDEUTUNG DER NEUTRALITÄT Eine Politische Ideengeschichte Der Eidgenossenschaft Vor Und Nach 1815 Peter Lehmann DIE UMDEUTUNG DER NEUTRALITÄT Eine politische Ideengeschichte der Eidgenossenschaft vor und nach 1815 Peter Lehmann Die Eidgenossenschaft hatte ihre Neutralität in den Stürmen der napole- onischen Zeit nicht aufrechterhalten können. Dennoch sollte die neutralisierte Schweiz einen zentralen Platz in der Nachkriegs ordnung der anti-napoleonischen Allianz einnehmen. Damit sie diese Aufgabe erfüllen konnte, mussten die Eidgenossen das Vertrauen in ihre Neutralität wiederherstellen – sowohl im Inneren als auch unter den benachbarten Mächten. Die Schweiz nach 1815 sei, so sollte vermittelt werden, nicht mit jener von 1798 vergleichbar, da sie an innerer Stärke gewonnen habe. Diese sollte aus dem stärkeren Zusam - men rücken der Schweizer erwachsen, aber auch aus institutionellen Verbesserungen, besonders bei der Landesverteidigung. Dadurch wird verständlich, weshalb die neue immerwährende Neutralität für das entstehende schweizerische Nationalgefühl eine wichtige Bedeutung erhielt. Autor Peter Lehmann Peter Lehmann studierte Geschichte, Theologie und Betriebswirt- schaftslehre an der Universität Bern und promovierte an der Universität DIE UMDEUTUNG Lausanne. Seit 2009 unterrichtet er Geschichte und Religion an der Kantonsschule Solothurn. DER NEUTRALITÄT Eine politische Ideengeschichte DIE UMDEUTUNG DER NEUTRALITÄT der Eidgenossenschaft vor und nach 1815 www.schwabe.ch Peter Lehmann Die Umdeutung der Neutralität Eine politische Ideengeschichte der Eidgenossenschaft vor und nach 1815 Schwabe Verlag Publiziert mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förde- rung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Die Druckausgabe dieser Publikation wurde finanziert durch die Fondation des Archives de la Famille Pictet. Erschienen 2020 im Schwabe Verlag Basel Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Abbildung Umschlag: Unvollendetes Porträt von Charles Pictet de Rochemont, undatiertes Aquarell, seiner Tochter Amélie Pictet zugeschrieben. Fondation des Archives de la Famille Pictet, H36.5 x L30cm (Ausschnitt). Korrektorat: Trude Trunk, Berlin Umschlaggestaltung: icona basel gmbh, Basel Layout: icona basel gmbh, Basel Satz: 3w+p, Rimpar Druck: CPI books GmbH, Leck Printed in Germany ISBN Printausgabe 978-3-7965-3975-6 ISBN eBook (PDF) 978-3-7965-4026-4 DOI 10.24894/978-3-7965-4026-4 Das eBook ist seitenidentisch mit der gedruckten Ausgabe und erlaubt Volltextsuche. Zudem sind Inhaltsverzeichnis und Überschriften verlinkt. [email protected] www.schwabe.ch Zum Andenken an meinen Vater. Inhalt Danksagung ................................................... 13 1Einleitung ................................................... 15 1.1 Fragestellung............................................ 15 1.2 Forschungsstand ......................................... 20 1.3 Methodik und Aufbau der Studie ........................... 34 Erster Teil:Interpretationen derSchweizer Neutralität bis 1815 2Neutralitätund Unabhängigkeit in der Zeit des Siebenjährigen Krieges ................................... 43 2.1 Das unbestreitbareRecht jedes unabhängigen Staates:Die Neutralität in Vattels Völkerrecht ........................... 43 2.1.1 Die Rahmenbedingungen der Neutralität in Vattels Droit des Gens ...................................... 44 2.1.2 Neutralität und die Frage des gerechten Krieges .......... 48 2.1.3 Rezeption .......................................... 51 2.2 Wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit durch ökonomischen Patriotismus............................................ 54 2.2.1 Die Gründung ökonomischer Sozietätenals Antwortauf Krisen und Kriege ................................... 54 2.2.2 Landwirtschaftliche Reformen zwischenBegeisterung und Kritik:Agromanie .................................. 60 2.2.3 Wirtschaftliche Reformen ohne politische Reformen ...... 65 8 Inhalt 3NeutralitätimVerhältniszuFrankreich ....................... 69 3.1 Allianzerneuerung 1777:Neutralität als minimale Unabhängigkeit im Rahmen der französischen Protektion ...... 69 3.1.1 Die Angst vor Österreich verbindet die Kantone mit Frankreich ......................................... 70 3.1.2 Die Eidgenossenschaft als französisches Bollwerk: Verhinderung von Truppendurchzügen mit der Waffe .... 74 3.1.3 Sich nicht zu stark binden:Die Kantone fordern Neutralität ......................................... 76 3.2 Unabhängigkeit und Vaterlandsliebe:Franz Bernhard Meyer von Schauensees Solddienstkritik ............................... 86 3.2.1 Fremde Dienste und Neutralität ....................... 88 3.2.2 Volkswirtschaftliche und sittlich-moralische Bedenken .... 90 3.2.3 Die Solddienste machen abhängig und erpressbar ........ 95 3.2.4 Aufklärungund Vaterlandsliebe gegen das Reislaufen ..... 97 3.2.5 Meyer von Schauensee:Aufgeklärte Freunde und revolutionäre Bekanntschaften ........................ 100 3.2.6 Reaktionen auf die Rede ............................. 106 3.2.7 Stärkung des eidgenössischen Militärwesens: Die Helvetisch-Militärische Gesellschaft ................ 109 4Nur eine souveräne Republik kann neutral sein. Neutralität angesichts der französischen Revolution und Napoleons ....... 115 4.1 Ist die Eidgenossenschaft eine Republik?Diskussion am Vorabend der französischen Besetzung ...................... 115 4.1.1 Frédéric-CésardeLaHarpe:politischePartizipation als Bedingung für Neutralität ............................ 118 4.1.2 Karl Ludwig von Haller:Neutralität als rein vertragliche Verpflichtung ...................................... 133 4.1.3 Isabelle de Charrière:Die Schweizer sind die glücklicheren Republikaner ....................................... 136 4.1.4 Neutralität als Politik der schwachen Republik ........... 143 4.2 «Man wird aber durch die vereinigte Stärke Aller stark sein.» Die Neutralität in der Helvetischen Republik ..................... 146 Inhalt 9 4.3 Kritik an der Neutralität 1813:Friedrich Gentz und die Frage der schweizerischen Souveränitätunter der Mediationsverfassung ... 152 4.4 Die Grenzverletzung zulassen heisst, das Vaterland aufzugeben: Karl Viktor von Bonstetten und die exponierte Position Genfs 1815 ...................................... 159 Zweiter Teil:Neutralitätals nationales Einigungsprojekt – Pictet de Rochemonts Verständnis von Neutralität 5Charles Pictet de Rochemont – ein moderaterAristokrat als Diplomat in Wien und Paris ................................... 173 5.1 Publizistikund Agronomieals diplomatischeTüröffner ......... 179 5.1.1 Eine bemerkenswerteWahl. Pictet alsGenfer Gesandter 1814...............................................179 5.1.2 Die Bibliothèque britannique und die agronomischen Schriften .......................................... 188 5.1.3 Erwartungen an die Agrarreformen .................... 196 5.1.4 Popularität der Merinoschafe ......................... 199 5.1.5 Diplomatie der Privatbesuche......................... 203 5.1.6 Die russische Delegation............................. 209 5.2 November 1815:Charles Pictet de Rochemont und die Erklärung der immerwährenden Neutralität der Schweiz ................ 217 5.3 Zwischenfazit:Pictet als Verkörperung eines aufgeklärten Patrioten ............................................... 224 61821/22 Angezweifelte Neutralität – gelobte Neutralität: Verarbeiten einerNiederlage ................................. 229 6.1 Inhalt von Pictets Schrift De la Suisse dans l’intérêt de l’Europe: Verarbeitung der Jahre von 1798–1815 ...................... 229 6.2 Zweifel an der Neutralität – Entstehungvon De la Suisse ....... 233 6.3 Gelobte Neutralität – Rezeptionsgeschichte von De la Suisse .... 252 10 Inhalt 7Ein schwarzer Fleck auf der militärischen Landkarte Europas. Pictets Auslegung der schweizerischen Neutralität vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen von1799 ........................ 269 7.1 Die Stellung der Schweiz im Operationsplan Frankreichs 1798– 1800 ................................................... 270 7.2 Garant für den Frieden:die Stellung der Schweiz in Europa nach dem Wiener Kongress .................................... 275 8Verpasste Verbesserungen und nötige Reformen: Konsequenzen aus Pictets Neutralitätsverständnis ............ 291 8.1 Vertrauen durch Rückzug und Bescheidenheit. Die Aussenpolitik der neutralen Schweiz ..................................... 292 8.1.1 Fremde Dienste, moralische Unabhängigkeit und neue Bescheidenheit ................................. 292 8.1.2 Stellung gegenüber der Heiligen Allianz:Republikanische Freiheit gegen Willkür ............................... 298 8.1.3 Der Schutzschild Europas:Grenzen und Militärgeographie der Schweiz ........................................ 301 8.1.4 Die Bedeutung der Alpenpässe ........................ 307 8.2 Die Genfer Stadtmauern als nationales Problem ............... 310 8.2.1 Eroberung und Unterdrückung:Die Frage der Genfer Befestigungen ...................................... 310 8.2.2 Die Diskussion einer existentiellen Frage für Genf und die Schweiz gehört in die Öffentlichkeit .................... 313 8.2.3 Nationale Verteidigungsstrategie und helvetischer Mythos . 319 8.2.4 Reform des Militärwesens und Erziehung eines schweizerischen Nationalbewusstseins.................. 327 9Fazit ......................................................... 333 9.1 Die Schweiz als Förderin
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