Liu X. Q., Ang B. W. and Ong H. L. (1992) The application of Original article the Divisia index to the decomposition of changes in industrial energy consumption. The Energy Journal, 13(4), The Use of Ethnobotanical Landscape to Revitalize Rural Communities: Learning from 161-177, (in English). Todmorden, England, Past and Present Wang L. (2003) Analysis on the CO2 Emissions of China. Annals, Public Policy Studies, Vol.6, 159-175, (in Japanese). Sofia M. PENABAZ-WILEY*, Isami KINOSHITA* Wang P. (2011) Analysis of CO2 emissions in each region of China. Journal of economic sciences, 14(2), 133-148, (in Japanese). Abstract：This study aims to analyze one method in current usage helping small suburban or Yanagisawa M. (2004) CO2 emission factor for urban transport rural communities to not only survive, but thrive, specifically through strategic landscape system in China. Proceedings of the Symposium of Global incorporation and use of ethnobotanical (ETB) plants native to or adopted by the area. We Environment, Vol.12, 23-28, (in Japanese) focus on the Incredible Edible (IE) movement in Todmorden, England as a successful case Zhang H. (2003) China’s Economic Development and using ETB landscape, and reviewed positive changes over nine years. We also study how Energy-Environmental Problems - Multi-regional and widely and when the IE method has spread. Methodology includes interviews, multimedia Multi-sectoral Economic Analysis, Keisuisha, Hiroshima, literature review, and trend analysis. Methodology and keywords used in the IE system are 308pp. discussed, and are based upon a few basic ideas to create a sustainable community-landscape system. Our results show that people in the economically depressed rural zone of Todmorden desired change, but were hesitant to do so. Our study’s main findings are that independent global media can have a deep effect on grassroots movements, and that, compared with the lack of it, the use of ETB landscape when incorporated into community planning and activities can have deeply positive sociological and environmental effects, including heritage preservation and sustainability. Key Words： ethnobotany, traditional knowledge, heritage, sustainability, planning
peri-urban agriculture (Mok et al., 2013; Nicolin, INTRODUCTION 2017), and how one community has prevailed in creating a new healthy socio-ecological system for Sustainable Communities are UN Sustainable the area. Socio-ecological systems are resilient and Development Goal (SDG) No. 11. However, adaptive communities bound by a specific sustainable communities are not currently the ecosystem, that are faced with complex changes norm even in developed countries (UN General and outside forces (Folke, 2006). Assembly, 2015). Due in part to a series of The Incredible Edible (IE) movement, an edible economic disasters within the past 30 years, small urban greening system, began in Todmorden, in communities in particular suffer due to a lack of Calderdale County of West Yorkshire, England and the integrated support systems of large urban is attributed to improving the socioeconomic areas, thus people leave their rural homes and situation there over the past nine years migrate to urbanized areas, aiming for economic (Thompson, 2012). During that time, the stability. Various methods are being employed to movement has spread to over 120 communities in bring up the economies of rural and suburban the United Kingdom and 700 worldwide (Adams et communities (Briedenhann and Wickens, 2004; al., 2013; Chabay et al., 2015). Although articles Van der Ploeg et al., 2000). Although most studies have been written about Todmorden’s IE, none of focus on developing countries, this study focuses them have made a systematic comparison of past on areas of depression and unsustainable and present Todmorden, none have been found communities in developed countries’ urban and focusing on the incorporation and evolution of
* Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University
Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 25 herita e there, and none were o nd to ha e re est ein kindness tho ht lness to others This study reveals what changes can help and Table ethods for data collection, including st died the acti ity o edia on the rowth o the and the landscape people ca e to the irst hinder towns regarding sustainability, especially site visits, personal communications, rassroots o e ent internationally In this st dy, eetin , and IET was created Now, st nine with regard to edible or medicinal ethnobotanical literature review, by order of occurrence. E a wide ariety o so rces, incl din traditional years later, Tod orden thri es with ea er t re plants. e analy e what happened in Todmorden email correspondence, Int. interview, Tod re erences, aid in clari yin how these chan es residents, and tho sands o to rists co in to see between and , and compare the past to Todmorden. occ rred the IE syste they ha e created Warh rst and the present Todmorden to find similarities, ata Interviewee collection ey topics ate This st dy has two ai s ne is that it collects o son, There are se eral other o e ents differences and notable changes. e hypothesi ed ction method and analy es the di erences etween a co nity occ rrin worldwide, incl din low ood, which that the method used in IE is possibly beneficial to IET, IE etwor urrently IE not yet e ployin this s staina le de elop ent s pports local ood traditions and co nteracts ast similar communities worldwide, due to the Email Estelle rown, imited , plants, correspon edia ead of ethod in co parin aspects o the Tod orden ten ood li estyles , Transition Towns, which similarities in si e, and their perceived distance references, dence IET E years ago, with today’s IE Todmorden IET The enco ra e sel s iciency in econo ics, ener y, from urban areas. demographics, global activity other ai is to analy e the spread o the IE and other areas , ar to Ta le, which pro otes Email ary lear, o e ent worldwide y collectin and analy in the se o local ar so rced ood in local . ET O correspon IE etwor hair of IET dence E the relationships o local and lo al e ents resta rants and schools , other speci ic local ite isit Observation Todmorden s rro ndin peaks o rowth o e ents Nicolin, , and a rowin eneral The method used to study IE was a focused investigation of the reen oute , ite isit area, interviews, IE Tod orden is a town a o t in tes ro o e ent in conscio sness towards r an ethnography, defined as a such by its short term Tour, Town a.m. tour observation visit, p.m. anchester, En land y train years a o the a ric lt re in de eloped co ntries ok et al , site visits, counterbalanced by collecting a large and IE historical resentation, bac ground. ain so rce o inco e or ost residents, a steel amount of data off site including personal Int. IE etwor , IET ill, went ankr pt, lea in ost witho t a The co nity de elop ent ethod e ployed communications noblauch, and digital resenta principles, ary lear tion p.m. eans o akin a li in Tod orden was deeply y IE in Tod orden in ol es the se o data oward, as well as other sources, with bac ground, history Tour Estelle rown a ected when this ain so rce o wealth s ddenly ethno otany ET in the landscape ccordin to the aim of triangulation ic , conducted IET system, history, Interview Int., tour of goals, achievements p.m. disappeared, co po nded with an increasin ly ario s so rces ennett, ord, over a two year period. These methods are reen oute leak lo al econo y nce the so rce o li elihood arsh r er, ch ltes and eis, , ET delineated in Table . The ualitative research hanges in Tod. interviewees Interview since IET began, shop owner, IET – was one, the co nity o nd itsel in econo ic is the st dy o how h ans interact with plants It method was chosen due to the comple nature of usage of the volunteer, and p.m. shock In , the desperate sit ation had is a co ponent o c lt ral herita e and a or o the study focus, allowing an in depth study rather landscape bouti ue cler ite isit Interviews, further , reached critical le els people were lea in , Traditional nowled e T T is de ined as the than a limited review of previous literature or ite isit Todmorden investigation of the p.m. Int., entral sinesses were ailin , there was cri inal perspecti es and knowled e that ha e de eloped traditional study, which would have limited the area p.m. Tod. visit acti ity co only occ rrin in p lic places, and o er ti e or sin local reso rces erkes et al , research to a few sources of information. ata was interviewees hanges in Tod se herb shop cler no one wanted to send their children to school and ET plants are s ch eca se o the the input into icrosoft E cel and organi ed by date of of IE plants for p.m., restaurant Interview business town , owner dairy there The town conformed to SDG 11’s parts 11.3, T associated with the ltho h in the past occurrence in icrosoft E cel, then compared environment, farmer a uaponics site p.m. , , , a and N eneral ET was e cl si ely de ined or nati e pri iti e against, and analy ed with, other data sources for a uaponics family immigration sse ly, t this point, three e ale peoples, it has e panded to enco pass odern details using triangulation ic , for volunteer am arhurst, residents, a Warh rst, Estelle rown and ary an and the o erall plant h an relationship accuracy. uring the course of data collection from IET system, history, at Tod. lear, athered aro nd a dinner ta le and ch ltes and eis, oe arto et al , , different sources, it came to be nown that the Interview goals, achievements Industrial changes, IE o operative, p.m. conte plated the pro le s o their town and the incl din the relationships associated with movement had been spreading. In order to reveal methods hair ounder pro le s o the world, and how they co ld sol e do esticated plants, s ch as heirloo arieties more about this occurrence, the data was of IE Int. umbers of cases, Tanya all, IE Email oth They decided that one co on iss e was that ha e rown alon side c lt re and landrace organi ed by date. demographics, etwor taff correspon additional reference ow IE, td. ood, and that in order to help oth their town and plants that ha e e ol ed with c lt res and in ecause there was a lac of clarity as to what dence materials about IE E a s staina le t re or all, creatin a syste o speci ic topo raphies or cent ries Newton et al , e actly had happened in rance and in other ean ichel rench IE, system Email erbillon, edi le reenery, partic larly ethno otanical, etel inen et al , eca se places worldwide, the IE Network’s Tanya Wall , and cases of correspon ational member inte rated into the town syste i ht work co nities in r ral areas ha e e ol ed o er ti e the national coordinator of the rench IE etwor , dence oordinator of communities. Warh rst and o son, The asic idea is co pled with the land, there is a wealth o ende ic ean ichel erbillon , the boo Incredible ow IE rance E etails about dates, Incredible that edi le and other se l plants or people and T associated with these plants that is c rrently to row a evolution arhurst and obson, , numbers of IE , scholarly itera communities, papers, news , iodi ersity are planted y ol nteers in ne lected, ein lost with these adin co nities r lotte the IE website, and news from those years was ture activities, articles, eview n sed, or n sti ia le landscapes within the and i io ine, a onte and Trapani, further studied. Through interviews, literature sta eholders, websites, IE town nyone can har est ro the , the only i norini et al , review, and trend analysis, related results were landscape, etc. and other blogs
26 Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 herita e there, and none were o nd to ha e re est ein kindness tho ht lness to others This study reveals what changes can help and Table ethods for data collection, including st died the acti ity o edia on the rowth o the and the landscape people ca e to the irst hinder towns regarding sustainability, especially site visits, personal communications, rassroots o e ent internationally In this st dy, eetin , and IET was created Now, st nine with regard to edible or medicinal ethnobotanical literature review, by order of occurrence. E a wide ariety o so rces, incl din traditional years later, Tod orden thri es with ea er t re plants. e analy e what happened in Todmorden email correspondence, Int. interview, Tod re erences, aid in clari yin how these chan es residents, and tho sands o to rists co in to see between and , and compare the past to Todmorden. occ rred the IE syste they ha e created Warh rst and the present Todmorden to find similarities, ata Interviewee collection ey topics ate This st dy has two ai s ne is that it collects o son, There are se eral other o e ents differences and notable changes. e hypothesi ed ction method and analy es the di erences etween a co nity occ rrin worldwide, incl din low ood, which that the method used in IE is possibly beneficial to IET, IE etwor urrently IE not yet e ployin this s staina le de elop ent s pports local ood traditions and co nteracts ast similar communities worldwide, due to the Email Estelle rown, imited , plants, correspon edia ead of ethod in co parin aspects o the Tod orden ten ood li estyles , Transition Towns, which similarities in si e, and their perceived distance references, dence IET E years ago, with today’s IE Todmorden IET The enco ra e sel s iciency in econo ics, ener y, from urban areas. demographics, global activity other ai is to analy e the spread o the IE and other areas , ar to Ta le, which pro otes Email ary lear, o e ent worldwide y collectin and analy in the se o local ar so rced ood in local . ET O correspon IE etwor hair of IET dence E the relationships o local and lo al e ents resta rants and schools , other speci ic local ite isit Observation Todmorden s rro ndin peaks o rowth o e ents Nicolin, , and a rowin eneral The method used to study IE was a focused investigation of the reen oute , ite isit area, interviews, IE Tod orden is a town a o t in tes ro o e ent in conscio sness towards r an ethnography, defined as a such by its short term Tour, Town a.m. tour observation visit, p.m. anchester, En land y train years a o the a ric lt re in de eloped co ntries ok et al , site visits, counterbalanced by collecting a large and IE historical resentation, bac ground. ain so rce o inco e or ost residents, a steel amount of data off site including personal Int. IE etwor , IET ill, went ankr pt, lea in ost witho t a The co nity de elop ent ethod e ployed communications noblauch, and digital resenta principles, ary lear tion p.m. eans o akin a li in Tod orden was deeply y IE in Tod orden in ol es the se o data oward, as well as other sources, with bac ground, history Tour Estelle rown a ected when this ain so rce o wealth s ddenly ethno otany ET in the landscape ccordin to the aim of triangulation ic , conducted IET system, history, Interview Int., tour of goals, achievements p.m. disappeared, co po nded with an increasin ly ario s so rces ennett, ord, over a two year period. These methods are reen oute leak lo al econo y nce the so rce o li elihood arsh r er, ch ltes and eis, , ET delineated in Table . The ualitative research hanges in Tod. interviewees Interview since IET began, shop owner, IET – was one, the co nity o nd itsel in econo ic is the st dy o how h ans interact with plants It method was chosen due to the comple nature of usage of the volunteer, and p.m. shock In , the desperate sit ation had is a co ponent o c lt ral herita e and a or o the study focus, allowing an in depth study rather landscape bouti ue cler ite isit Interviews, further , reached critical le els people were lea in , Traditional nowled e T T is de ined as the than a limited review of previous literature or ite isit Todmorden investigation of the p.m. Int., entral sinesses were ailin , there was cri inal perspecti es and knowled e that ha e de eloped traditional study, which would have limited the area p.m. Tod. visit acti ity co only occ rrin in p lic places, and o er ti e or sin local reso rces erkes et al , research to a few sources of information. ata was interviewees hanges in Tod se herb shop cler no one wanted to send their children to school and ET plants are s ch eca se o the the input into icrosoft E cel and organi ed by date of of IE plants for p.m., restaurant Interview business town , owner dairy there The town conformed to SDG 11’s parts 11.3, T associated with the ltho h in the past occurrence in icrosoft E cel, then compared environment, farmer a uaponics site p.m. , , , a and N eneral ET was e cl si ely de ined or nati e pri iti e against, and analy ed with, other data sources for a uaponics family immigration sse ly, t this point, three e ale peoples, it has e panded to enco pass odern details using triangulation ic , for volunteer am arhurst, residents, a Warh rst, Estelle rown and ary an and the o erall plant h an relationship accuracy. uring the course of data collection from IET system, history, at Tod. lear, athered aro nd a dinner ta le and ch ltes and eis, oe arto et al , , different sources, it came to be nown that the Interview goals, achievements Industrial changes, IE o operative, p.m. conte plated the pro le s o their town and the incl din the relationships associated with movement had been spreading. In order to reveal methods hair ounder pro le s o the world, and how they co ld sol e do esticated plants, s ch as heirloo arieties more about this occurrence, the data was of IE Int. umbers of cases, Tanya all, IE Email oth They decided that one co on iss e was that ha e rown alon side c lt re and landrace organi ed by date. demographics, etwor taff correspon additional reference ow IE, td. ood, and that in order to help oth their town and plants that ha e e ol ed with c lt res and in ecause there was a lac of clarity as to what dence materials about IE E a s staina le t re or all, creatin a syste o speci ic topo raphies or cent ries Newton et al , e actly had happened in rance and in other ean ichel rench IE, system Email erbillon, edi le reenery, partic larly ethno otanical, etel inen et al , eca se places worldwide, the IE Network’s Tanya Wall , and cases of correspon ational member inte rated into the town syste i ht work co nities in r ral areas ha e e ol ed o er ti e the national coordinator of the rench IE etwor , dence oordinator of communities. Warh rst and o son, The asic idea is co pled with the land, there is a wealth o ende ic ean ichel erbillon , the boo Incredible ow IE rance E etails about dates, Incredible that edi le and other se l plants or people and T associated with these plants that is c rrently to row a evolution arhurst and obson, , numbers of IE , scholarly itera communities, papers, news , iodi ersity are planted y ol nteers in ne lected, ein lost with these adin co nities r lotte the IE website, and news from those years was ture activities, articles, eview n sed, or n sti ia le landscapes within the and i io ine, a onte and Trapani, further studied. Through interviews, literature sta eholders, websites, IE town nyone can har est ro the , the only i norini et al , review, and trend analysis, related results were landscape, etc. and other blogs
Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 27 perused and u taposed for both aims to research the book Incredible ( ), which documents how Ta e Differences o er time Todmorden 1 and the previous Todmorden and current Todmorden, the town has changed and gives a general S staina e De ., So rces for data in the co mns to the IE Todmorden 1 Todmorden, prior to as well as associated global and local trends over framework for doing so in one’s own community. IE Defined eft. time. In the process of gathering data during this stud , ants ha e een ro ght ac into the ormer y a r ra agric t ra Incredi e , p. i , , 3 , 3 , Site S staina e comm nity that were sed in the past. IE i age, t changed with In person interviews were done on two site visits. these categories headings were stressed aspects of nat ra ses them thro gh p anting and ed cation to ind stria i ation. eop e wanted isit 1 , ersona omm nications , en ironment s pport the nat ra en ironment, po inators improvement, but didn’t know ewspaper Scho ar y o rna rd , ,13,1 , 1 On September 3 , 5, there were several importance to the organi ation, repeatedl found in partic ar are a ey goa . how. artic es , Thompson, 1 There was no conscio s integration in person interviews3,5) and a Todmorden site visit, evidence in different sources. Table was created y app ying h s andry to the nat ra of iodi erse systems within the en ironment with endemic or oca y adapted iodi ersity town, as we as no campaign for Incredi e , p. i, Site isits 1 , an Incredible reen oute tour with founder b collecting them and then documenting how the ethno otanica s, they ha e new opport nities awareness the possi i ities of a re ationship Inter iews1 , , ersona to thri e. omm nity mem ers are now Estelle Brown5) and a presentation on the had affected the town over the past nine ears. increase with eco ogica systems y oca omm nication aware of their re ationships with the nat ra residents, res ting in itt e ) en ironment. organi ation and histor b ar lear . Another These headings are delineated below in uotes: awareness. This eyword has een an essentia part of site visit to Todmorden and interview with Pam “Sustainable natural environment” and “Kindness” Incredi e , p. , 11, 1 , , 1 , , the mo ement. It is f ndamenta to the eyword Site isit 1 , IET e site1 arhurst 5) and citi ens and business owners was “Biodiversity: awareness & increase” were centra concept, and referred to fre ent y. “The Power of done on September th, 5 ). All interviewees essential goals strived towards b the organi ation s a o e, this phrase is a so important to Small Actions” Incredi e , p. i, , 3 , TED Ta , the IE mo ement. are either volunteers or founders of the non profit from the beginning. ith a philosophical basis of ey hrase organi ation IET, or own or work at businesses “Kindness” and “The power of small actions”, IE se of ethno otany and other p ants for Incredi e , p. i , 1 , , 1, 1, and Ethno otanica free p ic enefit. Traditiona p ant ses are thro gho t, Site isits 1 , within one block of the Incredible reen oute. moved forward, and continues to e pand, not onl andscape disp ayed. eritage p ants as we as p ants Inter iews ,1 , , ersona new to the c t re are gardened and sed. omm nications , There has been continued email correspondence within the communit , but worldwide b utili ing imited to rare e ents i e year y O (Teaching of the “Lost Arts” and old and Incredi e , p. i , 1 , Site isits 1 , Heritage & “Lost c t ra gric t ra Show, or with IET and IE etwork staff ( ow part of IE the technique of “Ethnobotanical landscape”, new traditions thro gh e ents and Inter iews , , ogs ,1 ersona Arts” sma sca e or o tside gro ps i e , , , 3) andscape. omm nications Ltd.) over a period of two ears . which refers to landscaping with past, current, and a derda e eritage a s. re ent and n mero s comm nity ased Incredi e , p. i, ewspaper ear y Todmorden gric t ra ultimedia and traditional literature review of future culturall significant plants (hard, or E ents e ents integrating siness, food and artic e,1 , a derda e we site, , Show o er 1 years o d various sources including books, ournals, ph sical changes in space), and with the soft, or ed cation. ogs ,1 , ersona comm nications, “Three Spinning es, a wor together with the he p of ates documentaries, newspaper articles, and social planning, which is e pressed b teaching of o nteers. IE has integrated these parts of Incredi e , p. i, Site isit 1 omm nity, comm nity, increasing resi ience and resentation, , Inter iews1 , government distributions was also done, beginning “Heritage and the ‘Lost Arts’, ancient traditions Ed cation impro ing a ity of ife. in . sing the oogle Search Engine for press that have been forgotten. “Events” are an Business” Incredi e , p. 3 TED Ta , IET og and we sites, TED Ta , , n ine isi i ity we site1 , artic es , oca and releases and news articles, and oogle Scholar for important wa of connecting what IET refers to as artic es tside newspaper artic es13,1 ,1 , 1 scholarl paper search, searches with the the “Three Spinning Plates: Community, Incredi e , p. i, 3 , oca and Emp oy mass See opport nities to share the story Sometimes news stories, t not ationa ews1 , Inter iew , ersona keywords “Todmorden” and “Incredible Edible” Education & Business”, to the landscape and to media a o t s staina e de e opment thro gh IE. a o t s staina e de . omm nications were made between anuar and ovember each other. With “Online visibility” and how IET ctions ow wor with go ernment, t do not Incredi e , p. i, 31, ersona Independent to . The IE blogs 5, ) and acebook page were “Employs mass media”, people outside and within as permission or get financia aid. omm nications , Go ernment perused for relevant data. ocumentar films the town can learn more about the activities of the G eri a p anting as we as sanctioned Incredi e , p. iii i, 11, 3 , 3 , 3, Site “Propaganda eop e did not p ant on p ic and planting of ethnobotanicals occurs. “…don’t isits 1 , Inter iews , , TED Ta , Planting” or neg ected pri ate and. found through the latter sources, including organization. “Actions Independent to wait for permission.” Scho ar y artic es a , 13 ) Incredi e , p. i i, Site isits 1 , Tomorrow emain ( ) and the TE Talk Government”, including refusal to wait for To rism e e igh Tho sands per year ow ot a to rist town Inter iews3,1 , How e an Eat Our Landscapes ( ) ), as well permission to plant has been an important part of Incredi e , p. iii i, , 3 , Site isits siness Increasing Decreasing 3,1 , as their distribution dates, were included in the the way that IET conducted their “propaganda 1 , Inter iews , ress re ease igration from the town to There is immigration to the town Incredi e , p. iii i, Site isit 1 Immigration other areas for wor , siness and accumulation of data. Information was collected planting”, which began as guerilla gardening attri ted to IE , Inter iew 3 etter ed cation and arranged in a timeline based upon local and pro ects in the beginning, before the had the global events as well as peaks or changes in the support of the communit and the local he p participants c ti ate a deep awareness of economica y depressed ones desired change, number of IE locations outside Todmorden. government. This support came as a result of these c rrent rea ity as something they ha e created there was a fee ing of he p essness d e to the various efforts and the propaganda gardens. instead of as something that e ists o tside of and concei ed great effort and not nowing where to . ES LTS Positive results of IET activities have also been independent of them”. Or, as written in Incredi e start, as we as of possi y going against the documented as increases in “Tourism level”, (p.53) as the IET ‘mantra’:… “‘action not words; we wishes of the go ernment and comm nity, that hanges within the town of Todmorden between “Business”, and “Immigration”. The following are not victims; and don’t wait for permission.” pre ented them from trying. rom ario s and are outlined in Table . The subsections elucidate these ke points, results of .1 Ethno otanica s how heritage and p ants m timedia iterat re re iew, inter iews and site categories in the left column of the table are which can be found which can be succinctl found are sed to increase interest in Todmorden isits, we now they wanted to con ert the methods used b IET to obtain sustainable in this phrase from David Peter Stroh’s book, es ts show that a tho gh the peop e in this economic sit ation to a s staina e one. They a so communit development, and can be referenced in Systems Thinking for Social Change: “the ke is to
28 Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 perused and u taposed for both aims to research the book Incredible ( ), which documents how Ta e Differences o er time Todmorden 1 and the previous Todmorden and current Todmorden, the town has changed and gives a general S staina e De ., So rces for data in the co mns to the IE Todmorden 1 Todmorden, prior to as well as associated global and local trends over framework for doing so in one’s own community. IE Defined eft. time. In the process of gathering data during this stud , ants ha e een ro ght ac into the ormer y a r ra agric t ra Incredi e , p. i , , 3 , 3 , Site S staina e comm nity that were sed in the past. IE i age, t changed with In person interviews were done on two site visits. these categories headings were stressed aspects of nat ra ses them thro gh p anting and ed cation to ind stria i ation. eop e wanted isit 1 , ersona omm nications , en ironment s pport the nat ra en ironment, po inators improvement, but didn’t know ewspaper Scho ar y o rna rd , ,13,1 , 1 On September 3 , 5, there were several importance to the organi ation, repeatedl found in partic ar are a ey goa . how. artic es , Thompson, 1 There was no conscio s integration in person interviews3,5) and a Todmorden site visit, evidence in different sources. Table was created y app ying h s andry to the nat ra of iodi erse systems within the en ironment with endemic or oca y adapted iodi ersity town, as we as no campaign for Incredi e , p. i, Site isits 1 , an Incredible reen oute tour with founder b collecting them and then documenting how the ethno otanica s, they ha e new opport nities awareness the possi i ities of a re ationship Inter iews1 , , ersona to thri e. omm nity mem ers are now Estelle Brown5) and a presentation on the had affected the town over the past nine ears. increase with eco ogica systems y oca omm nication aware of their re ationships with the nat ra residents, res ting in itt e ) en ironment. organi ation and histor b ar lear . Another These headings are delineated below in uotes: awareness. This eyword has een an essentia part of site visit to Todmorden and interview with Pam “Sustainable natural environment” and “Kindness” Incredi e , p. , 11, 1 , , 1 , , the mo ement. It is f ndamenta to the eyword Site isit 1 , IET e site1 arhurst 5) and citi ens and business owners was “Biodiversity: awareness & increase” were centra concept, and referred to fre ent y. “The Power of done on September th, 5 ). All interviewees essential goals strived towards b the organi ation s a o e, this phrase is a so important to Small Actions” Incredi e , p. i, , 3 , TED Ta , the IE mo ement. are either volunteers or founders of the non profit from the beginning. ith a philosophical basis of ey hrase organi ation IET, or own or work at businesses “Kindness” and “The power of small actions”, IE se of ethno otany and other p ants for Incredi e , p. i , 1 , , 1, 1, and Ethno otanica free p ic enefit. Traditiona p ant ses are thro gho t, Site isits 1 , within one block of the Incredible reen oute. moved forward, and continues to e pand, not onl andscape disp ayed. eritage p ants as we as p ants Inter iews ,1 , , ersona new to the c t re are gardened and sed. omm nications , There has been continued email correspondence within the communit , but worldwide b utili ing imited to rare e ents i e year y O (Teaching of the “Lost Arts” and old and Incredi e , p. i , 1 , Site isits 1 , Heritage & “Lost c t ra gric t ra Show, or with IET and IE etwork staff ( ow part of IE the technique of “Ethnobotanical landscape”, new traditions thro gh e ents and Inter iews , , ogs ,1 ersona Arts” sma sca e or o tside gro ps i e , , , 3) andscape. omm nications Ltd.) over a period of two ears . which refers to landscaping with past, current, and a derda e eritage a s. re ent and n mero s comm nity ased Incredi e , p. i, ewspaper ear y Todmorden gric t ra ultimedia and traditional literature review of future culturall significant plants (hard, or E ents e ents integrating siness, food and artic e,1 , a derda e we site, , Show o er 1 years o d various sources including books, ournals, ph sical changes in space), and with the soft, or ed cation. ogs ,1 , ersona comm nications, “Three Spinning es, a wor together with the he p of ates documentaries, newspaper articles, and social planning, which is e pressed b teaching of o nteers. IE has integrated these parts of Incredi e , p. i, Site isit 1 omm nity, comm nity, increasing resi ience and resentation, , Inter iews1 , government distributions was also done, beginning “Heritage and the ‘Lost Arts’, ancient traditions Ed cation impro ing a ity of ife. in . sing the oogle Search Engine for press that have been forgotten. “Events” are an Business” Incredi e , p. 3 TED Ta , IET og and we sites, TED Ta , , n ine isi i ity we site1 , artic es , oca and releases and news articles, and oogle Scholar for important wa of connecting what IET refers to as artic es tside newspaper artic es13,1 ,1 , 1 scholarl paper search, searches with the the “Three Spinning Plates: Community, Incredi e , p. i, 3 , oca and Emp oy mass See opport nities to share the story Sometimes news stories, t not ationa ews1 , Inter iew , ersona keywords “Todmorden” and “Incredible Edible” Education & Business”, to the landscape and to media a o t s staina e de e opment thro gh IE. a o t s staina e de . omm nications were made between anuar and ovember each other. With “Online visibility” and how IET ctions ow wor with go ernment, t do not Incredi e , p. i, 31, ersona Independent to . The IE blogs 5, ) and acebook page were “Employs mass media”, people outside and within as permission or get financia aid. omm nications , Go ernment perused for relevant data. ocumentar films the town can learn more about the activities of the G eri a p anting as we as sanctioned Incredi e , p. iii i, 11, 3 , 3 , 3, Site “Propaganda eop e did not p ant on p ic and planting of ethnobotanicals occurs. “…don’t isits 1 , Inter iews , , TED Ta , Planting” or neg ected pri ate and. found through the latter sources, including organization. “Actions Independent to wait for permission.” Scho ar y artic es a , 13 ) Incredi e , p. i i, Site isits 1 , Tomorrow emain ( ) and the TE Talk Government”, including refusal to wait for To rism e e igh Tho sands per year ow ot a to rist town Inter iews3,1 , How e an Eat Our Landscapes ( ) ), as well permission to plant has been an important part of Incredi e , p. iii i, , 3 , Site isits siness Increasing Decreasing 3,1 , as their distribution dates, were included in the the way that IET conducted their “propaganda 1 , Inter iews , ress re ease igration from the town to There is immigration to the town Incredi e , p. iii i, Site isit 1 Immigration other areas for wor , siness and accumulation of data. Information was collected planting”, which began as guerilla gardening attri ted to IE , Inter iew 3 etter ed cation and arranged in a timeline based upon local and pro ects in the beginning, before the had the global events as well as peaks or changes in the support of the communit and the local he p participants c ti ate a deep awareness of economica y depressed ones desired change, number of IE locations outside Todmorden. government. This support came as a result of these c rrent rea ity as something they ha e created there was a fee ing of he p essness d e to the various efforts and the propaganda gardens. instead of as something that e ists o tside of and concei ed great effort and not nowing where to . ES LTS Positive results of IET activities have also been independent of them”. Or, as written in Incredi e start, as we as of possi y going against the documented as increases in “Tourism level”, (p.53) as the IET ‘mantra’:… “‘action not words; we wishes of the go ernment and comm nity, that hanges within the town of Todmorden between “Business”, and “Immigration”. The following are not victims; and don’t wait for permission.” pre ented them from trying. rom ario s and are outlined in Table . The subsections elucidate these ke points, results of .1 Ethno otanica s how heritage and p ants m timedia iterat re re iew, inter iews and site categories in the left column of the table are which can be found which can be succinctl found are sed to increase interest in Todmorden isits, we now they wanted to con ert the methods used b IET to obtain sustainable in this phrase from David Peter Stroh’s book, es ts show that a tho gh the peop e in this economic sit ation to a s staina e one. They a so communit development, and can be referenced in Systems Thinking for Social Change: “the ke is to
Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 29 want to maintain their heritage and share it but when to harvest, how to use, and other useful Warhurst and Dobson, . Being useful plants, such as names that fit their uses and distinctions, did not know how22) (Warhurst and Dobson, 20 ). information. Finally, another essential aspect of they often have important roles in nature for typical of ETBs guyen, , such as apple Before the advent of IET, there were few local, their activities includes involving all areas of sustaining not only humans, but other animals, cultivars “Dog’s Snout” for its shape, and “Flower large scale events other than the annual community in what is referred to by IET as the such as pollinators and birds, as well by of the Town” because it ages easily and becomes Agricultural Show, held for over 00 years now7, ). “three spinning plates”: of Education, Community, increasing their numbers in a generous way, we dry and powdery Warhurst and Dobson, . In addition, even if people had wanted to have this and Business ,2 ) (Warhurst, 20 2). Through can increase biodiversity in urbanized areas. IET’s Estelle Brown submitted photographs to kind of event more often, the plant ingredients application of the IE sustainable development Although various plants are used by the the authors of an heirloom variety, ‘White Soul’ might be rare or have to be bought, because the actions by IET volunteers, the town was able to do organization, including non natives – they use ig. , in the Edimental edible ornamental IET landscape was non edible, with no basis in the a drastic turnaround. Descriptions of the former what is obtainable – respect is given to heritage garden on ovember th, . It is a strawberry sharing of cultural heritage, and had no use other state are that there were “prickly plants” all plants and plants that would increase the local with white fruit, fruiting in winter. It is one of the than for esthetic purposes, as is normal in modern around the new hospital, there was none of the biodiversity and retain species and cultivars in eight cultivars of ragraria vesca in this particular townscapes, as they are chosen in terms of landscaping on the Incredible reen oute, and accordance with their motto of “kindness”. The garden, which is an alpine strawberry native to functionality for landscape architecture, with the pocket parks as well as other edible spaces book, Incredible Plant eg Grow a evolution by Europe and having been cultivated since the s consideration to aspects such as shape, color and throughout the town were not there and suffered Pam Warhurst and oanna Dobson Warhurst and in rance, and later, in the th Century it was si e (Watson et al., 200 ), not usefulness to from debris, dog walking waste, and criminal Dobson, , about the history of IE, gives a being grown in the gardens of English nobles and residents. ad the landscape been edible, it can be activity. Because of their installation, now there description of this in Chapter 7, “The Lost Arts”, sold in the streets of London Hyams, . against the law to gather food on public, council are flowers and fruit supporting biodiversity, and which discusses the loss of TK in England, such as Another reason that the landraces and heritage land, depending on how (picked versus dug up) there have been special events, incorporating the grafting of apple trees , and the predicament of plants are desirable, is due to the qualities such as and what part of a plant is being collected (fruit locals, for biodiversity awareness. Tourists and the associated cultivars: flavor and nutrition levels. Agriculturally common versus cuttings) ). The people, disconnected from locals frequent these areas, dissuading issues of strains are easy to cultivate, transport and store. land and community, had little connecting them to criminality. lant harvesting has created new “In the past, more than 2,000 varieties of However, due to lengthy transportation and Todmorden itself, and as such, the population was opportunities for informal communication, such as apples were grown in the K but now our damage prevention efforts, strains can have withering away with emigration, low education the raspberry patch at the hospital (Brown, 20 ). large commercial orchards concentrate on inferior flavor and nutritional value Lamikanra, levels, and crime ). Not only that, the pollution Learning opportunities are part of the process, about ten common types, standard to locally grown edibles. from industriali ation had lowered the quality of and IE can be found in local school and elderly supermarket fare… not all fruit grows equally Studying the ETB plants of the area, questions life in the area (Warhurst and Dobson, 20 ). home gardens. Schools also have IE integrated well all over the country. A tree that produces regarding their feelings toward the plants were To address these problems, a basic philosophy of courses, such as permaculture and aquaponics ), sweet, uicy eating apples in the warm asked during both site visits , . esponses were “kindness” was set, for fellow persons and the which is the circulation of nutrients to grow fish sunshine of Kent is likely to be hopeless in positive, such as “yes, I pick them vegetables and planet, as well as the idea that there is “power in and plants ( akocy et al., 200 ). Food at the wet and windy Calderdale… tends to be very spices) and use them here” , and people want to small actions” ), such as propaganda planting in schools is sourced to IE, ensuring locally grown, sharp and used only for cooking”… (Nick, a retain the ETB TK for future generations, as well small areas with labels naming plants, uses, and pest free, organic food. Local businesses can co founder of IET) “set about getting varieties as to share the rich cultural heritage associated harvest times and small to large events, with the harvest vegetables and herbs for use in their tough enough to withstand… our climate… with heritage plants, such as apple pie and hope that with perseverance, transparency and kitchens , ) (Warhurst and Dobson, 20 ).IET had apple cultivars that originate in Yorkshire.” shepherd pie, and have embraced new ones, like confidence, the ideas would take root2 ). According a goal of using T , such as recipes and other uses, – Incredible , p. innovative food made with IET fruit, vegetables to a presentation during the first site visit by ary for ETB plants, and going beyond that, to teach and herbs, and sold at local businesses . Clear, a founder of IE, not waiting for permission their propagation, from forest gardens to grafting, The book contains chapters and recipes. to plant in an area reduces time lag caused by thus creating self sufficiency and sustainable The ma ority of these recipes, though not waiting for permission from the governing agency environments intertwined with heritage traditional, give a way to use the ETB plants in or owner (Brown, 20 ). Also, the probability of appreciation. Ethnobotany is important in many the landscape – a landscape that was forgotten acceptance by the community is high, since IW ways for IE. It creates reasons for people to learn until recently. select guerilla planting areas by whether or not about each other and communicate to share T The heritage, or heirloom, cultivars of fruits and they have been neglected, and because, with time with tourists and newcomers22). It is generally a vegetables have a variety of positive aspects, such it has become increasingly easier to appropriate group of plants that are native or adapted to the as heightened flavor and olfactory qualities, igure White IET heritage strawberries, land due to support from the local government and area, so they can be harvested and cultivated climate adaption, and increased or different fruiting in ovember, . Photograph courtesy the public2 ). The organi ation uses signs to while fitting into the natural environment without harvest periods, that engender encouragement to Estelle Brown. educate collectors about the name of the plant, strain on natural resources or ecological systems use them. In addition, they have cultural elements,
30 Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 want to maintain their heritage and share it but when to harvest, how to use, and other useful Warhurst and Dobson, . Being useful plants, such as names that fit their uses and distinctions, did not know how22) (Warhurst and Dobson, 20 ). information. Finally, another essential aspect of they often have important roles in nature for typical of ETBs guyen, , such as apple Before the advent of IET, there were few local, their activities includes involving all areas of sustaining not only humans, but other animals, cultivars “Dog’s Snout” for its shape, and “Flower large scale events other than the annual community in what is referred to by IET as the such as pollinators and birds, as well by of the Town” because it ages easily and becomes Agricultural Show, held for over 00 years now7, ). “three spinning plates”: of Education, Community, increasing their numbers in a generous way, we dry and powdery Warhurst and Dobson, . In addition, even if people had wanted to have this and Business ,2 ) (Warhurst, 20 2). Through can increase biodiversity in urbanized areas. IET’s Estelle Brown submitted photographs to kind of event more often, the plant ingredients application of the IE sustainable development Although various plants are used by the the authors of an heirloom variety, ‘White Soul’ might be rare or have to be bought, because the actions by IET volunteers, the town was able to do organization, including non natives – they use ig. , in the Edimental edible ornamental IET landscape was non edible, with no basis in the a drastic turnaround. Descriptions of the former what is obtainable – respect is given to heritage garden on ovember th, . It is a strawberry sharing of cultural heritage, and had no use other state are that there were “prickly plants” all plants and plants that would increase the local with white fruit, fruiting in winter. It is one of the than for esthetic purposes, as is normal in modern around the new hospital, there was none of the biodiversity and retain species and cultivars in eight cultivars of ragraria vesca in this particular townscapes, as they are chosen in terms of landscaping on the Incredible reen oute, and accordance with their motto of “kindness”. The garden, which is an alpine strawberry native to functionality for landscape architecture, with the pocket parks as well as other edible spaces book, Incredible Plant eg Grow a evolution by Europe and having been cultivated since the s consideration to aspects such as shape, color and throughout the town were not there and suffered Pam Warhurst and oanna Dobson Warhurst and in rance, and later, in the th Century it was si e (Watson et al., 200 ), not usefulness to from debris, dog walking waste, and criminal Dobson, , about the history of IE, gives a being grown in the gardens of English nobles and residents. ad the landscape been edible, it can be activity. Because of their installation, now there description of this in Chapter 7, “The Lost Arts”, sold in the streets of London Hyams, . against the law to gather food on public, council are flowers and fruit supporting biodiversity, and which discusses the loss of TK in England, such as Another reason that the landraces and heritage land, depending on how (picked versus dug up) there have been special events, incorporating the grafting of apple trees , and the predicament of plants are desirable, is due to the qualities such as and what part of a plant is being collected (fruit locals, for biodiversity awareness. Tourists and the associated cultivars: flavor and nutrition levels. Agriculturally common versus cuttings) ). The people, disconnected from locals frequent these areas, dissuading issues of strains are easy to cultivate, transport and store. land and community, had little connecting them to criminality. lant harvesting has created new “In the past, more than 2,000 varieties of However, due to lengthy transportation and Todmorden itself, and as such, the population was opportunities for informal communication, such as apples were grown in the K but now our damage prevention efforts, strains can have withering away with emigration, low education the raspberry patch at the hospital (Brown, 20 ). large commercial orchards concentrate on inferior flavor and nutritional value Lamikanra, levels, and crime ). Not only that, the pollution Learning opportunities are part of the process, about ten common types, standard to locally grown edibles. from industriali ation had lowered the quality of and IE can be found in local school and elderly supermarket fare… not all fruit grows equally Studying the ETB plants of the area, questions life in the area (Warhurst and Dobson, 20 ). home gardens. Schools also have IE integrated well all over the country. A tree that produces regarding their feelings toward the plants were To address these problems, a basic philosophy of courses, such as permaculture and aquaponics ), sweet, uicy eating apples in the warm asked during both site visits , . esponses were “kindness” was set, for fellow persons and the which is the circulation of nutrients to grow fish sunshine of Kent is likely to be hopeless in positive, such as “yes, I pick them vegetables and planet, as well as the idea that there is “power in and plants ( akocy et al., 200 ). Food at the wet and windy Calderdale… tends to be very spices) and use them here” , and people want to small actions” ), such as propaganda planting in schools is sourced to IE, ensuring locally grown, sharp and used only for cooking”… (Nick, a retain the ETB TK for future generations, as well small areas with labels naming plants, uses, and pest free, organic food. Local businesses can co founder of IET) “set about getting varieties as to share the rich cultural heritage associated harvest times and small to large events, with the harvest vegetables and herbs for use in their tough enough to withstand… our climate… with heritage plants, such as apple pie and hope that with perseverance, transparency and kitchens , ) (Warhurst and Dobson, 20 ).IET had apple cultivars that originate in Yorkshire.” shepherd pie, and have embraced new ones, like confidence, the ideas would take root2 ). According a goal of using T , such as recipes and other uses, – Incredible , p. innovative food made with IET fruit, vegetables to a presentation during the first site visit by ary for ETB plants, and going beyond that, to teach and herbs, and sold at local businesses . Clear, a founder of IE, not waiting for permission their propagation, from forest gardens to grafting, The book contains chapters and recipes. to plant in an area reduces time lag caused by thus creating self sufficiency and sustainable The ma ority of these recipes, though not waiting for permission from the governing agency environments intertwined with heritage traditional, give a way to use the ETB plants in or owner (Brown, 20 ). Also, the probability of appreciation. Ethnobotany is important in many the landscape – a landscape that was forgotten acceptance by the community is high, since IW ways for IE. It creates reasons for people to learn until recently. select guerilla planting areas by whether or not about each other and communicate to share T The heritage, or heirloom, cultivars of fruits and they have been neglected, and because, with time with tourists and newcomers22). It is generally a vegetables have a variety of positive aspects, such it has become increasingly easier to appropriate group of plants that are native or adapted to the as heightened flavor and olfactory qualities, igure White IET heritage strawberries, land due to support from the local government and area, so they can be harvested and cultivated climate adaption, and increased or different fruiting in ovember, . Photograph courtesy the public2 ). The organi ation uses signs to while fitting into the natural environment without harvest periods, that engender encouragement to Estelle Brown. educate collectors about the name of the plant, strain on natural resources or ecological systems use them. In addition, they have cultural elements,
Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 31 IET has invested effort into landscape with number of communities adopting the IE concept. rancois o illay took the idea of growing whether it e to rism or ind stry, that of a failed heritage plants, as per the boo Incredible , and The timeline begins in , after the egeta les to share, ack to lsace illage in local economy n economy in this state fits the incorporating them into current local culture. n establishment of IET. The first arrow to the left is rance, and it was so pop lar that the following foc s of eneral ssem ly, ite Visit , during the presentation as well as the the ubprime oan risis in the nited year he was recei ing one in iry per day from ltho gh there is a mo ement worldwide toward tour, heritage apples along the river, and tates of merica, which affected the international other comm nities arh rst and o son, agric lt re within comm nities, the difference is traditional medicinal herbs in the hospital economy, including the , breeding desperation . y , there were more than ncroya les the randing and the techni e which is pothecary arden on the Incredible reen oute For two years, IET was doing various planting and omesti les comm nities in rance, and had esta lished in , incl ding food e ents, s ch as were shown . log entries on the IE Todmorden community activities, for e ample, over events e tended pro ects into rench speaking frican in iting pop lar chefs to cook, parades with website document events associated with the were held in 2009 and 2010, over 50 ‘vegetable co ntries , cost mes, all ages, and incorporating all essential eritage arden, heritage seeds and heritage tours’ were held for tourists, and nine UK he ne t arrow points to , when won le els of comm nity in the “three spinning plates” tea , , all events promoting T or associated communities were listed as having been started as , po nds in the ational ottery to ild a of d cation, omm nity, and siness his plants . efore the tour during ite Visit , ary a result of IET . In , rince harles of ales food h and a aponics garden on school land , , ens res a tight knit action and s pport system for Clear’s presentation recounted the desperation visited the town and IE as part of his tart and the ncredi le reen o te, which r ns as a renewal, planning and deployment arh rst and and need for a connection to heritage and culture campaign, to inspire people to live more main walka le way thro gh the town, significantly o son, before IET began in . The interest had been sustainably, drawing local and national attention altering the landscape into a more artistic and ndependent ass edia there, however, townspeople did not yet have a in newspapers , ,. Two publications had different ethno otanically oriented one n , am ne aim was to st dy the spread of the concrete plan of how to use the T for numbers for IE towns in the in , one said arh rst did a alk, aired online, which mo ement on a glo al scale y analy ing the economically and environmentally sustainable 16 and the other said there were “at least 20” reached people across the glo e ntil then, their relationships of local and glo al e ents and media tourism, as well as sustainable development . t aull, , . It is assumed that this was acti ity had een mainly limited to the , t s rro nding peaks of growth oinciding with first, despite efforts in bringing free food events to due to publication times differing with data this was a ma or shift into glo al media, mass media e pressions of impro ements in different areas in Todmorden, community gathering dates in any case, it is deduced that significant not only to odmorden and the , t odmorden, the mo ement has crossed orders in members, with the e ception of children, were between and , there was first one IET , also to the world n , it was anno nced that partic lar inter als of time, e panding the hesitant to oin in, and had little nowledge about then there were , and subse uently IE towns there were comm nities in the , and comple system into a glo al occ rrence rrently growing food or even identifying it arhurst, in the , with the bubbles indicating the h ndreds worldwide, incl ding in rance there are estimated to e o er towns . owever, slowly, with the volunteers trend in Fig. . lso in , a French visitor, arh rst and o son, n they were worldwide that cond ct acti ities attri ted to connecting the community and businesses, as well inter iewed, and in the rench doc mentary ncredi le di le as helping nursing homes and schools to become mo ie omorrow emain was released in ltho gh holds many town wide e ents each self sufficient with local food and incorporation of rance, creating another glo ally rele ant impact year, and significant e ents associated with T into new and traditional plants, there is T ccording to the the nternet o ie precede spikes in increases in o tside comm nity associated with this geographic area as well as ata ase we site , within the first weeks, it adoption of the concept s can e seen in the evolving here , , , , , . study of Todmorden recei ed , iews alf a year later, graph, with significant e ents, or with glo ally before IE shows its many differences, which can be towns in rance ecame etwork towns significant e ents, there are s se ent increases viewed in Table . mall rural communities here are comm nities c rrently listed on the or steady increases in acti ity n partic lar, the worldwide hold similarities with the former rench we site here are c rrently estimated to glo al media e ents, the alk y am Todmorden, including scant yearly community e appro imately comm nities referencing arh rst in and the initial screening of the events, social norms and economic situations comm nity de elopment aspects to the movie “Demain” in France in , preceded ma or arhurst and Dobson, . etwork , increases in interest in the etwork o tside the . The effects of media and grassroots activity , coinciding with increases in what refers on local and global interest in Incredible Edible Figure IE communities worldwide over time to as “Vegetable Tourists”, tourists who come to Figure shows the increase in adoption of the IE u taposed with ma or IET and global events. visit Todmorden’s IE system, some of whom have method for sustainable development in towns rrows show important events in the IE he res lts in a le and ig re as well as in taken the information home and created their own worldwide. The following instances, also indicated movement timeline. umbers were estimated the accompanying te t, show the ario s ways in s, aro nd the world his shows that in Figure , were collected from different sources, based on evidence collected over a two year period. which has affected change in odmorden and independent media can e a powerf l force with and the authors compiled and analysed them. umbers in circles are values, s uares are conse ently in the world f t re possi ilities f sed strategically, in abelled arrows in the graph indicate important French data, and numbers lac ing a shape Todmorden was not special in it’s suffering. This com ination with an acti e and clearly s staina le global events, or events preceding a spi e in the represent other worldwide data totals. is a story that many isolated comm nities ha e, system, it shows that it can oost isitation and
32 Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 IET has invested effort into landscape with number of communities adopting the IE concept. rancois o illay took the idea of growing whether it e to rism or ind stry, that of a failed heritage plants, as per the boo Incredible , and The timeline begins in , after the egeta les to share, ack to lsace illage in local economy n economy in this state fits the incorporating them into current local culture. n establishment of IET. The first arrow to the left is rance, and it was so pop lar that the following foc s of eneral ssem ly, ite Visit , during the presentation as well as the the ubprime oan risis in the nited year he was recei ing one in iry per day from ltho gh there is a mo ement worldwide toward tour, heritage apples along the river, and tates of merica, which affected the international other comm nities arh rst and o son, agric lt re within comm nities, the difference is traditional medicinal herbs in the hospital economy, including the , breeding desperation . y , there were more than ncroya les the randing and the techni e which is pothecary arden on the Incredible reen oute For two years, IET was doing various planting and omesti les comm nities in rance, and had esta lished in , incl ding food e ents, s ch as were shown . log entries on the IE Todmorden community activities, for e ample, over events e tended pro ects into rench speaking frican in iting pop lar chefs to cook, parades with website document events associated with the were held in 2009 and 2010, over 50 ‘vegetable co ntries , cost mes, all ages, and incorporating all essential eritage arden, heritage seeds and heritage tours’ were held for tourists, and nine UK he ne t arrow points to , when won le els of comm nity in the “three spinning plates” tea , , all events promoting T or associated communities were listed as having been started as , po nds in the ational ottery to ild a of d cation, omm nity, and siness his plants . efore the tour during ite Visit , ary a result of IET . In , rince harles of ales food h and a aponics garden on school land , , ens res a tight knit action and s pport system for Clear’s presentation recounted the desperation visited the town and IE as part of his tart and the ncredi le reen o te, which r ns as a renewal, planning and deployment arh rst and and need for a connection to heritage and culture campaign, to inspire people to live more main walka le way thro gh the town, significantly o son, before IET began in . The interest had been sustainably, drawing local and national attention altering the landscape into a more artistic and ndependent ass edia there, however, townspeople did not yet have a in newspapers , ,. Two publications had different ethno otanically oriented one n , am ne aim was to st dy the spread of the concrete plan of how to use the T for numbers for IE towns in the in , one said arh rst did a alk, aired online, which mo ement on a glo al scale y analy ing the economically and environmentally sustainable 16 and the other said there were “at least 20” reached people across the glo e ntil then, their relationships of local and glo al e ents and media tourism, as well as sustainable development . t aull, , . It is assumed that this was acti ity had een mainly limited to the , t s rro nding peaks of growth oinciding with first, despite efforts in bringing free food events to due to publication times differing with data this was a ma or shift into glo al media, mass media e pressions of impro ements in different areas in Todmorden, community gathering dates in any case, it is deduced that significant not only to odmorden and the , t odmorden, the mo ement has crossed orders in members, with the e ception of children, were between and , there was first one IET , also to the world n , it was anno nced that partic lar inter als of time, e panding the hesitant to oin in, and had little nowledge about then there were , and subse uently IE towns there were comm nities in the , and comple system into a glo al occ rrence rrently growing food or even identifying it arhurst, in the , with the bubbles indicating the h ndreds worldwide, incl ding in rance there are estimated to e o er towns . owever, slowly, with the volunteers trend in Fig. . lso in , a French visitor, arh rst and o son, n they were worldwide that cond ct acti ities attri ted to connecting the community and businesses, as well inter iewed, and in the rench doc mentary ncredi le di le as helping nursing homes and schools to become mo ie omorrow emain was released in ltho gh holds many town wide e ents each self sufficient with local food and incorporation of rance, creating another glo ally rele ant impact year, and significant e ents associated with T into new and traditional plants, there is T ccording to the the nternet o ie precede spikes in increases in o tside comm nity associated with this geographic area as well as ata ase we site , within the first weeks, it adoption of the concept s can e seen in the evolving here , , , , , . study of Todmorden recei ed , iews alf a year later, graph, with significant e ents, or with glo ally before IE shows its many differences, which can be towns in rance ecame etwork towns significant e ents, there are s se ent increases viewed in Table . mall rural communities here are comm nities c rrently listed on the or steady increases in acti ity n partic lar, the worldwide hold similarities with the former rench we site here are c rrently estimated to glo al media e ents, the alk y am Todmorden, including scant yearly community e appro imately comm nities referencing arh rst in and the initial screening of the events, social norms and economic situations comm nity de elopment aspects to the movie “Demain” in France in , preceded ma or arhurst and Dobson, . etwork , increases in interest in the etwork o tside the . The effects of media and grassroots activity , coinciding with increases in what refers on local and global interest in Incredible Edible Figure IE communities worldwide over time to as “Vegetable Tourists”, tourists who come to Figure shows the increase in adoption of the IE u taposed with ma or IET and global events. visit Todmorden’s IE system, some of whom have method for sustainable development in towns rrows show important events in the IE he res lts in a le and ig re as well as in taken the information home and created their own worldwide. The following instances, also indicated movement timeline. umbers were estimated the accompanying te t, show the ario s ways in s, aro nd the world his shows that in Figure , were collected from different sources, based on evidence collected over a two year period. which has affected change in odmorden and independent media can e a powerf l force with and the authors compiled and analysed them. umbers in circles are values, s uares are conse ently in the world f t re possi ilities f sed strategically, in abelled arrows in the graph indicate important French data, and numbers lac ing a shape Todmorden was not special in it’s suffering. This com ination with an acti e and clearly s staina le global events, or events preceding a spi e in the represent other worldwide data totals. is a story that many isolated comm nities ha e, system, it shows that it can oost isitation and
Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 33 disse ination of infor ation worldwide2 , and a ti e without landscape, its incorporation for long ter sustainabilit , but its pre ise is far even create feedbac 11 into co unit planning can have deepl ore co ple than that of food his supports the CK 2 ffects on od orden through positive sociological and environ ental effects, idea that, in its si plicit , is a foothold with e would li e to than volunteers and residents of landscape including the preservation and evolution of which to begin to change15 n and the od orden for their ti e and sharing nother ai of this stud was to research the cultural heritage, increased biodiversit , and etwor , we see word of outh and local events differences between od orden in 2016 and co unit resilience through sustainabilit hus, are powerful forces, and even ore so when od orden in 200 , and we did this through a the stor of is an i portant ar er in the co bined with the e plosive effect of edia nce 1 C 0 0 2009 updated C usiness i eline Credit crunch to downturn two ear stud based on e ideas and ob ectives histor of success of s ste s based change in a has connected the three funda ental ele ents http news bbc co u 1 hi business 521250 st , of the sustainable develop ent organi ation, co unit , and serves as a blueprint for use in of co unit , learning, and business, it creates a 0 25 201 referred 2 ncredible dible od orden, with data si ilarl affected co unities web of resilience against possible econo ic and C orld 09 0 2010 issued rince Charles visits sustainable pro ects in od orden collected over that period fro ultiple sources h the ove ent was successful in environ ental proble s, and this web also serves http www bbc co news u england bradford west he changes to to od orden show those of a od orden as a foundation fro which and with which other or shire 112 200 , 11 11 2015 referred co ple s ste a town and co unit are he issue of a desire for change in depressed things can grow, including other ove ents li e outi ue cler , shop owner, and volunteer 9 2 2015 ite isit 1, od orden, interviews changed culturall , and adapt to the non linear co unities but not nowing how or having the ransition owns and low ood15 nterview n enaba ile , ed , ite isit 1, changes in new and traditional ethnobotanical hopes to succeed are a big issue o et al , 201 ncredible dible od orden rown, 1 09 201 updated ncredible heritage seed surroundings arhurst and obson, 201 n this case, appeared, and changed things C C U saving afternoon, ncredible dible od orden log hrough teaching and learning of traditions new here were an special aspects to wh this https www incredible edible tod orden co u blogs incred and old, in con unction with the use of new and happened that the authors dee i portant, such n this stud we ai ed to research the changes ible heritage seed saving afternoon 0 25 201 referred 5 rown, 2015 ite isit 1, od orden our of reen heritage plants for biodiversit , such as alpine as, for e a ple, the labeling of plants, or social associated with the integration of into the oute nterview nterview n enaba ile , ed , strawberries, heirloo apples, and other useful events owever, we thin that two were od orden co unit t was found that there ite isit 1, ncredible dible od orden botanicals fro the surrounding landscape, particularl i portant in co bination hese are have been significant changes catal ed b the 6 rown, 9 10 2015 11 26 201 ail corr Calderdale Council 11 10 201 updated isit weaving them through events into the “Three the leadership aspects and the basic idea of food activities of e also ai ed to stud the trends Calderdale od orden vents and estivals Spinning Plates” of education, co unit and was originall led b a arhurst, who is a associated with the distribution rate worldwide of https www visitcalderdale co plan our sta events fest business, the town has enabled the envisioning of charis atic spea er, as can be seen in her with a or events e discovered that world ivals vc town villages 10 , 11 10 201 referred Clear, 9 10 2015 o orden ail corr a new, self sustaining paradig for od orden, in al , and a few of her friends, for instance ar events do have a significant effect on adoption of 9 Clear, 2015 ite isit 1, resentation Unified turn increasing business and interest in the town Clear, stelle rown and ic reen ro the s ste , as do a or edia events, but that Church, od orden in an upward spiral connecting the learning of observation and interviews, and actuall ti e volunteer effort is essential for aintenance and 10 ion, C , and aurent, riters 2015 o orrow e ain il ocu entar rance ra ide rance , “the Lost Arts”, recipes, ways of propagation, and i e orial, we have seen that with the support of stead growth n this grassroots wa , the people Cetera nternational 2016 in apan other wa s to relate to an e isting and evolving those around the , one charis atic person can can connect with their cultural heritage through 11 ion, C , and aurent, riters 2015 o orrow landscape, is building a deep relationship lead change a co unit and that oftenti es such e ain n etrieved fro http www i db co title tt 95 6 between co unit , plants and the landscape a catal st is necessar n particular, arhurst he ethod used in od orden is not ust a 12 ntwistle, 0 2 201 updated ur land, our people, reener has a positive effect on societ owever, teaches ethods and e powers others, thereb benefit to the co unit , but the actions of our tea our heritage ncredible dible od orden, logs food, and especiall culturall significant food in i ediatel e panding her values through integrating the three funda ental aspects of https www incredible edible tod orden co u blogs our la nd our peo ple our tea our heritage 0 25 201 referred ethnobotan as greener , goes one step further b communication. The IE “mantra” in ncredible co unit into the edible and edicinal 1 raff, 10 12 2011 issued Carrots in the car par also supporting and creating opportunities in (p.53) “‘action not words we are not victi s and landscape created a lin into cultural heritage and adishes on the roundabout he deliciousl eccentric stor of the town growing its own veg, he ail ail societ for connections and resilience ol e, 2006 don’t wait for permission”, shows this mentality allow for cultural growth be ond the current http www dail ail co u fe ail article 20 2 ccentri his evolutionar sche a fits the concept of clearl n our interview25 , she said that “sharing o ent in tangent with the greener , thus c town od orden growing veg ht l , 05 10 201 ref sustainable develop ent for 11 U eneral the story” was essential, and that “you can do it, creating unprecedented possibilities for a new ind 1 alifa Courrier 6 0 2016 issued od orden gricultural how will no longer be held in town sse bl , 2015 , and is also appropriate for there, too.” She also said, “ you have to believe in of socio cultural evolution e believe that deeper https www halifa courier co u news tod orden socio ecological s ste s theor ol e, 2006 he people that they will catch you.” 25 er words and research into the activities currentl underwa in agricultural show will no longer be held in town 1 9 90 od orden of 200 was a s ste based on inaction, other data show that with belief in others, the od orden, such as with the schools and the , 11 10 201 referred 15 erbillon, 6 0 201 updated ncr duc self victi i ation, and waiting for so eone else to ove ent was able to spread a uaculture facilit would benefit studies in ncro ables Co estibles http increduc lesincro ables do so ething a co on stor across the world in t is i portant to recogni e that although the sustainable develop ent urther research in how co estibles fr , 6 0 201 referred s all co unities lac ing socio econo ic strength pre ise of local food is si ple, the wa that new etwor co unities are faring would 16 erbillon, 201 , 1 16 201 2 2 201 ncro ables Co estibles en rance, et le onde ail arhurst and obson, 201 ur ain finding combines the “three spinning plates” of co unit also be beneficial to understand the pitfalls and Corr for the differences in ears was that, co pared to is profound ransition own ideolog is i portant benefits in other co unities 1 ncredible dible od orden 9 20 201 updated
34 Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 disse ination of infor ation worldwide2 , and a ti e without landscape, its incorporation for long ter sustainabilit , but its pre ise is far even create feedbac 11 into co unit planning can have deepl ore co ple than that of food his supports the CK 2 ffects on od orden through positive sociological and environ ental effects, idea that, in its si plicit , is a foothold with e would li e to than volunteers and residents of landscape including the preservation and evolution of which to begin to change15 n and the od orden for their ti e and sharing nother ai of this stud was to research the cultural heritage, increased biodiversit , and etwor , we see word of outh and local events differences between od orden in 2016 and co unit resilience through sustainabilit hus, are powerful forces, and even ore so when od orden in 200 , and we did this through a the stor of is an i portant ar er in the co bined with the e plosive effect of edia nce 1 C 0 0 2009 updated C usiness i eline Credit crunch to downturn two ear stud based on e ideas and ob ectives histor of success of s ste s based change in a has connected the three funda ental ele ents http news bbc co u 1 hi business 521250 st , of the sustainable develop ent organi ation, co unit , and serves as a blueprint for use in of co unit , learning, and business, it creates a 0 25 201 referred 2 ncredible dible od orden, with data si ilarl affected co unities web of resilience against possible econo ic and C orld 09 0 2010 issued rince Charles visits sustainable pro ects in od orden collected over that period fro ultiple sources h the ove ent was successful in environ ental proble s, and this web also serves http www bbc co news u england bradford west he changes to to od orden show those of a od orden as a foundation fro which and with which other or shire 112 200 , 11 11 2015 referred co ple s ste a town and co unit are he issue of a desire for change in depressed things can grow, including other ove ents li e outi ue cler , shop owner, and volunteer 9 2 2015 ite isit 1, od orden, interviews changed culturall , and adapt to the non linear co unities but not nowing how or having the ransition owns and low ood15 nterview n enaba ile , ed , ite isit 1, changes in new and traditional ethnobotanical hopes to succeed are a big issue o et al , 201 ncredible dible od orden rown, 1 09 201 updated ncredible heritage seed surroundings arhurst and obson, 201 n this case, appeared, and changed things C C U saving afternoon, ncredible dible od orden log hrough teaching and learning of traditions new here were an special aspects to wh this https www incredible edible tod orden co u blogs incred and old, in con unction with the use of new and happened that the authors dee i portant, such n this stud we ai ed to research the changes ible heritage seed saving afternoon 0 25 201 referred 5 rown, 2015 ite isit 1, od orden our of reen heritage plants for biodiversit , such as alpine as, for e a ple, the labeling of plants, or social associated with the integration of into the oute nterview nterview n enaba ile , ed , strawberries, heirloo apples, and other useful events owever, we thin that two were od orden co unit t was found that there ite isit 1, ncredible dible od orden botanicals fro the surrounding landscape, particularl i portant in co bination hese are have been significant changes catal ed b the 6 rown, 9 10 2015 11 26 201 ail corr Calderdale Council 11 10 201 updated isit weaving them through events into the “Three the leadership aspects and the basic idea of food activities of e also ai ed to stud the trends Calderdale od orden vents and estivals Spinning Plates” of education, co unit and was originall led b a arhurst, who is a associated with the distribution rate worldwide of https www visitcalderdale co plan our sta events fest business, the town has enabled the envisioning of charis atic spea er, as can be seen in her with a or events e discovered that world ivals vc town villages 10 , 11 10 201 referred Clear, 9 10 2015 o orden ail corr a new, self sustaining paradig for od orden, in al , and a few of her friends, for instance ar events do have a significant effect on adoption of 9 Clear, 2015 ite isit 1, resentation Unified turn increasing business and interest in the town Clear, stelle rown and ic reen ro the s ste , as do a or edia events, but that Church, od orden in an upward spiral connecting the learning of observation and interviews, and actuall ti e volunteer effort is essential for aintenance and 10 ion, C , and aurent, riters 2015 o orrow e ain il ocu entar rance ra ide rance , “the Lost Arts”, recipes, ways of propagation, and i e orial, we have seen that with the support of stead growth n this grassroots wa , the people Cetera nternational 2016 in apan other wa s to relate to an e isting and evolving those around the , one charis atic person can can connect with their cultural heritage through 11 ion, C , and aurent, riters 2015 o orrow landscape, is building a deep relationship lead change a co unit and that oftenti es such e ain n etrieved fro http www i db co title tt 95 6 between co unit , plants and the landscape a catal st is necessar n particular, arhurst he ethod used in od orden is not ust a 12 ntwistle, 0 2 201 updated ur land, our people, reener has a positive effect on societ owever, teaches ethods and e powers others, thereb benefit to the co unit , but the actions of our tea our heritage ncredible dible od orden, logs food, and especiall culturall significant food in i ediatel e panding her values through integrating the three funda ental aspects of https www incredible edible tod orden co u blogs our la nd our peo ple our tea our heritage 0 25 201 referred ethnobotan as greener , goes one step further b communication. The IE “mantra” in ncredible co unit into the edible and edicinal 1 raff, 10 12 2011 issued Carrots in the car par also supporting and creating opportunities in (p.53) “‘action not words we are not victi s and landscape created a lin into cultural heritage and adishes on the roundabout he deliciousl eccentric stor of the town growing its own veg, he ail ail societ for connections and resilience ol e, 2006 don’t wait for permission”, shows this mentality allow for cultural growth be ond the current http www dail ail co u fe ail article 20 2 ccentri his evolutionar sche a fits the concept of clearl n our interview25 , she said that “sharing o ent in tangent with the greener , thus c town od orden growing veg ht l , 05 10 201 ref sustainable develop ent for 11 U eneral the story” was essential, and that “you can do it, creating unprecedented possibilities for a new ind 1 alifa Courrier 6 0 2016 issued od orden gricultural how will no longer be held in town sse bl , 2015 , and is also appropriate for there, too.” She also said, “ you have to believe in of socio cultural evolution e believe that deeper https www halifa courier co u news tod orden socio ecological s ste s theor ol e, 2006 he people that they will catch you.” 25 er words and research into the activities currentl underwa in agricultural show will no longer be held in town 1 9 90 od orden of 200 was a s ste based on inaction, other data show that with belief in others, the od orden, such as with the schools and the , 11 10 201 referred 15 erbillon, 6 0 201 updated ncr duc self victi i ation, and waiting for so eone else to ove ent was able to spread a uaculture facilit would benefit studies in ncro ables Co estibles http increduc lesincro ables do so ething a co on stor across the world in t is i portant to recogni e that although the sustainable develop ent urther research in how co estibles fr , 6 0 201 referred s all co unities lac ing socio econo ic strength pre ise of local food is si ple, the wa that new etwor co unities are faring would 16 erbillon, 201 , 1 16 201 2 2 201 ncro ables Co estibles en rance, et le onde ail arhurst and obson, 201 ur ain finding combines the “three spinning plates” of co unit also be beneficial to understand the pitfalls and Corr for the differences in ears was that, co pared to is profound ransition own ideolog is i portant benefits in other co unities 1 ncredible dible od orden 9 20 201 updated
Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2 35 https www.incredible edible todmorden.co.u . noblauch, . ( 5). ocused Ethnography. orum referred. ualitative So ialforschung orum ualitative Social ) c ermott, . ( ). ore alues It s Time To o esearch, (3), Art. . Lami anra, . ( ) resh ut ruits and egetables Science, Scrumping Press release . http www.independent. Technology, and ar et ( ed. ol. Publishing, oca co.u life style food and drin features core values its time aton pp. to go scrumping .html , . o , . ., illiamson, . ., rove, . ., urry, ., ar er, S. referred. ., and amilton, A. . ( 3). Strawberry fields forever ) Shop cler , estaurant owner, and airy farmer. rban agriculture in developed countries a review. ( 5). Interviews Site isit , Todmorden. 3 interviews. In Agronomy for Sustainable evelopment, 3 ( ), 3. Penaba iley, S. (ed.), Site isit ewton, A. ., A ar, T., aresel, ., ebeli, P., ettencourt, E., ladenopoulos, ., . . . outsi a Sotiriou, . ( ). ereal ) Slow ood. ( updated). Slow ood About s. landraces for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy https www.slowfood.com about us , referred. for Sustainable evelopment, 3 ( ), 3 . ) Todmorden ews. ( 3 issued). ur Prince Loved guyen, . ( ). Insertions and eletions Evolution in the Tod https www.todmordennews.co.u news Assemblage of ietnamese ood Plants. Ethnobotany our prince loved tod 3 3 , referred. esearch and Applications, , 5 . ) Todmorden, Incredible Edible. ( ). emonstrating icolin, P. ( ). rban arming ovement. In respi, L. (ed.), ur Impact, eport pp. . alderdale. esign Innovations for ontemporary Interiors and ivic Art ( ). I I Lobal. 3) all, T. ( ). umber of IE etwor towns. Paull, . ( ). Incredible edible todmorden eating the street. Email orr. . arming atters, (3), . ) arhurst, P. ( ). ow we can eat our landscapes Paull, J. (2013). ‘ Please pick me ’ how Incredible Edible ocumentary . London TE Salon. Todmorden is repurposing the commons for open source 5) arhurst, P. ( 5). Site isit , Todmorden, Pam food and agricultural biodiversity. In ran o, ., unter, ., arhurst. Interview . Todmorden Industrial orelli, T. attei, . (eds.), iversifying oods and iets sing Agricultural iodiversity to Improve utrition and o operative ealth. (33 3 5). ford Earthscan, outledge, ford. ) i ipedia. ( updated). arm to table. a ocy, . E., asser, . P., and Losordo, T. . ( ). https en.wi ipedia.org wi i arm to table , ecirculating a uaculture tan production systems referred. a uaponics—integrating fish and plant culture. Southern E E E ES egional A uaculture enter Publication, 5 , . Safonte, . ., and Trapani, . ( ). A theoretical and Adams, ., Scott, A. ., and ardman, . ( 3). uerrilla methodological framewor for the analysis and warfare in the planning system revolutionary progress measurement of environmental heritage at local level. towards sustainability eografis a Annaler Series , Energy Procedia, 5, 5 . uman eography, 5 ( ), 3 5 3 . Schultes, . E., and eis, S. v. ( 5) Ethnobotany evolution of ennett, . . ( ) E I TA Ethnobotany and a discipline ol. Timber Press, ioscorides Press, Economic otany Sub ects in Search of efinitions ol. Portland Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems, iami. L. Signorini, . A., Piredda, ., and ruschi, P. ( ). Plants and er es, ., olding, ., and ol e, . ( ). ediscovery of traditional nowledge an ethnobotanical investigation on Traditional Ecological nowledge As Adaptive anagement. onte rtobene (Sardinia). Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 5, . Ecological Applications, (5), 5 . Soe arto, . ., ong, . ., Tan, . T., hang, . ., a, . ., riedenhann, ., and ic ens, E. ( ). Tourism routes as a ran blau, S. ., . . . iet man, . . ( 5). tool for the economic development of rural areas—vibrant Ethnobotany ethnopharmacology and mass bioprospecting hope or impossible dream Tourism anagement, 5 ( ), issues on intellectual property and benefit sharing. ournal . of Ethnopharmacology, ( ), 5 . rown, E. ( 3 5). Site isit , Todmorden. Tour of reen Thompson, . ( ). Incredible Edible–social and oute Interview. Interview . environmental entrepreneurship in the era of the “Big rulotte, . L., and i iovine, . A. ( ) Edible identities Society”. Social Enterprise ournal, (3), 3 5 . food as cultural heritage ol. outledge, eneral Assembly. ( 5). Transforming our world The habay, I., ric , ., and elgeson, . ( 5) Land estoration 3 agenda for sustainable development. ew or , SA eclaiming Landscapes for a Sustainable uture ol. nited ations. Academic Press, ermany 5 pp. an der Ploeg, . ., enting, ., runori, ., nic el, ., ol e, . ( ). esilience The emergence of a perspective for annion, ., arsden, T., . . . entura, . ( ). ural social–ecological systems analyses. lobal Environmental development from practices and policies towards theory. hange, (3), 53 . Sociologia ruralis, ( ), 3 . ord, . I. ( ). Ethnobotany historical diversity and etel inen, ., egri, ., and a ted, . ( ) European synthesis. In ord, . I. (ed.), The ature and Status of landraces on farm conservation, management and use ol. Ethnobotany ( ol. , 33 ). niversity of ichigan 5) European ooperative for Plant enetic esources, useum of Anthropology, Ann arbor, I. ome, Italy 35 pp. arshburger, . . ( ). The Purposes of Ethnobotany. arhurst, P. ( ). ow we can eat our landscapes otanical a ette, niversity of hicago Press, (3), ocumentary . London TE Salon. 5 . arhurst, P., and obson, . ( ) Incredible Plant veg, grow oward, P. . ( ). etwor Ethnography and the a revolution ol. Troubador Publishing Ltd, 3 pp. ypermedia rgani ation ew edia, ew rgani ations, atson, ., Plattus, A. ., Shibley, . ., and atson, . ( 3) ew ethods. ew edia Society, ( ), 55 5 . Time saver standards for urban design. c raw ill ew yams, E. ( 53) Strawberry ultivation ol. aber And or . aber Limited. London, London pp. ic , T. . ( ). i ing ualitative and uantitative ethods Triangulation in Action. Administrative Science uarterly, .
36 Journal of Environmental Information Science 2017-2