I Preraffaelliti. Storia E Analisi Del Mercato Delle Vendite All'asta Nel

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I Preraffaelliti. Storia E Analisi Del Mercato Delle Vendite All'asta Nel Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Economia e Gestione delle Arti e delle Attività Culturali (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) Tesi di Laurea I Preraffaelliti. Storia e analisi del mercato delle vendite all’asta nel periodo 1970-2018 Relatori Ch. Prof.ssa Stefania Funari Ch. Prof. Nico Stringa Correlatore Ch. Prof.ssa Stefania Portinari Laureanda Giulia Vitale Matricola 862727 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 INDICE INTRODUZIONE 1 CAPITOLO I: La Confraternita dei Preraffaelliti 3 1.1 La nascita della Confraternita 6 1.2 Caratteristiche e temi principali 16 1.3 Tecniche e metodi della pittura preraffaellita 23 1.4 La Second Generation 25 1.5 La Sorellanza preraffaellita: artiste, amanti, modelle, muse 27 1.6 L’oblio e la riscoperta 29 1.7 Mostre ed eventi significativi 34 CAPITOLO II: La Confraternita dei Preraffaelliti nelle vendite all’asta di Christie’s, Sotheby’s e Bonhams nel periodo 1970-2018 43 2.1 Metodologia della raccolta dati 43 2.2 Indagine preliminare: analisi delle vendite all’asta nel 2018 46 2.3 Victorian, Pre-Raphaelite & British Impressionist art: le sessioni d’asta 48 di Christie’s e Sotheby’s dedicate alla Confraternita 2.4 Valore delle vendite totali e record di vendita 56 2.5 Analisi dei risultati per decennio 63 2.5.1 Anni ’70 64 2.5.2 Anni ’80 69 2.5.3 Anni ’90 75 2.5.4 Anni 2000-2010 81 2.5.5 Anni 2011-2018 88 CAPITOLO III: Analisi del mercato degli artisti preraffaelliti 97 3.1 James Collinson 97 3.2 William Holman Hunt 103 3.3 John Everett Millais 110 3.4 Dante Gabriel Rossetti 120 3.5 William Michael Rossetti 132 3.6 Frederic George Stephens 134 3.7 Thomas Woolner 135 CONCLUSIONI 142 BIBLIOGRAFIA 145 SITOGRAFIA 147 RINGRAZIAMENTI 148 APPENDICE 149 INTRODUZIONE «I will not have Victorian junk in my flat»1: questa fu la risposta che venne data ad Andrew Lloyd Webber, futuro importante collezionista di opere preraffaellite nonché importante compositore, quando appena quindicenne chiese alla nonna un prestito di 50 sterline per acquistare Flaming June, un dipinto realizzato nel 1895 da Sir Frederic Leighton, artista associato della Confraternita dei Preraffaelliti. Erano gli anni ’60 e Webber aveva trovato l’opera, sporca e priva di cornice, in un negozio di antiquariato londinese che vendeva la tela al prezzo irrisorio di cinquanta sterline. La nonna del compositore faceva però parte di una generazione che diffidava dell’arte vittoriana, ritenendola di cattivo gusto, antiquata e fin troppo stucchevole: fu per questo che negò il prestito al nipote. Webber porta ancora oggi quel rimpianto, poiché oggi l’opera si trova nel Museo de Arte de Ponce di Puerto Rico, venendo acclamata come «la Monna Lisa dell’Emisfero Sud».2 Dopo anni di oscurità e silenzio, grazie soprattutto a due mostre a loro dedicate dalla Tate Britain realizzate nel 1984 e nel 2014, la Confraternita dei Preraffaelliti torna oggi ad essere considerata un movimento di grande importanza nella storia dell’arte che gode di fama internazionale. Questa fondamentale rivalutazione è riscontrabile soprattutto nel mercato dell’arte e delle vendite all’asta: nel corso dell’ultimo mezzo secolo, le vendite di lotti costituiti da opere d’arte preraffaellita sono state oggetto di una particolare evoluzione che sta alla base del presente progetto di tesi, che si propone di analizzare il mercato delle vendite all’asta di opere realizzate dai membri fondatori della Confraternita dei Preraffaelliti. Tale ricerca è stata possibile grazie alla creazione di un database Excel avente come obiettivo quello di raccogliere tutte le vendite realizzate dalle case d’asta Christie’s, Sotheby’s e Bonhams negli anni che intercorrono tra il 1970 ed il 2018. In seguito alla creazione di suddetta banca dati si è proceduto ad analizzare le vendite in maniera duplice, suddividendole prima per decennio e poi per artista. La duplice analisi dei dati si è ritenuta necessaria in quanto è stato così possibile analizzare i dati in modo da avere una visione generale del mercato delle vendite all’asta ed una visione più specifica, prendendo in considerazione le vendite di ciascuno dei sette membri fondatori in modo da esaminare anche l’andamento delle vendite di ciascun artista. 1 ASLESON CASTERAS CORMAC 2003, p. 7 2 ibidem. 1 La tesi è strutturata come segue: Il primo capitolo è interamente dedicato alla descrizione storico-artistica della Confraternita, tracciando la sua storia ed i temi principali, nonché le mostre e gli eventi significativi che hanno generato la già menzionata ripresa dell’interesse nel corso dei decenni. Il secondo capitolo è invece dedicato all’analisi delle vendite realizzate da Christie’s, Sotheby’s e Bonhams nel periodo compreso tra il 1970 ed il 2018, osservandone i cambiamenti nel corso dei decenni. Si è iniziato descrivendo le Victorian, Pre-Raphaelite & British Impressionist art, sessioni d’asta di Christie’s e Sotheby’s dedicate in maggioranza alla vendita di opere preraffaellite. Successivamente ci si è concentrati sull’analisi del valore delle vendite totale e dei record di vendita, prima in maniera generale e poi in maniera più specifica, considerando i dati di ogni singola casa d’asta. Infine, si è proceduto con l’analisi di ciascun decennio e con la realizzazione di indagini specifiche relative alle tecniche artistiche utilizzate ed ai record di vendita massimi e minimi di ciascun decennio. Il terzo capitolo è infine dedicato all’analisi del mercato di ciascuno dei sette artisti che hanno partecipato alla creazione della Confraternita nel 1848. Anche in questo capitolo si è svolto un esame che va dal generale al particolare, procedendo dapprima con una breve introduzione sull’artista ed un’analisi delle vendite per casa d’asta, per poi andare in più profondità analizzando i record di vendita di ciascun decennio, le tecniche artistiche e l’eventuale presenza di lotti particolari che si è ritenuto necessario analizzare a parte. Le ultime due analisi sono state realizzate in modo da comprendere in cosa si concentra in maggior misura il mercato dell’artista e se si siano verificate nei decenni delle vendite ripetute delle opere, ovvero se una stessa opera sia stata venduta più di una volta nel corso degli anni, allo scopo di esaminare l’andamento dei diversi prezzi realizzati nelle diverse vendite. Si concluderà infine la tesi con la costruzione di una tabella ed un grafico che rappresentino il totale del valore delle vendite delle vendite di ciascun anno in grado di illustrare quale sia stato nei decenni analizzati l’andamento del mercato, e con una riflessione incentrata su come il mondo dell’arte, attraverso mostre, retrospettive o altri eventi, possa influenzare le vendite del mercato dell’arte. 2 CAPITOLO I La Confraternita dei Preraffaelliti Alla fine della prima metà del diciannovesimo secolo, in quella che passerà alla storia come Epoca Vittoriana3, l’arte inglese si trovava in una grave situazione di impasse creativo, prigioniera di rigorose ed austere consuetudini artistiche e schiava di un’attempata clientela bramosa di scene di genere, spesso recanti una morale o un fin troppo sdolcinato sentimentalismo. Costoro erano cresciuti in un mondo in cui Turner era considerato l’artista inglese più importante, i cui paesaggi romantici e tempestosi difficilmente sarebbero potuti essere superati dal pennello di altri artisti. È in questo clima che crescono e muovono i primi passi Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais e William Holman Hunt, tre studenti della Royal Academy of Arts, considerata a quell’epoca l’unica istituzione degna di nota nel campo dell’arte e l’unica in grado di educare i futuri artisti della nazione. Speranzosi di poter cambiare il destino dell’arte inglese e nutriti dalla necessità di «tornare ad un’arcaica onestà ed un’attenta osservazione che dall’epoca di Raffaello in poi era stata tradita»4, i tre crearono nel 1848 un’associazione denominata Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB), che nacque proprio come atto di ribellione nei confronti di un’arte che giudicavano ormai troppo rigida e decaduta. La Confraternita dei Preraffaelliti voleva cambiare le cose dall’interno: in quanto studenti della Royal Academy, mostrando le loro opere durante le esibizioni annuali (reputate all’unanimità il momento più importante del calendario artistico annuale inglese) agli occhi della stampa e della classe medio-alta, lanciarono una sfida pubblica nei confronti dell’Istituzione e delle sue dottrine, manifestando apertamente la loro rivolta. Per questo motivo, per la sua capacità di rottura con gli schemi dell’arte preesistenti e per lo scandalo che generarono le loro opere, la PRB viene considerata al giorno d’oggi uno dei primi movimenti d’avanguardia. Secondo alcuni critici infatti, alcune caratteristiche del gruppo, come il carattere programmatico, l’adozione di un nome comune e la pubblicazione di una rivista come organo di promozione del movimento, sembrerebbero anticipare ciò che successivamente diventerà una peculiarità delle prime avanguardie come il Futurismo e il Dadaismo. 3 Victorian era: periodo della storia inglese compreso tra il 1837 ed il 1901 e corrispondente al lungo regno della Regina Vittoria. 4 PESANDO 2014, p. 194 3 Fin dall’inizio, il Preraffaellismo fu contraddistinto da scelte stilistiche innovative, insieme ad un pensiero estetico sociale, politico e religioso in senso riformistico5. La riforma stava proprio nel rifiuto dell’accettazione delle norme imposte sia dai loro insegnanti che dalla società in generale. Tuttavia, ciò che più fece scandalo fu la loro esistenza come un gruppo unitario e segreto, almeno all’inizio: il grande pubblico dell’Ottocento non vedeva infatti di buon occhio le confraternite ed in generale qualsivoglia tipo di società segreta avente come obiettivo primario quello dello sconvolgimento dell’ordine sociale. A seguito della pubblicazione di una loro rivista, denominata The Germ, il gruppo perse la propria segretezza, per quanto rimase comunque un gruppo elitario e destinato ad includere solo alcuni artisti cautamente selezionati dai confratelli.
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