Wind Resource Mapping for the Maldives PHASE 2 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning – Maldives [P146018] April 2017 This report was prepared by Naomi Brammer and Trenton Gilbert, DNV GL http://www.dnvgl.com, under contract to the World Bank.
The “Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning – Maldives” activity is one of several country projects funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the ESMAP initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website at http://www.esmap.org/.
This document is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this may not yet have been validated or subject to full peer review. The final validated, peer reviewed output from this project will be a Wind Atlas for the Maldives, which will become available once the project is ompleted.
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Attribution Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2019. Renewable Energy and Mapping For the Maldives, Implementation Plan. Washington, DC: World Bank. RENEWABLE ENERGY WIND MAPPING FOR THE MALDIVES Phase 2 Implementation Plan DRAFT The World Bank
Document No.: 702909-AUME-R03 Issue : B, Status : DRAFT Date: 7 April 2017 IMPORTANT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
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Available for information only to the general public (subject to the above Important Notice and Disclaimer). Published : Project name: Renewable Energy Wind Mapping for the Maldives DNV GL – Energy Report title: Phase 2 Implementation Plan DRAFT The Renewables Advisory Customer: World Bank, 9665 Chesapeake Drive, Suite 435 San 1818 H Street, N.W. Diego, CA 92123 Washington, DC 20433 Tel: 703-795-8103 Contact person: Sandeep Kohli Enterprise No.: Date of issue: 7 April 2017 94-340223694-340223694-3402236 Project No.: 702909 Document No.: 702909-AUME-R03 Issue/Status: B / PRELIMINARY DRAFT
Task and objective: Final selection of wind monitoring sites, summary of site visits, and implementation plan including: organizational structure, permitting, equipment supply and configuration, schedule of activities, installation and commissioning, and local capacity building.
Prepared by: Verified by: Approved by:
Naomi Brammer Trenton Gilbert Graham Slack Engineer, Renewables Advisory Head of Section, Developer Support Services Country Manager, Australia - Energy (Pacific), Renewables Advisory Renewables Advisory
☐ Strictly Confidential Keywords: ☐ Private and Confidential World Bank, ESMAP, ASTAE, Maldives, wind, ☐ Commercial in Confidence measurement, mast, LIDAR, mesoscale, ☐ DNV GL only Implementation Plan, site visits ☒ Client’s Discretion ☐ Published
Reference to part of this report which may lead to misinterpretation is not permissible.
Issue Date Reason for Issue Prepared by Verified by Approved by
A 4 Dec 2015 PRELIMINARY DRAFT NB TG GS
B 2 Feb 2017 DRAFT NB TG GS Table of contents
1 INTRODUCTION...... 2 1.1 Background Project 2 1.2 description 2
2 RECOMMENDATION OF MONITORING LOCATIONS ...... 4 2.1 Final locations for mast-based measurement campaign Final 4 2.2 sites for LIDAR-based measurement campaign 4
3 SITE VISITS...... 7 3.1 Objective 7 3.2 Site visit summary 7
4 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ...... 9 4.1 Organizational structure 9 4.2 Permitting 10 4.3 Equipment specifications 10 4.4 Shipping and installation 15 4.5 Schedule 15 4.6 Documentation 16 4.7 Operations 17 4.8 In-country capacity building 18
5 REFERENCES...... 20
APPENDIX A – SITE VISITS UNDERTAKEN FOR THE PROPOSED MAST-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN ...... 21 A.1 Objective 21 A.2 Site visit summary – Technical Site visit 21 A.3 summary – Environmental 25
APPENDIX B – TABULAR COMPARISONS OF FINAL SITES FOR MAST-BASED AND LIDAR-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS...... 27
APPENDIX C – SITE PLANS AND PICTURES FOR MAST-BASED AND LIDAR-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS...... 31
APPENDIX D – IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR MAST-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN ...... 46 D.1 Team Structure 46 D.2 Permitting 47 D.3 Mast and instrumentation specifications 48 D.4 Shipping and construction 55 D.5 Schedule 56 D.6 Documentation 56 D.7 Operations 58 D.8 In-country capacity building 59
APPENDIX E – PHASE 2 SCHEDULES FOR MAST-BASED AND LIDAR-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS ...... 61
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 4 1 INTRODUCTION The World Bank (the “Client”) has retained Garrad Hassan America, Inc. (“DNV GL”) to provide a validated mesoscale wind atlas for the Maldives, including associated deliverables and wind energy development training courses. During Phase 2 of the project, validation of the wind atlas will be undertaken by establishing wind measurement sites in the country. Meteorological data collected at these sites over a two-year period will provide the basis for validating the mesoscale modeling outputs.
This DRAFT report describes the selection of the proposed wind measurement locations throughout the country, the site visits undertaken to qualify the suitability of those locations, and the proposed Phase 2 Implementation Plan. This report also provides general specifications and recommendations for the measurement equipment proposed, which is a LIDAR-based measurement campaign at two of the locations. The report also provides a description of a previously proposed option for a mast-based measurement campaign.
1.1 Background The Maldives is in the early stages of exploring the resource potential of wind power. To date there are no utility scale wind turbines operating in the country. Although a small number of meteorological masts have been installed throughout the country, these are not deployed in all areas of interest, and the data has not been readily available. This presents a significant barrier to policymakers interested in evaluating the potential for supply diversity and distributed generation that wind energy projects can deliver.
The Maldives does not possess any native, non-renewable energy resources (oil, natural gas, coal) and therefore relies heavily on the importation of fuels to provide power generation, transportation, lighting and food preparation. Diesel is the dominant fuel source which provides for all of the electricity generation, fishing fleet, and sea transport. Aviation fuel is another major import.
To decrease the dependency on imported fuels, the Maldives Government is planning to transform the energy sector with a target of achieving carbon neutrality. The Maldives has good prospects for solar and wind energy, but these resources have not been extensively measured or exploited for any significant electricity generation to date.
1.2 Project description The key goal of this project is to provide Maldives’ policy makers and stakeholders with accurate and valuable knowledge of the national wind resource which can be of direct practical use, both for formulating energy policy and implementing wind projects. The transfer of practical knowledge through the installation and operation of high quality wind measurement equipment will also strengthen local capacity to support future development of wind projects in the Maldives.
The primary deliverable supporting the above goal will be a well-validated national mesoscale wind resource atlas that will greatly improve the awareness and understanding of the locations with the greatest potential for wind energy. When used in combination with a Geographic Information System (GIS), this forms a highly valuable planning tool which facilitates energy strategy planning for policy makers and stimulates commercial wind development by removing an important knowledge barrier.
Phase 1 of the project is complete and has resulted in two key deliverables: the Mesoscale Wind Modeling Report #1 [1], which documents the preliminary mesoscale modeling approach and provides the most accurate picture of the wind resource in the Maldives currently available; and the Candidate Site Identification Report [2], which focuses on the identification of suitable measurement locations to support the validation of the preliminary mesoscale wind atlas. Under Phase 2 of the project, which is
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 2 currently underway, wind monitoring will be carried out at two selected locations for the purpose of validating the initial Phase 1 mesoscale mapping outputs described in [1].
This Implementation Plan presents an overview of the process involved in selecting the proposed wind monitoring locations, selection of specific sites for a LIDAR-based measurement campaign at two locations, and a summary of the relevant technical and environmental information obtained during site visits to those locations. Section 4 then describes the proposed implementation plan for the wind monitoring campaign, including the organizational structure, permitting, equipment supply and configuration, schedule of activities, installation and commissioning, and local capacity building activities.
Similar information is presented for a previously proposed option of a mast-based measurement campaign at four sites.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 3 2 RECOMMENDATION OF MONITORING LOCATIONS In the Phase 1 Site Identification Study described in [2], DNV GL identified a preliminary list of 42 promising locations for wind measurements in the Maldives. A multi-criteria analysis was used to select locations offering the maximum potential for improving the accuracy of the mesoscale wind modeling, taking into account the need to capture the different large-scale wind characteristics of the country, and inform and improve the wind modeling in areas of uncertainty. Consideration was also given to various practical issues such as accessibility, land availability, vegetation sheltering, exclusion zones, and environmental constraints, as well as the potential for future wind generation development. The study also highlighted five preferred regions for the final wind monitoring locations, which would ensure good spatial coverage of the Maldives by providing measurements throughout the length of the country.
2.1 Final locations for mast-based measurement campaign During the Phase 1 Workshop held in Male on the 2nd and 3rd of March, 2015, DNV GL proposed five preferred monitoring locations for a wind measurement campaign to the Maldives Ministry for Environment and Energy (MEE). Since the Terms of Reference (TOR) of the project referenced meteorological masts, the selected locations focused on existing masts and hence consisted of three new masts (at Kelaa, Vaadhoo, and L. Gan) and two existing masts (at Gaafaru and Hithadhoo). The mast location at Vaadhoo was proposed as a low priority option as it did not significantly add to overall spatial coverage.
Subsequent to the Phase 1 Workshop, MEE proposed several alternative monitoring locations. MEE stated that it would prefer to install a new mast at Thulusdhoo instead of refurbishing the existing mast at Gaafaru, due to the potential for development in this region, and to carry out monitoring closer to the main load center at Male. MEE also stated that they would prefer to install a new mast at Hoarafushi instead of installing a new mast at Kelaa. In a later communication, MEE suggested refurbishing an existing mast at L. Fonadhoo as an alternative to installing a new mast at L. Gan.
After further consultation and investigation into the proposed monitoring locations, specific mast sites at the four locations were selected and agreed upon by all relevant parties. The locations are well distributed across the country, and are shown in Figure 2-1.
The specific sites proposed consisted of two new masts (at Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo) and two existing masts (at L. Fonadhoo and Hithadhoo). Further description of the proposed mast-based monitoring campaign is described in Appendix 1.
2.2 Final sites for LIDAR-based measurement campaign After encountering significant difficulties with the implementation of a mast-based wind measurement campaign, including procurement and construction delays and higher than expected costs, DNV GL proposed using LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) remote sensing devices to obtain the required wind measurements rather than meteorological masts. These devices also offer the benefit of returning wind measurements from a variety of heights up to 200 m. In order to maximize value for money from the measurement campaign, it was recommended to install LIDAR units at two locations only, focusing on the high wind speed and higher population density areas in the north of the Maldives.
Based on the preferred wind monitoring locations identified in Phase 1 and the discussions subsequently held with MEE, two specific wind monitoring sites have been selected and agreed upon by all relevant parties for the proposed LIDAR- based wind measurement campaign. These sites are in the locations at Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo in the north of the Maldives, as shown in Figure 2-2.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 4 Figure 2-1 Locations of preferred wind monitoring locations
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 5 Figure 2-2 Locations of wind monitoring sites for LIDAR-based measurement campaign
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 6 3 SITE VISITS
3.1 Objective Visits to the four wind monitoring locations were undertaken during 2015 to assess the general exposure of the locations, and the suitability of the specific sites proposed for mast-based measurements. The important technical and environmental aspects of these sites are summarized in Appendix A.
The two final locations and the proposed specific sites for the LIDAR-based measurement campaign were visited by DNV GL and its local partner in the Maldives, Consonant Solutions, on the 10th and 11th of January 2017 to confirm the suitability of the sites for installation of the LIDAR devices. A range of relevant information was collected during the visits including details of site characteristics, accessibility, obstacles, construction requirements, wireless signal for data communication, local resources, storage facilities, and security. The important details for each site are summarized in the following sections.
3.2 Site visit summary The locations at Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo are appropriately located in the higher wind speed resource areas in the north of the Maldives, are in areas of higher population density, and are readily accessible. Both specific sites identified for installation of LIDAR devices are situated within compounds associated with diesel electricity generation plants, and therefore have a reliable supply of mains power, secure fencing, and regular attendance by plant operations staff. LIDAR devices require open access to the sky, and hence the potential impacts of vegetation and other obstructions on the wind measurements at both sites are a concern, and were investigated. These impacts are considered manageable at both sites, and can be mitigated by mounting the weather station associated with each LIDAR device on a pole approximately 4-6 m high.
The following sub-sections provide summaries of the important details of each of the sites. Other relevant information, such as the average wind speed and uncertainty determined for the locations from the Phase 1 mesoscale wind modeling outputs, is shown in Appendix B. Site photos for each location are shown in Appendix C. 3.2.1 Hoarafushi The Hoarafushi site is located on the east coast of the island of Hoarafushi in the Haa Alif Atoll, in the northern Maldives, approximately 320 km north of Male. The site is situated within a diesel electricity generation compound belonging to FENAKA Corporation, a government-owned utility responsible for providing electricity, water, and sewerage services. Maldivian Airlines fly between Male and Hanimaadhoo Airport on the nearby island of Hanimaadhoo several times a day, and private speedboat transfers are available between Hanimaadhoo and Hoarafushi. The compound is adjacent to a shipping port, and weatherproof storage is available in a shed at the end of the powerhouse building.
The proposed location for the LIDAR device consists of a clear area bounded by garden beds to the north, south, and west, and some trees to the east with a height of approximately 6 m. The main office building for the compound is located to the south, and the powerhouse building is located to the northeast. Outside the compound to the west there is a line of tall trees running from north to south with a height of approximately 15 m. There is no existing infrastructure suitable for mounting the LIDAR unit and associated equipment.
There is good wireless 3G signal at the site. Adequate accommodation and food supplies are available on the island.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 7 3.2.2 Thulusdhoo The Thulusdhoo site is located in the central east of the island of Thulusdhoo in the Kaafu Atoll, in the northern central Maldives, approximately 26 km north-north-east of Male. The site is situated within a diesel electricity generation compound belonging to STELCO, a government-owned utility responsible for providing electricity services. A public ferry sails between Male and Thulusdhoo daily, and private speedboat transfers are also available. Weatherproof storage is potentially available in the undercover areas within the compound.
The proposed location for the LIDAR device consists of a clear area bounded by the powerhouse building to the north, and compound boundary fences to the east, south, and west, with vegetation of varying heights along the fences. There are trees with heights of approximately 6 m on the western fence line. Outside the compound there is a tall tree to the southwest with a height of approximately 13 m, and a school building to the south with a height of approximately 10 m. An existing 5-6 m high pole on the southern boundary fence may be used to mount the weather station, but there is no other existing infrastructure suitable for mounting the LIDAR unit.
There is good wireless 3G signal at the site. Thulusdhoo is a popular tourist destination, and accommodation and food supplies are readily available on the island.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 8 4 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN During Phase 2 of the project, wind monitoring systems will be installed and operated over a two-year period at two locations in the Maldives in order to obtain meteorological data that can be used to validate the mesoscale wind modeling results produced in Phase 1.
For the current option of a LIDAR-based wind measurement campaign, this will involve the installation of LIDAR units at two sites as identified in Sections 2 and 3.
The implementation plan proposed to achieve this goal, including details of the organizational structure, permitting, equipment supply and configuration, installation and commissioning, and local capacity building, is described in the following sections.
The corresponding details for the mast-based measurement campaign may be found in Appendix D.
4.1 Organizational structure A team of in-country subcontractors and international suppliers has been assembled to deliver Phase 2. In-country capacity building remains a focus to provide the Maldives with local knowledge for such services during and beyond the two-year measurement period, as well as to help prevent cost overruns and delays during construction, and limit costs during maintenance.
DNV GL will hold the head contract to the World Bank for the duration of Phase 2, and will provide on-line data management and reporting services in addition to establishing the necessary subcontracts for supply, installation, and maintenance of the wind measurement systems.
The following subcontractors and suppliers have been appointed to provide the additional products and services required to undertake the wind monitoring campaign:
Consonant Solutions is a Maldivian energy consultancy company based in Male. The Managing Director, Mr Mohamed Rasheed, is a mechanical engineer with extensive experience in coordinating and managing renewable energy development projects across the country. These projects have involved a range of relevant activities, including physical site surveys; data collection, monitoring, and analysis; preparation of environmental reports; and providing guidance and supervision during construction, installation, and commissioning. As DNV GL’s local partner in the Maldives, Consonant Solutions will provide independent engineering services for this project and assist with measurement system installations.
Renewable Energy Maldives Pvt Ltd was founded in 2007 by a group of professionals committed to reducing Maldives’over reliance on fossil fuel for its energy needs. The focus of the company includes: Utilisation of indigenous energy resources; Raising awareness on efficient energy use; Introduction and commercial application of viable climate neutral technology, and; Promotion of low energy use, low environmental impact and affordable waste management solutions. REM will undertake ground works, and logistics support for delivery of the equipment to site.
ZephIR Lidar is a UK based company which has been manufacturing Lidar devices specifically for use in the wind energy sector for many years. The ZephIR 300 ground based Lidar is designed specifically to replace meteorological masts for wind resource measurement applications. The device is a continuous wave Lidar, which uses a C lass-1eye-safe laser beam which is sampled every 20 milliseconds, and can measure wind speeds up to 200 m above ground. The company operates a remote sensing test site, in which devices are tested against a tall mast to verify accuracy of operation prior to deployment.
The schematic in Figure 4-1 shows the planned contractual relationships for Phase 2 of the project.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 9 World Bank
Head Contractor DNV GL
Logistics Local Partner Equipment Supplier Ground Works Consonant ZephIR Lidar Renewable Energy Solutions Maldives Pvt Ltd
Figure 4-1 Phase 2 organizational structure
4.2 Permitting MEE has received formal permission for the installation of the LIDAR systems at the diesel electricity generation compounds, from the compound owners, FENAKA Corporation and STELCO, on behalf of DNV GL. Due to the small size, minimal landscape and visual impacts, and absence of health, safety, and environmental risks of the LIDAR devices, further approvals for installation are not required.
4.3 Equipment specifications 4.3.1 LIDAR remote sensing device The wind measurement campaign will be conducted using two ZephIR 300 LIDAR remote sensing devices. The ZephIR 300 LIDAR is one of the most reliable and accurate LIDAR systems available, and has been successfully validated in more than 200 performance verifications at IEC 61400-12-1 compliant sites. Data availability averages 97% through all measurement heights up to 200 m from ground level.
The ZepIR 300 LIDAR is accredited as a DNV GL Stage 3 device under “benign” conditions, meaning that it produces wind data suitable for financing of projects with either no or limited on-site anemometry. Examples of LIDAR installations using the ZepIR 300 LIDAR device are shown in Figure 4-2.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 10 Figure 4-2 Examples of LIDAR installations Each LIDAR device will simultaneously record 10-minute average, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation statistics for the horizontal and vertical wind speeds, and average and standard deviation statistics for wind direction, at ten specified measurement heights between 10 m and 200 m above the top of the unit.
The LIDAR unit will also use a small auxiliary weather station to verify the measured wind direction and record other atmospheric parameters including temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, and precipitation. The weather station will be mounted on a separate pole approximately 4-6 m high adjacent
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 11 to the LIDAR unit so as to minimise the effect of any flow disruption that may be caused by surrounding buildings and other obstructions. An indicative diagram of the pole to be installed at the Hoarafushi site is given in Figure 4-3; an existing pole will be used to mount the weather station at the Thulusdhoo site.
Figure 4-3 Indicative side view of pole required for installation of weather station at Hoarafushi
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 12 An external 3G modem and directional antenna will be used for data transmission. All recorded data will be retrieved on a regular basis by DNV GL for evaluation and archiving. The clock used to define the data timestamps will be set to automatically synchronize using the GPS system contained within the auxiliary weather station.
Each of the LIDAR units will be powered by the local mains electricity supply, with back-up power for each unit provided by a rechargeable battery system as described in Section 4.3.2. The units will be secured to concrete pad footings with dimensions of approximately 2.25 m by 1.5 m by 0.2 m, and will be enclosed by 1.5 to 1.8 m high fencing. Indicative drawings of the required LIDAR infrastructure are shown in Figure 4-4 and Figure 4-5.
Figure 4-4 Indicative plan view of infrastructure required for LIDAR device
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 13 Figure 4-5 Indicative isometric view of infrastructure required for LIDAR device
The LIDAR units will also be equipped with a window washing system and external cleaning fluid bottle for cleaning the top window, an internal battery that allows a warning message to be sent if the unit loses power, and cooling fans to regulate the internal temperature of the unit in hot climates. 4.3.2 Back-up battery system Each LIDAR unit will be accompanied by a back-up battery and charging system consisting of two 12 V, 100 Ah deep cycle rechargeable batteries. The batteries will be housed within a weatherproof enclosure mounted on the concrete pad adjacent to the LIDAR device. The batteries will be float charged by the mains supply via a suitable charge regulator.
The Lidar power consumption details, together with the specification of the battery back-up system, will allow for powering the Lidar unit during power supply interruptions of up to approximately 24 hours in duration.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 14 4.4 Shipping and installation The two LIDAR units will be procured from ZephIR, and air-freighted directly from the UK to Male in custom-made shipping containers provided by the manufacturer. Appropriate documentation for export and import of the units will accompany the shipments. The LIDAR units will then be cleared by Renewable Energy Maldives, and shipped from the airport to a storage facility in Male via chartered Dhoni (ferry boat). Pre-installation acceptance testing will be conducted by DNV GL staff at this facility, prior to the units being shipped to site.
Contingent on satisfactory acceptance testing, one unit will be shipped to Thulusdhoo via a chartered Dhoni. The other unit will be shipped to Hoarafushi via a scheduled ferry during the installation of the first unit.
The back-up battery system and associated switchgear for each unit will be procured locally within Male, and shipped to the installation sites with the Lidars.
Construction of the concrete pad, and erection of the fencing and weather station pole, will be carried out by Renewable Energy Maldives prior to arrival of the units in the Maldives. Per the approval request provided by MEE, installation of mains power to the termination pillar at the concrete pad to be installed at each of the LIDAR sites will be undertaken by the operator of the diesel electricity generation compound (STELCO and FENAKA Corporation respectively).
DNV GL will be responsible for installing and commissioning the LIDAR units and associated equipment, configuring and commissioning the systems, and validating operation of the units and communication systems. DNV GL will also train local staff to conduct inspection, maintenance, and troubleshooting tasks. It is expected that the minimal maintenance tasks required for the Lidar units will be the subject of a separate commission with a suitably qualified person based on each island.
DNV GL will be responsible for health, safety, and environmental management during the installation on the sites.
4.5 Schedule A proposed schedule for the installation of the wind measurement equipment for Phase 2 of the project is provided in Appendix E. It is anticipated that the LIDAR systems will be installed and commissioned by April 2017.
The on-site installation steps for the LIDAR units will consist of the following steps:
1. Construct concrete pad for the LIDAR and battery system and allow to cure (completed prior to shipping by Renewable Energy Maldives)
2. Construct fencing around concrete pad (completed prior to shipping by Renewable Energy Maldives)
3. Erect pole for mounting of weather station (Hoarafushi only; use existing pole at Thulusdhoo)(completed prior to shipping by Renewable Energy Maldives)
4. Install mains power at the location of the concrete pad (completed prior to shipping by FENAKA/STELCO staff).
5. Receive equipment at the monitoring site.
6. Unpack the LIDAR unit.
7. Position the LIDAR unit on the concrete pad and orient to true north.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 15 8. Attach the LIDAR unit to the concrete pad using masonry fixings.
9. Level the LIDAR unit by adjusting legs.
10. Position the battery/switchgear enclosure on the concrete pad and affix.
11. Install back-up battery system/connect to charger/connect charger to mains and test operation.
12. Install the weather station on the pole and connect to the LIDAR via a trenched cable.
13. Connect the window washer pump and fluid bottle, and the external modem and antenna.
14. Connect the back-up battery system to the Lidar unit.
15. Turn the LIDAR unit on.
16. Configure the communications system.
17. Configure the LIDAR unit for operation, and check that the system is running as expected.
18. Conduct final inspection and complete local staff training.
4.6 Documentation For quality and traceability purposes, a detailed site installation report will be prepared for each individual LIDAR site. 4.6.1 Site installation report An installation report will be prepared for each individual LIDAR site immediately after commissioning, and will contain, at a minimum, the following information:
General information:
• Site name;
• Installation date;
• Site coordinates in longitude-latitude and UTM (including details of coordinate system and datum);
• Elevation of site above sea level;
• Site ruggedness index (RIX); and
• Description of surroundings, including distance from LIDAR and height of any significant obstacles or terrain features.
LIDAR unit and associated equipment:
• Description, brand, model, and serial numbers of all instruments;
• Validation certificates for each LIDAR unit;
• Details of power supply;
• Details of data retrieval; and
• Details of telecommunication settings.
Photographs:
• Photographs of LIDAR unit and associated equipment as installed at the site;
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 16 • Panoramic photographs from LIDAR location showing surroundings and exposure, taken at 30°angles starting from geographical north (0°); and
• Photographs of any significant obstacles in the vicinity of the LIDAR. Maps:
• 20 km x 20 km overview site elevation map using SRTM 1-arc-second data with 0 m to 3 m height contours;
• 4 km x 4 km detailed site elevation map with 0 m to 3 m height contours; and
• 20 km x 20 km land cover map with surface roughness zones based on remotely sensed data and photos.
4.7 Operations 4.7.1 Operations and maintenance The LIDAR units will operate for a period of two years. During this time, data will be transmitted via 3G modem to an email address which is the data receipt portal for the DNV GL “Resource Panorama” service. Electricity will be provided to the units via the local mains power supply, with back-up power provided by the rechargeable batteries. It is understood that power outages in each location are infrequent.
All data recorded at each site will be regularly retrieved and uploaded to the DNV GL on-line management system in London, England, and stored on secure servers. Data will be quality controlled via automated algorithms, and by a Data Analyst. Any issues will be flagged and investigated promptly.
In the event that a LIDAR unit shows signs of fault or failure, or if any issues with the communication system are detected, as flagged through remote analysis of data, a corrective maintenance program can be initiated. Once initiated, the corrective maintenance program will involve a multi-level approach.
As a first step, staff on the islands will perform a visual inspection of the unit and correct any issues if possible. If further inspection, troubleshooting, or maintenance of the unit is required, a corrective maintenance team consisting of in- country trained personnel from DNV GL’s Local Partner will visit the site. In cases where the issue cannot be resolved by local staff, and where appropriate, expert personnel from DNV GL will travel from Australia to the Maldives to perform the necessary corrective maintenance. DNV GL will remotely assist with the intervention at all stages of the process. Return of the LIDAR unit to the manufacturer for repair is also covered under the device warranty.
DNV GL will commission and train a local staff member for equipment maintenance throughout the campaign. None of the components in the Lidar device are user-serviceable.
To ensure optimal operation of the LIDAR units, staff on the islands will perform regular checking and maintenance tasks on a monthly basis, during which the device and associated equipment will be inspected and photographed, the top window will be checked for cleanliness and cleaned if necessary, and the window cleaning fluid bottle will be refilled. The photographs taken during the monthly maintenance will be sent to DNV GL for checking and storage.
Security at each site will be provided by the existing fencing and security at the diesel electricity generation compound, and additional fencing erected around the LIDAR units and battery systems. No additional security is deemed necessary at this stage.
At the end of the two-year monitoring period, the intention is that ownership of the measurement equipment, and all associated responsibility, will be passed on to an entity selected by the World Bank. The details of the agreement will be finalized prior to the end of installation. No decommissioning is
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 17 assumed necessary for the project, and if decommissioning is required then it shall be discussed with the World Bank. 4.7.2 Insurance DNV GL has arranged for insurance coverage, to cover the eventually of a significant failure due to vandalism or weather events during the two-year monitoring period. The following coverage has been arranged:
• Transit insurance for delivery to the Maldives held by device manufacturer. • Transit Insurance for transport and storage in the Maldives to a value of USD 240,000 with an excess of USD 2,500 per claim. • Property All Risk insurance to a value of USD 240,000, with an excess of USD 10,000 per claim. • Public liability insurance to a value of USD 500,000 with an excess of 10% of each claim.
If a claim is required, any excess (i.e. deductible) payments, or amounts exceeding the insured amounts, shall be covered by the contingency budget in the first instance. Cost overruns that cause the contingency budget to be breached shall be handled as outlined in the TOR.
To account for the insurance excesses, any damage/failure on the LIDAR devices or associated equipment during the two- years of operation would be dealt with as follows:
• Minor damage or vandalism (e.g. damage of low value), such as on an instrument or ancillary equipment, will be likely replaced under the corrective maintenance provisions. The reason being that the insurance excess payment (i.e. 10,000 USD) would be higher than the cost under the Project maintenance provision; • If there is extensive damage due to adverse weather conditions or vandalism, the equipment will be replaced by DNV GL on the basis of the Project’s insurance coverage;
If there is material or physical damage to a third party, costs resulting from claims will be covered with the Project’s public liability insurance.
4.8 In-country capacity building In-country capacity building will occur throughout the implementation of Phase 2 and Phase 3.
During the installation and commissioning of the LIDAR systems, DNV GL staff will provide appropriate training to local staff at the wind monitoring site, and representatives from Consonant Solutions.
The training provided to local staff will include instruction on regular inspection, cleaning and maintenance of the device, as well as basic troubleshooting.
The training provided to Consonant Solutions will include installation, configuration, troubleshooting, disassembly, and re-packing of the LIDAR units and associated equipment. The objective of the training will be to enable the trainees to independently conduct more sophisticated troubleshooting, and to re-locate and re-commission the units at new locations, subsequent to completion of the current programme.
Once the installation and commissioning of the LIDAR units is complete, DNV GL will conduct a short workshop and demonstration of the system installed at the Thulusdhoo site for representatives from the MEE, Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS), Stelco, Fenaka, REM, and other interested stakeholders. The purpose of the workshop will be to explain the function and operation of the LIDAR device to the stakeholders prior to the commencement of the monitoring period.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 18 This workshop will also provide instruction to MMS staff so that they can make use of the data from the LIDAR systems for internal purposes during the monitoring period. Since the devices recover data from up to 200m above ground level, the data constitutes a unique potential data stream as input to local forecasting and analysis activities.
Following the completion of the 2-year monitoring programme (Phase 1), and the preparation of the validated wind atlas (Phase 3), DNV GL will provide a workshop with two main purposes. The first will be to present the outputs from Phase 3 of the project, including the validated wind map and other deliverables, and also to provide instruction on how to make use of the deliverables. The second purpose will be to provide instruction on the installation, configuration, troubleshooting, disassembly, and re-packing of the LIDAR units and associated equipment, intended to enable to ultimate custodians of the devices to continue operation of the devices beyond the end of the monitoring program.
The capacity building described above should enable local stakeholders to take over ownership of and responsibility for both the Phase 3 deliverables and the LIDAR units after the completion of the Project.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 19 5 REFERENCES [1] “Mesoscale Wind Modeling Report 1- Interim wind atlas for Maldives”, DNV GL, 702909-AUME-R- 1-D, 2 July 2015. [2] “Candidate Site Identification Report” DNV GL, 702909-AUME-R02-C, 2 July 2015. [3] Haa Alif Hoarafushi proposed land use plan received by email from Shazeena Ismail (MEE), received 12 August 2015. [4] “K. Thulusdhoo Proposed Land Use Plan”, Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure, Republic of Maldives, 7 July 2015. [5] “Environmental Impact Assessment: Construction of Weather mast at Hoarafushi, HA Atoll”, Land and Marine Environmental Resource Group Pvt Ltd, February 2016. [6] “Approval of Environmental Impact Assessment”, Environmental Protection Agency, Number 203- EIARES/438/2016/45. [7] “Wind turbines – Part 12: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines”, IEC 61400-12:2005 (E).
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 20 APPENDIX A – SITE VISITS UNDERTAKEN FOR THE PROPOSED MAST-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN
A.1 Objective Visits to the four proposed wind monitoring locations for the mast-based measurement campaign were organized and undertaken during March 2015, August and September 2015, and Jan 2017 to assess the technical and environmental suitability of each site and finalize the specific mast locations. The sites at Thulusdhoo and Hithadhoo were initially visited by DNV GL on the 5th and 6th of March 2015. The sites at L. Fonadhoo, Hoarafushi, and Thulusdhoo were subsequently visited by DNV GL and its local partner in the Maldives, Consonant Solutions, on the 17th, 18th, and 19th of August 2015. Additional site visits to the sites at L. Fonadhoo and Hithadhoo were then undertaken in September 2015 by Australian Radio Towers (ART), who were to be manufacturing the new masts and supplying the measurement systems, in order to confirm that the existing masts at these sites were suitable for refurbishment.
Comprehensive checklists were used during the site visits to collect a range of relevant information, including details of accessibility, topography, vegetation, obstacles, soil conditions, constructability, wireless signal for data communication, local resources, current land use, and security. The important technical and environmental information is described and summarized in the following sections.
A.2 Site visit summary – Technical A total of four monitoring locations were deemed sufficient for the purpose of the wind resource validation exercise. The four sites visited offer good spatial distribution throughout the Maldives, and are expected to adequately capture the full range of wind regimes encountered throughout the country. All sites are accessible and constructible, apart from potential challenges posed by the excessively sandy and corrosive soils and the relatively high water table at Hoarafushi. The location initially proposed by the Local Council at Hoarafushi was found to be unsuitable, as the width of land available was insufficient for the installation of the mast type under consideration. An alternative site was identified to the east of the original location, and is described in Sections and A.3.2 below. The two existing masts at L. Fonadhoo and Hithadhoo are in generally good condition and are suitable for refurbishment and reuse, although the design of the mast at L. Fonadhoo may present some difficulties for the installation of the top anemometers. Adequate resources are available on each island, and any required construction equipment will be either obtained locally or transported to the site by the local contractor.
The following sub-sections provide summaries of the important technical aspects of the sites on a site by site basis. Other relevant information, such as the average wind speed and uncertainty determined from the Phase 1 mesoscale wind modeling outputs, is shown in Appendix B. Preliminary site plans and site photos for each location are shown in Appendix C. A.2.1 Hoarafushi The Hoarafushi site is located at the north-west end of the island of Hoarafushi in the Haa Alif Atoll, in the northern Maldives, approximately 320 km north of Male. The site is approximately 850 m from the harbor on Hoarafushi, and can be accessed by a normal vehicle via a series of unnamed gravel and sand roads. Maldivian airlines fly between Male and Hanimaadhoo Airport on the nearby island of Hanimaadhoo several times a day, and private speedboat transfers are available between Hanimaadhoo and Hoarafushi.
The terrain is generally flat and the site is covered in dense low-value vegetation, predominantly Scaevola taccada (“Sea Lettuce” or “Magoo”), approximately 2-3 m high. Some clearing of vegetation will be required to install the mast, with continued clearing needed during operation. The soil at the site
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 21 is new sand mixed with some coral, and the mast base and guy wire anchors will likely be solid concrete or sand anchors. The water table is located at a depth of approximately 1 m, but may be nearer the surface in some areas, and ‘dewatering’ of the soil may be required for the construction of the mast foundations.
There is good wireless 3G signal at the site. Consonant Solutions, DNV GL’s local partner in the Maldives, has advised that accommodation and food supplies are available on the island.
There are no major impediments to construction, apart from the relatively high water table at the site. A.2.2 Thulusdhoo The Thulusdhoo site is located on recently reclaimed land at the far western end of the island of Thulusdhoo in the Kaafu Atoll, in the northern-central Maldives, approximately 26 km north north-east of Male. The center of the site is approximately 700 m from the nearest paved road, and can currently be accessed by a normal vehicle across the open reclaimed land. A public ferry sails between Male and Thulusdhoo daily, and private speedboat transfers are also available.
The terrain is flat, with isolated plantings of low bushes across the site and an area of dense vegetation and existing development approximately 450 m away to the east. The soil at the site is sand mixed with significant amounts of coral, with no water encountered to a depth of 1 m, and the mast base and guy wire anchors will likely be solid concrete or sand anchors.
There is adequate wireless 3G signal at the site. Thulusdhoo is a popular tourist destination, and accommodation and food supplies are readily available on the island.
There are no major impediments to construction, although care must be taken to ensure that an adequate buffer zone is available around the mast, guys, and anchors to allow for the future installation of revetments on the reclaimed land at the site, during which a region of up to 30 m from the shoreline is likely to be disturbed by heavy machinery. A.2.3 L. Fonadhoo The L. Fonadhoo site is located at the south-west end of the island of Fonadhoo in the Laamu Atoll, in the southern- central Maldives, approximately 260 km south of Male. The site is approximately 6 km from Kadhdhoo Airport on the adjacent island of Kadhdhoo, and can be accessed by a normal vehicle via the paved Causeway, Siraajudheen Magu, Hurasmagu, and Kathimagu roads. Approximately 180 m along Kathimagu road, a vehicle track on the right leads to the site. Maldivian airlines fly between Male and Kadhdhoo several times a day.
The terrain rises gently to the north-east, with long grass across the site and trees bounding the site on all sides with approximate heights of 7.5 m in the north, 10.5 m in the east, 13.9 m in the south, and 8.5 m in the west. Some clearing of trees and bushes will be required to allow access to the existing mast, guy wires, and anchors. The soil at the site is predominantly sand.
The existing meteorological mast is a guyed galvanized steel four-sided lattice tower, with a height of approximately 76.5 m and constant face width of 205 mm. The mast consists of 13 equal sections approximately 5.5 m long and a final two sections approximately 3.3 m and 2.2 m long, with 38.5 mm by 38.5 mm, 5.5-6 mm thick angle steel at each corner and the same angle steel welded horizontally every 1.1 m. Bracing is provided by 15 mm diameter round steel bars welded both horizontally and diagonally on all faces with a vertical spacing of approximately 220 mm. The base foundation is a 700 mm by 600 mm concrete block below the level of the soil, and the mast is mounted on a 350 mm square baseplate.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 22 The mast is supported by seven sets of guy wires attached at the corners of the mast at every second section join (approximately every 11 m for the first six guys, with the seventh guys approximately 8.8 m above the previous set) and anchored to eight 900 mm square concrete blocks below the level of the soil via turnbuckles and three or four galvanized steel loops passing through a support plate near ground level and embedded in each anchor. The four inner anchors, corresponding to the three lower guys, are located approximately 16 m from the mast while the four outer anchors, corresponding to the four upper guys, are located approximately 32 m from the mast. The guys and anchors for two corners of the mast are oriented at 60° and 150° magnetic, relative to the mast. The orientations of the other guys and anchors could not be recorded as they were inaccessible due to overgrowth of vegetation, however they are likely to be oriented towards 240° and 330° magnetic.
Details of the instrumentation currently installed on the mast are provided in Table A-1. However it is noted that all of the existing instrumentation on the mast will be replaced as part of the refurbishment.
Table A-1 Instrumentation summary for existing L. Fonadhoo mast
Height (approx.) [m] Orientation Mounting Instrument type relative to mast arrangement
Horizontal boom at 76.5 190° Anemometer top of mast
Horizontal boom at 76.5 10° Wind vane top of mast
64 330° Anemometer Horizontal boom
44 330° Anemometer Horizontal boom
In enclosure, on 3.3 - Solar-powered logger tower leg
The condition of the mast is generally good, apart from some surface corrosion on the tower and more significant corrosion at the bottom of the logger enclosure and on the guy wire turnbuckles. However, both the logger enclosure and guy wires will be replaced during the refurbishment. The anchors for the guy wires on two corners of the mast are overgrown with shrubs, trees, and vines, and clearing of this vegetation will be required to obtain access.
The wireless signal at the site was not recorded during the site visit, but is expected to be adequate considering the generally good signal encountered throughout the Maldives. Consonant Solutions, DNV GL’s local partner in the Maldives, has advised that accommodation and food supplies are available on the island.
There are no major impediments to the refurbishment and reuse of the existing mast, although the top of the mast may present difficulties for the installation of anemometers on a goal post arrangement as described in Section D.3.4. A.2.4 Hithadhoo The Hithadhoo site is located at the south end of the island of Hithadhoo in the Addu Atoll, in the southern Maldives, approximately 530 km south of Male. The site is immediately adjacent to the paved Link Road that connects the Hithadhoo and the adjacent island of Gan, approximately 10 km from Gan
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 23 International Airport, and can be easily accessed by a normal vehicle. Maldivian airlines flies between Male and Gan several times a day.
The terrain is generally flat, with short grass and scattered bushes across the site and longer grass at the perimeters. A row of medium dense trees approximately 8-10 m high is located around 25 m away to the west, alongside Link Road, with industrial buildings approximately 8-10 m high on the other side of the road. The soil at the site is predominantly sand.
The existing meteorological mast is a guyed galvanized steel four-sided lattice tower, with a height of approximately 80 m and a constant face width of 300 mm. The mast consists of 16 equal sections approximately 5 m long, with 40 mm by 33 mm, 5 mm thick C-section steel at each corner and 40 mm by 40 mm, 5 mm thick angle steel welded horizontally every 1 m. Bracing is provided by 12 mm square section steel bars welded both horizontal and diagonal on all faces with a vertical spacing of approximately 330 mm. The base foundation is a 1250 mm square concrete block, which protrudes approximately 150 mm above the level of the soil.
The mast is supported by eight sets of 10 mm diameter guy wires attached to the corners of the mast at every second section join (approximately every 10 m), and anchored to eight 1250 mm by 1000 mm concrete blocks via turnbuckles, chain, and a galvanized steel loop embedded in each anchor. The four inner anchors, corresponding to the four lower guys, are located approximately 24.8 m from the mast while the four outer anchors, corresponding to the four upper guys, are located approximately 40.1 m from the mast. The guys and anchors for the four corners of the mast are oriented at 50°, 140°, 230°, and 320° magnetic, relative to the mast.
Details of the instrumentation currently installed on the Hithadhoo mast are provided in Table A-2. The mast is also equipped with a 7 mm diameter fall-arrest cable, lightning rod, and aviation lighting system, although this is no longer functioning. However it is noted that all of the existing instrumentation on the mast will be replaced as part of the refurbishment.
Table A-2 Instrumentation summary for existing Hithadhoo mast
Height (approx.) [m] Orientation Mounting Instrument type relative to mast arrangement
80 360° Anemometer (NRG Systems) Horizontal boom
78 360° Wind vane (NRG Systems) Horizontal boom
50 0° Anemometer (NRG Systems) Horizontal boom
48 0° Wind Vane (NRG Systems) Horizontal boom
Solar-powered logger In enclosure, on 3 - (NRG Systems) tower leg – not functioning
The condition of the mast is generally good, but it will be necessary to replace the existing guy wires as the lowest inner guy on the south-west corner of the mast is broken and there is corrosion on the remaining guys, turnbuckles, and fall- arrest cable.
There is very good wireless 3G signal at the site. Accommodation and food supplies are available on the island, and construction equipment is also available locally. An international shipping port is located approximately 1 km from the site by road.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 24 There are no major impediments to the refurbishment and reuse of the existing mast.
A.3 Site visit summary – Environmental No major issues of concern were noted in regard to the physical environment at any of the four sites visited. Some clearing of vegetation will be necessary at Hoarafushi and L. Fonadhoo, but this will mostly affect low-value vegetation and will not require the removal of any large mature trees. All four sites are located on undeveloped, government-owned land, and evidence of public use was observed at both Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo.
The following sub-sections provide summaries of the important environmental aspects of the sites on a site by site basis. A.3.1 Hoarafushi The site is located on undeveloped land, in a proposed green area or buffer zone [3]. The Hoarafushi Council is supportive of the project and has granted approval for the site to be used for the installation and operation of a meteorological mast. An area extending approximately 5 m from the mast foundations and guy wires, with a total area of around 1600 m2 (1.6 ha), will need to be cleared for the installation and operation of the mast. This corresponds to the removal of approximately 40 fully grown plants, mostly low-value Scaevola taccada (“Sea Lettuce” or “Magoo”).
There is evidence that the site is currently used as a thoroughfare for people going to the smaller island of Velifinolhu to the north-west, so anti-climb panels should be installed at the bottom of the mast. A.3.2 Thulusdhoo The site is located on recently reclaimed and undeveloped land, in a proposed utility and municipal zone that has been identified by the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure as a temporary site for renewable energy resource mapping [4]. The Thulusdhoo Council is supportive of the project and has granted approval for the site to be used for the installation and operation of a meteorological mast without rental payments for a period of two years, during which time all development in the area around the mast will be avoided in order to minimize the risk of introducing inconsistencies into the wind speed measurements.
There is evidence that the site is currently used recreationally, so anti-climb panels should be installed at the bottom of the mast. It may also be necessary to mark or in some way protect the guy wires to avoid damage during any future installation of revetments along the shoreline. A.3.3 L. Fonadhoo The site is located on undeveloped land near the south end of L. Fonadhoo. The Fonadhoo Council is supportive of the project and has expressed consent to the refurbishment and reuse of the mast. The MEE has also stated that the Maldives Government can provide access to the use of the mast for the Project. An area extending approximately 5 m from the mast foundations and guy wires will need to be cleared to allow access to the guy wires and anchors for the existing mast, but this will primarily affect low-value shrubs and vines. A.3.4 Hithadhoo The site is located on cleared reclaimed land. DNV GL has been advised that both the land and the existing meteorological mast are owned by FENAKA Corporation; a government-owned utility responsible for providing electricity, water, and sewerage services. In a meeting with DNV GL in Male on the 3rd of March, 2015, the Projects Director for FENAKA, Abdulla Nashith, expressed consent to the refurbishment
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 25 and reuse of the mast. The MEE has also stated that the mast can be refurbished for the purpose of the Project.
The site is located alongside a major road, so anti-climb panels should be installed at the bottom of the mast.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 26 APPENDIX B – TABULAR COMPARISONS OF FINAL SITES FOR MAST-BASED AND LIDAR-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 27 Final sites for mast-based measurement campaign
Wind speed1 [m/s] Island/Mast Latitude Longitude Access and (Uncertainty [m/s]) ID Atoll Typical site picture name [WGS84] [WGS84] construction 10 m 50 m 100 m
Good access, construction Hoarafushi 7.0 1 Haa Alif 6° 59’ 13.1’’ 72° 53’ 19.2’’ challenges due to 6.3 6.8 (new mast) (0.52) relatively high water table
Good access, Thulusdhoo 6.7 2 Kaafu 4° 22’ 16.9’’ 73° 38’ 33.0’’ easy 6.0 6.5 (new mast) (0.37) construction
1 Average wind speed within a 5 km radius area centred on the mast location
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 28 Wind speed2 [m/s] Island/Mast Latitude Longitude Access and (Uncertainty [m/s]) ID Atoll Typical site picture name [WGS84] [WGS84] construction 10 m 50 m 100 m
Good access, L. Fonadhoo 5.6 3 Laamu 1° 49’ 25.6’’ 73° 29’ 15.7’’ generally easy 5.0 5.4 (existing mast) (0.37) construction
Excellent Hithadhoo 5.8 4 Addu -0° 37’ 45.3’’ 73° 6’ 0.4’’ access, easy 5.2 5.7 (existing mast) (0.44) construction
2 Average wind speed within a 5 km radius area centred on the mast location
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 29 Final sites for LIDAR-based measurement campaign
Wind speed3 [m/s] Suitability for Island/Site Latitude Longitude (Uncertainty [m/s]) ID Atoll LIDAR Typical site picture name [WGS84] [WGS84] installation 10 m 50 m 100 m
Ample space, secure, access 7.0 1 Hoarafushi Haa Alif 8°59’ 0.6” 72°53’ 51.9” to power, 6.3 6.8 (0.52) adequate exposure
Adequate space, secure, access to 6.7 2 Thulusdhoo Kaafu 4° 22’ 28.6” 73° 39’ 7.9” power, adequate 6.0 6.5 (0.37) exposure
3 Average wind speed within a 5 km radius area centred on the LIDAR location
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 30 APPENDIX C – SITE PLANS AND PICTURES FOR MAST-BASED AND LIDAR- BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 31 Final sites for mast-based measurement campaign
Hoarafushi Site Plan
Proposed mast location
Area to be cleared
Foundation
Note: It is DNV GL’s view that the Google Earth imagery shown is not accurately georeferenced, and should be shifted approximately 10 m south.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 32 Hoarafushi Site Photographs
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 33 Thulusdhoo Site Plan
Proposed mast location
Waterline
Raised reclaimed land
Foundation
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 34 Thulusdhoo Site Photographs
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 35 L. Fonadhoo Site Plan
Existing mast location
Foundation
Note: Locations of four of the eight existing anchors could not be recorded due to excessive overgrowth.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 36 L. Fonadhoo Site Photographs
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 37 Hithadhoo Site Plan
Existing mast location
Foundation
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 38 Hithadhoo Site Photographs
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 39 Final sites for LIDAR-based measurement campaign
Hoarafushi Site
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 40 Hoarafushi Site Plan
Potential LIDAR device location Concrete Pad
Fence
Trench for met station cable
Met station pole
Mains power
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 41 Hoarafushi Site Photographs Looking north from proposed site Looking east from proposed site
Looking south from proposed site Looking west from proposed site
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 42 Thulusdhoo Site
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 43 Thulusdhoo Site Plan
Potential LIDAR device location Concrete Pad
Fence
Trench for met station cable
Met station pole
Mains power
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 44 Thulusdhoo Site Photographs Looking north from proposed site Looking east from proposed site
Looking south from proposed site Looking west from proposed site
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 45 APPENDIX D – IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR MAST-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN
D.1 Team Structure
World Bank
Head Contractor DNV GL
Local Partner Consonant Solutions For mast-based measurement campaign: Mast Supplier Measurement System Supplier Mast Installation Supervisor Measurement System Installation Supervisor ART
Logistics Civil Works Mast Installer Measurement System Installer AGAS
Figure D-1 Phase 2 organizational structure
AGAS is a leading Maldivian construction, transport, and logistics company with significant relevant experience in erecting telecommunication towers, installing communications systems, and providing specialist rigging and technical labor services for a range of local projects. AGAS will assist with the transport of construction materials and equipment in the Maldives, undertake the required civil works, erect the masts and install the instrumentation, and provide maintenance services for both the masts and measurement equipment throughout the duration of the measurement campaign.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 46 For the previously proposed option of a mast-based wind measurement campaign, the following additional subcontractors and suppliers were appointed to design, manufacture, install, and maintain the masts:
Australian Radio Towers (ART) is an Australian company specializing in the design, manufacture, supply, and installation of guyed masts and free-standing towers for communication and wind monitoring applications. Through their dedicated wind monitoring division, ART have been supplying and installing meteorological masts, wind measurement systems, and associated equipment both within Australia and internationally for over 20 years. All monitoring systems designed, fabricated, and implemented by ART are fully IEC compliant, and the company also provides custom design and advisory services. ART were to design and manufacture the meteorological masts and supply the wind measurement systems for the mast-based measurement campaign, in accordance with wind energy industry standards. A senior supervisor from ART was also to be responsible for supervising and managing the on- site installation of the masts and wind measurement systems.
Various internationally recognized companies were to provide the instrumentation for the wind measurement systems for the mast-based measurement campaign, including Thies, NRG, and Campbell Scientific.
D.2 Permitting Approval for the proposed wind monitoring masts locations will be required from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), and Land and Survey Authority (LSA) in the Maldives. Acceptance of the proposed mast sites by MEE, the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (or Land and Survey Authority), and the relevant local councils will also be obtained.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
A project screening request was submitted by DNV GL to the EPA in April 2015, to determine the need to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed mast sites at Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo. The EPA subsequently advised that an EIA would not be required for these sites. However, the relocation of the Hoarafushi mast to an alternative site further to the east of the original location will require more extensive clearing of vegetation than initially planned, as described in Appendix A, so a new project screening application to determine the need for an EIA was submitted to the EPA in September 2015. This screening application determined that an EIA was required for the installation of the Hoarafushi mast.
DNV GL commissioned a local environmental consultant, La Mer (Land and Marine Environmental Resource Group), to conduct an EIA for the site [5]. The EPA subsequently approved the EIA (and therefore the construction of the mast) with a number of conditions [6].
Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)
DNV GL requested acceptance of the proposed new mast locations from the CAA in January 2016, and approval was granted for these locations on 27th January 2016.
In addition to developing and administering all policies and regulations related to air transport in the Maldives, the CAA also maintains a database of all tall structures greater than 30 m high that are located within 15 km of any aerodrome. The existing masts at L. Fonadhoo and Hithadhoo are already recorded on this database, however as they have not previously been painted, discussions will be carried out with the CAA to determine if any marking is required. The new masts at Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo, although
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 47 located more than 15 km from the nearest aerodrome, may still impact flight operations by sea planes and will therefore need to be reported.
In addition, on 11th May 2016 DNV GL requested approval to install aviation markers (balls) on the existing masts instead of painting the masts. On 21st May 2016 DNV GL was advised that CAA approval for these masts had not been sought by the installers of those masts. DNV GL subsequently requested acceptance of the existing mast locations on 24th May 2015, and on 29e May 2016 the CAA approved the new mast locations, and the installation of aviation markers (balls) instead of painting the masts.
Each of the four masts will be equipped with aviation warning lights as per ICAO regulation, Annex 14, which will also ensure compliance with Maldives CAA regulation ASC 139-5. The two new masts will be painted as per ICAO regulation, Annex 14, and the two existing masts will include markings to satisfy the requirements of the CAA.
Local Councils
On behalf of DNV GL, the MEE has requested approval from the local councils on the islands of Fonadhoo, Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo for the installation of new masts, or the use of existing masts. DNV GL has received confirmation that each of these councils has approved the request from the MEE.
The MEE has advised that it is not necessary to obtain approval from the council for the use of the existing mast at Hithadhoo as it is owned by the Government owned utility, Fenaka. Approval has been received from Fenaka for the use of the existing mast.
Land and Survey Authority (LSA)
DNV GL was advised by the MEE on 24th May 2016 that it was also necessary to obtain approval from the Land and Survey Authority (LSA) for the new masts on Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo. Approval for the Hoarafushi location was granted on 8th June 2016 with some conditions which are currently being clarified with the LSA. Approval for the Thulusdhoo location is currently pending.
D.3 Mast and instrumentation specifications The following sub-sections detail recommendations for equipment and mounting arrangements on the wind measurement masts, based on DNV GL’s extensive experience of wind resource assessments and meteorological conditions analyses. In some cases, IEC requirements for wind turbine power performance measurements, as detailed in [7], are referenced. Although the requirements for wind resource assessments and wind turbine power performance measurements differ in many respects, certain aspects of the requirements presented in [7] are considered to be valid for wind resource assessments. D.3.1 Mast Mast type
A mast suitable for the purpose of wind measurement will be used. New masts will comply with relevant standards regarding expected meteorological conditions at the proposed site, and will have a design life of 25 years. Existing masts have been inspected by ART, who have confirmed that they are suitable and safe for refurbishment. However, as design documentation for the existing masts is not available, the design life is unknown.
It is also noted that due to the corrosive coastal environment in the Maldives, it may not be possible for the masts to achieve the target design life, particularly if regular maintenance is not carried out through
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 48 the life of the masts. Although the masts will be maintained regularly throughout the two-year measurement period of the current project, it is noted that arrangements are not currently in place for ongoing maintenance of the masts beyond the two-year period.
The new masts will be a guyed galvanized steel lattice tower with a height of approximately 77 m. The masts will be 3- sided, with a constant face width of 360mm, and will include an integrated ladder within the structure bracing. The mast will also include a fall-arrest cable to provide additional security for personnel climbing the mast.
The bottom of the masts will be equipped with an anti-climb device.
The new masts will be painted as per ICAO regulation, Annex 14, for day-marking purposes, which will also ensure compliance with Maldives CAA regulation ASC 139-5. The existing masts will include day-marking as specified by the CAA. Aviation warning lights will be installed, as detailed in Section D.3.3.
Base and guy wire anchors
New masts will be secured to a concrete base foundation and supported by guy wires anchored to six concrete blocks. The concrete anchors are being designed according to local soil conditions, and will have an embedded attachment point for the guy wires. The three outer anchors will be located approximately 50 m from the mast, and the three inner anchors will be located approximately 25 m from the mast. D.3.2 Equipment Wind speed
Thies First Class and NRG Class One cup anemometers, classified according to the requirements of the IEC [7], will be used to measure horizontal wind speed. All anemometers will be individually calibrated by a MEASNET-approved institution.
Parallel anemometers are proposed at the upper measurement height but also at each lower measurement height as indicated in Section D.3.4. It is DNV GL’s opinion that the installation of a single sensor type on a given met mast introduces an additional level of risk associated with sensor specific flaws or biases that may be inherent in the sensor design. An effective way to reduce this risk is to introduce sensors from multiple manufacturers on the same mast. This approach to sensor installation is designed to yield a more stable measurement campaign that also minimizes the costs associated with possible future maintenance procedures. Furthermore, this practice provides greater clarity in identifying spurious measurements when recorded wind data are subsequently analyzed. Implementing this recommendation will materially reduce sensor specific flaws and protect against measurement biases that can introduce unnecessary error.
Several anemometers will be required on each meteorological mast, in order to provide redundancy and investigate the vertical variation of wind speed. Recommendations for the number of anemometers, mounting arrangements, and installation heights are detailed in Section D.3.4.
The power supply for the anemometers is provided by the internal battery power supply within the data logger, detailed in Section D.3.3.
Wind direction
Thies Compact Potentiometer wind vanes will be used to measure wind direction. To provide redundancy, two wind vanes will be installed on each meteorological mast. Recommendations for installation heights are detailed in Section D.3.4.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 49 Atmospheric conditions
Temperature sensors with radiation shields, air pressure sensors, and humidity sensors will be deployed on each mast. Sensors to measure atmospheric conditions are useful to support quality assurance checks of the primary wind and direction measurements, and also provide valuable data to assess turbine suitability for future wind farm development.
The air pressure sensor will be mounted in a weatherproof enclosure which will be adequately ventilated; this ensures that pressure readings are not influenced by air pressure distribution around the box.
Data logger and communications
Campbell Scientific data loggers will be installed on every mast. These loggers record and store data with a continuous sample rate of 1 Hz, and an averaging interval of 10 minutes will be used. As a minimum, the following statistics will be recorded:
• Time stamp;
• Mean, standard deviation and maximum wind speed;
• Mean and standard deviation wind direction;
• Mean and standard deviation temperature, air pressure and relative humidity; and
• Power supply voltage.
The data logger will be located in a lockable weather-proof housing. Precautions will be undertaken to ensure moisture cannot enter instruments, cabling or the logger housing.
Data loggers will be installed above the anti-climb devices, so that access is restricted.
The data logger will have storage capability for at least 6 months of recorded data, from the addition of external compact flash data storage. Flash memory cards are used to store data and these should be easy for local staff to retrieve and replace, if necessary.
A land-based 3G modem and antenna will be used for data transmission.
The data logger clock will be set to local standard time in the Maldives. The logger clock will be regularly checked and corrected to ensure the correct time. D.3.3 Other equipment Power supply
The wind measurement masts will be autonomous. Power for the logger, communications and sensors will be supplied by battery power supply within the data logger and from an external battery, housed in the weatherproof enclosure. The batteries will be charged by an externally-mounted solar panel, installed on the mast. The system will be configured so that batteries will remain suitably charged, even during winter months, with realistic periods of low light levels. The solar panel will be installed to maximize exposure to the sun. Power supply voltage will be a monitored variable, to allow confirmation that the solar panel is sized appropriately and operating correctly.
A separate power supply will be installed for the aviation warning lights, as discussed below.
Aviation warning lights
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 50 ICAO Annex 14 compliant aviation warning lights will be installed at the top and mid-point of every mast, which will also ensure compliance with Maldives CAA regulation ASC 139-5. Care will be taken to ensure that flow distortion on the wind speed measurements, caused by the aviation warning lights, is minimized. Top aviation warning lights will be installed at least 1.5 m below the anemometers at the top of the mast, which are installed on the goal post arrangement. Mid-point lights will be mounted further down the mast and at least 1.5 m vertically from the closest anemometer.
The aviation warning lights will be supplied with integrated solar panels and batteries, suitable to provide adequate lighting intensity during low light periods. The solar panel for the top light will be installed to avoid flow distortion on upper instruments.
Lightning protection
Although it is not possible to provide absolute protection from a direct strike, precautions will be taken to protect against lightning damage to the mast and equipment.
The sensors will be connected with screened cables that, together with the data logger and mast, will be connected to a local earth.
A lightning rod will be installed at the top of the mast and a protection umbrella of 60° to sensors mounted at the top of the mast will be provided. The lightning rod will be a copper rod. The rod will be fastened to a tower leg at the top, and with a copper wire mechanical attached to the tower. Another copper rod will be driven into the ground near the mast base, and the tower will be clamped to this rod via a copper tail. Due to the attractiveness of exposed bare copper cable to vandalism, DNV GL suggests not installing a bare copper cable down-run on the tower.
As the anemometers installed at the top of the mast are the primary instruments on the mast, care will be taken to ensure the flow distortion caused by the lightning rod on the wind speed measurements is minimized. D.3.4 Measurement configuration The IEC provides the industry standard for cup anemometer and wind vane mounting arrangements [7], however it is noted that this presents requirements for wind turbine power performance measurements. As a result, the requirements presented in [7] focus on measurements at hub height and in discrete direction sectors. For the assessment of wind resource and meteorological conditions, it is important that measurements are undertaken at a range of heights and that distortion of the wind flow is minimized in all direction sectors, particularly the prevailing wind direction sectors.
Anemometers installed at the top of a meteorological mast are primarily used as initiation instruments for wind flow modeling. Anemometers installed at lower heights are used to investigate vertical variation of wind speed at the mast location and as reference instruments should the primary anemometers at the mast top fail.
Anemometers at the top of the mast will be installed on a goal post arrangement. The horizontal separation will be a minimum of 2 m, and the height above the top of the mast will be approximately 2 to 3 m, for a total measurement height of approximately 80 m. All anemometers below the goal post will be mounted on slender horizontal booms and vertical arms of circular section. The horizontal booms will be securely attached to the mast and rigid to ensure they will not flex in the wind. The angle deviation of the anemometer will be less than 2° from vertical.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 51 The maximum center-line distortion of wind flow due to the mast effects will be kept below 0.5%, as per [7]. In order to achieve this, the length of horizontal the booms will be approximately 2 m to 3 m, depending on the design and porosity of each individual mast; details of this calculation are given in [7].
In order to avoid significant flow disturbance at an anemometer due to its own horizontal boom, the vertical arm will ensure that that cups of the anemometer are at least 15 to 25 boom diameters above the horizontal boom.
In order to further minimize flow disturbance at the anemometers due to the mast, the horizontal booms will be orientated, as much as possible, 90° to the prevailing wind direction. Due to the topography and anchoring challenges, there may some deviations from this best practice. All anemometers installed in parallel will be installed on horizontal booms orientated at 180° to one another.
Where possible, the masts will be installed so that the vertical planes of the guy wires are not oriented in the same directions as the horizontal booms on which the anemometers are installed. An absolute separation distance of 1.5 m between the anemometers and the guy wires will be maintained on all masts.
Two anemometers will be installed in parallel at each measurement height. Installing two anemometers in parallel at exactly the same measurement height improves the accuracy of the wind speed measurement at that height and provides redundancy in the event that one of the two anemometers should fail. Flow distortion due to the mast can be minimized by selecting wind speed data from the two anemometers on a directional basis. Furthermore, issues such as anemometer degradation can be identified with greater accuracy. However, it is noted that DNV GL intends to install an additional anemometer at a height of 10 m to satisfy a request from the Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS), and only a single anemometer will be installed at this height.
Although wind direction measurements are less sensitive to flow distortion caused by other objects, the general principles for mounting arrangements of anemometers described above will also be applied to the mounting arrangements of the wind vanes. In particular, wind vanes will not be installed at the same height as anemometers.
The wind vanes will be installed on horizontal booms, with the north of the wind vane (i.e. dead band) aligned along the boom axis, pointing toward (preferably) or away from the mast. This will enable the wind direction offset to be assessed easily from the ground with the aid of a compass once the mast has been installed. The wind direction offset will either be programmed into the data logger or applied during analysis of the data. The alignment of the north of the wind vane shall be documented in the mast installation report, described in Section D.6.1.
Recommended installation heights and mounting arrangements for instrumentation on the masts are shown in Table D-1 below.
Table D-1 Instrumentation summary for 80 m meteorological masts
Mounting Height [m] Instrument type Manufacturer/Model arrangement
80 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer Thies First Class Goal post
80 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer NRG Class One Goal post
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 52 77 Wind vane Thies Compact Potentiometer Horizontal boom
77 Temperature sensor TBD On tower leg
60 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer Thies First Class Horizontal boom
60 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer NRG Class One Horizontal boom
58 Wind vane Thies Compact Potentiometer Horizontal boom
40 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer Thies First Class Horizontal boom
40 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer NRG Class One Horizontal boom
20 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer Thies First Class Horizontal boom
20 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer NRG Class One Horizontal boom
10 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer Thies First Class Horizontal boom
3 Calibrated temperature sensor TBD On tower leg
3 Relative Humidity sensor TBD On tower leg
In Logger Enclosure, on 3 Pressure sensor TBD tower leg
Campbell Scientific (with In enclosure, on 3 Logger and communications equipment communications equipment) tower leg
The sensor installation heights presented in the table above may be altered for practical reasons or so that sensors are not affected by any objects that may cause flow distortion. In addition, it is noted that the existing masts at L. Fonadhoo and Hithadhoo have heights that will be slightly different from the heights of the new masts to be installed, and therefore instruments at the top of the existing masts will be installed at a suitable height relative to the top of these masts. It is typically not recommended to use anemometers installed below 25 m to estimate wind resource at hub heights the hub heights of large scale wind turbines, however, wind resource evaluation at a heights 20 m, for small-scale wind development, is one of the current project goals.
For anemometers installed in parallel, the cups of the anemometers shall be at exactly the same measurement height. With the exception of anemometers installed in parallel, a minimum vertical separation distance of 1.5 m will be maintained between all sensors.
Exact sensor installation heights to an accuracy of 0.1 m, and the allocation of individual sensor serial numbers to data logger channels and installation heights, will be documented in the mast installation report, described in Section D.6.1.
For ease of access, pressure and relative humidity sensors will be installed at approximately 3 m AGL. Thermometers at the top and ground levels will be installed to allow a more refined analysis of variability in thermal effects.
Figure D-2 illustrates the recommended mast instrumentation schematic configuration.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 53 Figure D-2 Recommended mast instrumentation
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 54 D.4 Shipping and construction Masts and instruments will be procured from international vendors through ART, and shipped from Australia to the Maldives. Aviation lights will be sourced from the United Kingdom. Proper export and import documentation will accompany all shipments. Construction will commence when the masts and instruments have been received in the Maldives by AGAS, and the permitting for each site is complete.
The installation of the new masts at Hoarafushi and Thulusdhoo will consist of the following steps:
1. Paint the mast.
2. Transport the mast and instruments to the mast location, and store securely until required.
3. Clear vegetation as required for access and mast erection.
4. Construct concrete mast foundations.
5. Allow curing of foundations for up to 4 weeks.
6. Lay out steel sections and guy wires.
7. Erect mast using a vertical gin pole and tackle to lift tower segments.
8. Secure the guy wires as tower segments are added.
9. Conduct final mast tensioning and plumbing (straightening).
10. Install instrument booms and instruments on the mast, and tie cables to tower legs.
11. Install the equipment at the base of the mast, on the tower.
12. Install mast lighting.
13. Install anti-climb panels at the base of the mast.
14. Install lightning protection system and grounding.
15. Test and commission mast (including communications).
16. Conduct final inspection and issue commissioning report.
Refurbishment of the masts at L. Fonadhoo and Hithadhoo will proceed in a similar way, except that the existing tower will be reused and there is no need to construct mast foundations. Guy wires attached to both masts will be replaced with new guys by a rigger, and the final tensioning and plumbing undertaken as normal. The wind measurement systems will then be installed and commissioned following steps 10 through to 16 above.
Construction of the foundations will be carried out by AGAS, with supervision from ART. During erection and commissioning of the mast, the team is likely to consist of an ART supervisor, ART and/or DNV GL commissioning engineer, and AGAS riggers and labourers.
ART will be responsible for health, safety and environmental management on site. ART will ensure that all staff on site will be properly equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE), and mast riggers will have safety harnesses. Work will only be undertaken under safe weather conditions.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 55 DNV GL’s subcontractor (ART) has planned a maximum of
• 5 days on site during civil works (for one person) and 5 days for installation and commissioning (for two people) for each new mast install; and
• 5 days on site for each mast refurbishment; which is deemed a very reasonable time to complete a mast. If DNV GL’s subcontractor cannot work because of adverse weather conditions or other reasons outside their control, down time charges will be accrued at a rate of AUD$105 per man hour per man plus travel allowance.
If a DNV GL Field Engineer cannot complete a 4-hour work day on-site (including transportation to site) because of adverse weather conditions or other reasons outside the control of DNV GL, the Client will be charged a down day, as per the IDA rates.
Charges for down time due to adverse weather delays or other reasons outside of the subcontractor’s or DNV GL’s control shall be covered by the contingency budget in the first instance. Cost overruns that cause the contingency budget to be breached shall be handled as outlined in the TOR.
D.5 Schedule A proposed schedule for the previously proposed option of a mast-based wind measurement campaign for Phase 2 of the project is provided in Appendix E.
D.6 Documentation For quality and traceability purposes, a detailed mast installation report will be prepared for each individual wind measurement mast. In addition, if there are any changes to the mast and equipment during the measurement period, they will be documented in a mast maintenance log. D.6.1 Mast installation report The installation report will be prepared for each individual wind measurement mast, which will contain, at a minimum the following:
General information:
• Site and mast name;
• Mast installation company;
• Installation date;
• Grid coordinates of mast (including details of coordinate system and datum);
• Elevation of mast above sea level; and
• Description of surroundings, including distance from mast and height of any significant obstacles or terrain features.
Mast and equipment:
• Mast type and height;
• Lattice mast dimensions;
• Exact installation heights above ground level for all sensors;
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 56 • Dimensions of all horizontal booms and vertical arms installed on the mast, including boom diameters and lengths for all horizontal and vertical members;
• Orientations of all horizontal booms, with reference to geographic north;
• Orientation of wind vane north for all wind vanes;
• Sensor types, serial numbers and corresponding installation heights;
• Calibration certificates for all anemometers; and
• Data logger type and serial numbers.
Data logger configuration:
• Data logger program;
• Wind vane offsets to geographic north and whether these have been programmed into the data logger;
• Details of power supply;
• Details of data retrieval; and
• Details of data logger clock setting.
Commissioning:
• Data showing first hour of operation after installation and confirmation that it complies with general site observations at the time.
Photographs:
• Photographs of mast, all booms and all sensors as mounted on the mast;
• Panoramic photograph from mast location showing surroundings; and
• Photographs of any significant obstacles in the vicinity of the mast. D.6.2 Maintenance log A maintenance log is a highly useful aid during data analysis. A maintenance log detailing all work carried out on the mast during the measurement campaign will be kept. For each intervention at the mast, the following will be noted:
• Date and time of commencement and completion of the intervention at the mast, as recorded by the data logger on the mast (if functional at the commencement of the work);
• Reason for the intervention;
• Details of work carried out, including a clear description of any changes to equipment or mounting arrangements; and
• Serial numbers of any replaced and replacement sensors, including calibration certificates for replacement anemometers. The following will also be documented in the mast history:
• Details of changes to the mast surroundings during the measurement campaign (felling of trees, construction of buildings or wind turbines, etc.); and
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 57 • Details of any periods of missing data (affected sensor, start, end, problem if known).
D.7 Operations D.7.1 Operations and maintenance The meteorological masts will operate for a period of two years. During this time, data will be wirelessly transmitted via 3G. There will be no electrical service to the masts; all of the equipment and lighting is solar-powered.
In order to save on battery life, the modems used for data transmission will be powered for a discrete portion of the day, every day. During that period, the logger will send the data recorded since the previous data upload to DNV GL. All data recorded at each site will be uploaded to the DNV GL on-line management system in London, England and stored on secure servers. Data will be quality controlled via automated algorithms, and by a Data Analyst. Any issues will be flagged and investigated promptly.
Preventive maintenance programs will be performed at each mast at six month intervals: the first after six months of operation, the second after 12 months, and the third after 18 months of operation. The preventative maintenance will consist of re-tensioning the guy wires; visual inspection of the mast, instruments, and lighting; cleaning of solar panels; and any other routine, ground-based maintenance correction. Any non-critical instrument failure may be remedied during this maintenance.
In the event a critical instrument shows signs of deterioration or failure, or if any issues with the logger or communication are detected, as flagged through remote analysis of data, a corrective maintenance program can be initiated. DNV GL suggests discussing the necessity of performing corrective maintenance with the World Bank on a case by case basis. For urgent matters, such as failures of top anemometers, the logger or communications, corrective maintenance will be dispatched. For non-urgent matters, such as a failed instrument at lower levels, corrective maintenance will typically not be dispatched immediately in order to save on costs and hence lower recovery rates may be acceptable. Non-urgent corrective maintenance will however be planned during routine maintenance or other nearby corrective maintenance, when it is deemed of importance to the World Bank and DNV GL. A reasonable level of data synthesis, to the satisfaction of the World Bank, will be used optionally as well to reach desired data coverage levels.
Once initiated, the corrective maintenance program will involve a multi-level approach. As a first step, Consonant Solutions will arrange for a local contact on the appropriate island to perform a visual inspection of the mast, instruments, and lighting, and correct any issues if possible. If further inspection, troubleshooting, or replacement of parts is required, a corrective maintenance team consisting of in-country trained personnel from AGAS and/or Consonant Solutions will be dispatched. In cases where the issue cannot be resolved by local staff, personnel from ART will travel from Australia to the Maldives to perform the necessary corrective maintenance. DNV GL will remotely assist with the intervention at all stages of the process.
DNV GL will propose a budget for eight average-type corrective maintenances throughout the campaign. A full mast change-out, full equipment replacement, or collapse is not anticipated and will therefore not be budgeted. If an instrument or piece of equipment needs to be replaced, DNV GL will use the spare parts pool. If the spare parts pool is depleted, purchase of additional spare parts will be discussed with the Client. DNV GL recommends the purchase of the spare parts listed in Table D-2.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 58 Table D-2 Recommended spare parts
Quantity Instrument type Manufacturer/Model
4 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer Thies First Class
4 MEASNET Calibrated Anemometer NRG Class One
2 Wind vane Thies Compact Potentiometer
2 Calibrated temperature sensor TBD
2 Relative humidity sensor TBD
2 Calibrated barometer sensor TBD
Campbell Scientific (with communications equipment and 1 Logger and communications equipment accessories, including two extra solar panels)
Security at the sites will be provided by anti-climb panels at the base of the masts. No additional security is deemed necessary at this stage.
At the end of the two-year monitoring period, the intention is for ownership of the towers, and all associated responsibility, will be passed on to the Maldives Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE), or an entity elected by the MEE. The details of the agreement will be finalized prior to the end of Construction. No decommissioning is assumed necessary for the project, and if decommissioning is required then it shall be discussed with the World Bank. D.7.2 Insurance DNV GL has arranged for insurance coverage as required in the TOR, to cover the eventually of a significant failure due to vandalism or weather events during the two-year monitoring period.
If a claim is required, any excess (i.e. deductible) payments, or amounts exceeding the insured amounts, shall be covered by the contingency budget in the first instance. Cost overruns that cause the contingency budget to be breached shall be handled as outlined in the TOR.
To account for the insurance excesses, any damage/failure on a tower and equipment during the two-years operations would be dealt with as follows:
• Minor damage or vandalism (e.g. damage of low value), such as on an instrument or ancillary equipment (ex.: a solar panel), will be likely replaced under the corrective maintenance provisions. The reason being that the insurance excess payment would be higher than the cost under the Project maintenance provision; • If there is extensive damage due to adverse weather conditions or vandalism, such as a tower failure, the tower and/or instruments will be replaced by DNV GL on the basis of the Project’s insurance coverage;
If there is material or physical damage to a third party, from a tower failure for example, costs resulting from claims will be covered with the Project’s insurance.
D.8 In-country capacity building
In-country capacity building will occur throughout the implementation of Phase 2 and Phase 3.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 59 During the site visits in March and August 2015, representatives from Consonant Solutions were provided with instruction on conducting a site survey to identify locations suitable for wind monitoring. In addition Consonant Solutions has been actively involved in planning for the erection of the monitoring masts and has been introduced to the process of installing and constructing masts.
AGAS already has experience in the installation of both guyed and freestanding towers, however their most recent experience is with freestanding towers only. In September 2015, an ART representative visited the Maldives and participated in meetings with AGAS, which were also attended by Consonant Solutions. During this time, the ART representative inspected rigging equipment owned by AGAS, determined its suitability for installation of the ART masts, and provided guidance on improvements that could be made to the AGAS equipment. For the purpose of the mast erection, ART will ship specialised equipment to the Maldives to supplement that owned by AGAS, and will instruct AGAS personnel in the use of this equipment during the mast installation.
During required civil works for the two new masts, experienced ART personnel will instruct and oversee AGAS staff to ensure that construction of foundations is undertaken in accordance with the project design, and that all HSE requirements are met.
Prior to installation, refurbishment and commissioning of the wind monitoring masts and equipment, experienced ART personnel will instruct AGAS staff on the process required to safely erect the masts, refurbish existing masts and install all required monitoring equipment. AGAS staff will then undertake the construction and installation under the supervision of ART staff. ART staff will again ensure that all HSE requirements are met.
The instruction provided by ART during construction will provide AGAS staff with the necessary skills to carry out all scheduled and the majority of unscheduled maintenance of the wind monitoring mast during the two year monitoring period.
Following installation and commissioning of the wind monitoring masts, DNV GL staff will hold a short workshop alongside one of the installed masts for representatives from the MEE, MMS and other stakeholders. The purpose of the workshop will be to explain the function and operation of the monitoring masts to all stakeholders, prior to commencement of the monitoring period. This workshop will also provide instruction to MMS staff, so that they can make use of data from the masts for their internal purposes during the monitoring period.
Following completion of the two year monitoring period, DNV GL will host another workshop for stakeholders in Male. The intention of this workshop will be to provide training to relevant stakeholders to facilitate ongoing operation of the masts by these organisation after the completion of the two year monitoring period, and once ownership of the masts has been handed over the Maldives Government. This workshop will describe the monitoring equipment in detail, describe how the wind monitoring system can be programmed to meet the needs of local stakeholders, and describe procedures for ongoing maintenance and operation of equipment on the masts. It is deemed that it will be most beneficial to hold these workshops as close as possible to the time when the masts will be handed over, to reduce the likelihood of the knowledge being lost prior to the handover.
The capacity building described above should enable local stakeholders to take over ownership and responsibility of the masts after the two-year operations period is completed.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 60 APPENDIX E – PHASE 2 SCHEDULES FOR MAST-BASED AND LIDAR-BASED MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS
Schedule for mast-based measurement campaign
Year 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Month 3344445555566667777888889999 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 Start of Week 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 14
Phase 2 Schedule Approvals 11111111111111111 Final Quotes 111111111111111 Contracting 1111111111111111111 Finalise Implementation Plan 1 1 1 1 Shipping Anchors and Materials to Islands 1 Civil Works (Installation of Foundations) 1 1 1 1 1 Procurement Masts and Equipment 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ship Mast and Wind System to Maldives 1 1 1 Customs Clearance Mast and Wind System 1 Shipping Mast and Wind System to Islands 1 Mast Installation 1 1 1 1 1
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 61 Schedule for LIDAR-based measurement campaign
Year 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Month 11111222233334444 Day (Start of Week) 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 Activity Start End Duration MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM (weeks) Phase 2 Schedule LIDAR Validation Measurements 1/1/17 29/1/17 4 1 1 1 1 LIDAR Validation Analysis 29/1/17 19/2/17 3 1 1 1 LIDAR Shipping 19/2/17 12/3/17 3 1 1 1 Customs Clearance 12/3/17 19/3/17 1 1 DNV GL Mission 8/1/17 15/1/17 1 1 Approvals 15/1/17 12/2/17 4 1 1 1 1 Local Partner Tender 29/1/17 12/2/17 2 1 1 Local Partner Selection and Vetting 12/2/17 26/2/17 2 1 1 Ground Works 26/2/17 12/3/17 2 1 1 Procurement of ancillary equipment 26/2/17 2/4/17 5 1 1 1 1 1 Mains Pow er Installation 12/3/17 9/4/17 4 1 1 1 1 LIDAR Installation 2/4/17 16/4/17 2 1 1 Monitoring Commences 16/4/17 14/4/19 104 1 1
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. A, Status: DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 62 ABOUT DNV GL Driven by our purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment, DNV GL enables organizations to advance the safety and sustainability of their business. We provide classification and technical assurance along with software and independent expert advisory services to the maritime, oil and gas, and energy industries. We also provide certification services to customers across a wide range of industries. Operating in more than 100 countries, our 16,000 professionals are dedicated to helping our customers make the world safer, smarter and greener.
DNV GL – Report No. 702909-AUME-R03, Rev. B, Status: PRELIMINARY DRAFT – www.dnvgl.com Page 63