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Ittihat Ve Terakki Cemiyeti'nin Rum Politikasi 1908-1914

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Ittihat Ve Terakki Cemiyeti'nin Rum Politikasi 1908-1914 T.C. DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVETSİTESİ ATATÜRK İLKELERİ VE İNKILAP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ’NİN RUM POLİTİKASI 1908-1914 Doktora Tezi Hazırlayan Hasan Taner KERİMOĞLU Danışman Doç. Dr. Kemal ARI İZMİR, 2008 Yemin Metni Doktora Tezi olarak sunduğum “İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Rum Politikası 1908-1914” adlı çalışmanın, tarafımdan, bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma başvurmaksızın yazıldığını ve yararlandığım eserlerin bibliyografyada gösterilenlerden oluştuğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmış olduğunu belirtir ve bunu onurumla doğrularım. ..../..../....... Hasan Taner Kerimoğlu II III YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM KURULU DOKÜMANTASYON MERKEZİ TEZ/PROJE VERİ FORMU Tez/Proje No: Konu Kodu: Üniv. Kodu • Not: Bu bölüm merkezimiz tarafından doldurulacaktır. Tez/Proje Yazarının Soyadı: KERİMOĞLU Adı: HASAN TANER Tezin/Projenin Türkçe Adı: İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ’NİN RUM POLİTİKASI 1908-1914 Tezin/Projenin Yabancı Dildeki Adı: THE OTTOMAN GREEKS POLITICS OF THE COMMITTEE OF UNION AND PROGRESS 1908-1914 Tezin/Projenin Yapıldığı Üniversitesi: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Enstitü: Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Ens. Yıl: 2008 Diğer Kuruluşlar: Tezin/Projenin Türü: Yüksek Lisans: Dili: Türkçe Doktora: Sayfa Sayısı: 350 Tıpta Uzmanlık: Referans Sayısı: 1354 Sanatta Yeterlilik: Tez/Proje Danışmanlarının Ünvanı: Doçent Doktor Adı: KEMAL Soyadı: ARI Ünvanı: Adı. Soyadı Türkçe Anahtar Kelimeler: İngilizce Anahtar Kelimeler: 1- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti 1- The Committee of Union and Progress 2- II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi 2- Second Constitutional Period 3- Osmanlı Rumları 3- Ottoman Greeks 4- Azınlıklar 4- Minorities 5- Yunanistan 5- Greece Tarih: İmza: Tezimin Erişim Sayfasında Yayınlanmasını İstiyorum Evet Hayır IV ÖZET II. Meşrutiyet dönemi, Osmanlı Devleti’nin siyasal yaşamında önemli bir süreçtir. Bu dönemin en önemli siyasal aktörü, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti idi. Cemiyet, sahip olduğu iktidar gücü sayesinde, II. Meşrutiyet dönemi boyunca yenilikler yapmaya çalıştı. İttihatçıların gerçekleştirmek istedikleri bu yenikliklere, Müslüman olmayan azınlıklar muhalefet ettiler. Rum toplumu, II. Meşrutiyet dönemi boyunca İttihatçılara en fazla muhalefet eden unsurlardan birisiydi. Bu çalışmada, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin 1908-1914 yılları arasındaki Rum unsura yönelik politikası ele alındı. Siyasal, kültürel ve toplamsal alanlarda yapılan yeniliklere Rum toplumunun gösterdiği tepkiler üzerinde duruldu. İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin, Yunanistan’ın Rumlar üzerindeki etkisini azaltmayı hedefleyen bir politika izlediği sonucuna varıldı. V ABSTRACT The Second Constitutional Period constitutes a considerable era for the political life of Ottoman Empire. The most predominant political actor of the era was the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). Thanks to being in power, it tried to make reforms during the Period. Non muslim minorities opposed to these reforms. The Ottoman Greek society was among the harshest opposition elements throughout the Period. In this study, the policies of CUP on the Ottoman Greek minority in between 1908 and 1914 were examined. The reactions of the Ottoman Greek society to reforms in the political, cultural and social realms were studied. In conclusion, it was reached that CUP pursued a policy to undermine the Greece’s effects on the Ottoman Greeks. VI İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ...............................................................................................................................1 I – II. MEŞRUTİYET DÖNEMİ SİYASAL YAŞAMINDA İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE RUMLAR………………….........................21 A- II. MEŞRUTİYETİN İLANI VE SONUÇLARI………………………….21 1- II. Meşrutiyet Öncesi İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve Rumlar …….21 2- İttihat Terakki Cemiyeti ve Meşrutiyet Yönetimi………………...25 3- II. Meşrutiyet’in İlanı ve Rumlar………………………………….28 B- 1908 SEÇİMLERİNDE İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE RUMLAR…………………………………………………………………33 1- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Seçim Politikası ve Rumlar …….33 2- Seçim Süreci ve Rumların Muhalefeti …………….......................40 3- 1908 Seçimlerinin Sonuçları ..........................................................55 C- 31 MART AYAKLANMASI VE RUMLAR .............................................58 1- Ayaklanma Öncesi Muhalefet ve Rumlar.....................................58 2- 31 Mart Ayaklanması ve Sonuçları …............................................64 D- 1912 SEÇİMLERİNDE İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE RUMLAR ....................................................................................................66 VII 1- Yaşanan Siyasal Gelişmeler ………………………………………66 2- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Seçim Politikası ve Rumlar ..........72 3- Seçim Süreci ve Seçimlerin Sonuçları ............................................78 E- 1914 SEÇİMLERİNDE İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE RUMLAR……………………………………………………….…………83 1-Yaşanan Siyasal Gelişmeler ……………………………………….83 2- Seçim Süreci ve Seçimlerin Sonuçları…………………………….86 F- TÜRKİYE’DE YUNAN FAALİYETLERİ VE RUMLAR……………….92 1- Yunanistan’ın Megali İdea Politikası ve Rumlar…………………92 2- II. Meşrutiyet Döneminde Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Yunan Komiteleri ve Faaliyetleri …………………………………………………………95 3- Türkiye’de Yunan Propagandası …….…………………………102 4- Osmanlı Hükümetleri’nin Yunan Propagandasına Karşı Aldığı Önlemler…….…………………………………………………108 II – İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ’NİN SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL POLİTİKALARI VE RUMLAR ………………...............................................115 A- İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ’NİN TEMEL POLİTİKASI...........115 1- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Merkeziyetçilik Politikası ……...115 2- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin İttihad-ı Anasır Politikası...........116 B- CEMİYETLER KANUNUNUN ÇIKARILMASI………………………..120 C- KİLİSE VE MEKTEPLER KANUNU VE RUMLAR …………….……122 1- Kilise ve Mektepler Sorununun Kökeni…..….………..…………122 VIII 2- Kilise ve Mektepler Kanununun Kabul Edilmesi….…..…………127 3- Kilise ve Mektepler Kanununa Rumların Muhalefeti…..………..131 4- Kilise ve Mektepler Kanununun Sonuçları………………………138 D- EĞİTİM ALANINDA YAPILAN YENİLİKLER VE RUM TOPLUMU 141 1- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Eğitim Politikası ve Rumlar .....141 2- Cemaat Mekteplerinin Devlet Denetimine Alınması Sorunu ve Rumlar..........................................................................................145 3- Rum Okullarındaki Yunanlı Öğretmenler Sorunu ve İttihatçılar.149 4- Eğitim Konusunda İttihatçılar İle Rumlar Arasındaki Uzlaşma ..156 E- GAYRİMÜSLİMLERİN ASKERE ALINMALARI SORUNU VE RUMLAR.........................................................................................................164 1- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Eşitlik Politikası ve Osmanlı Ordusu …………………………….……………………………164 2- Gayrimüslimlerin Askere Alınmaları Sorunu ve Rumlar………166 3- Rumların Askerlik Konusundaki İstekleri ve Osmanlı Hükümeti’nin Aldığı Kararlar………………………………….177 F- İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ’NİN MİLLİ İKTİSAT POLİTİKALARI VE RUMLAR……………………………………………….184 1- Osmanlı Ekonomik Yaşamında Rumlar ………………………. 184 2- Milli İktisat Politikaları Bağlamında İktisadi Boykot Hareketlerinin Önemi ............................................................................................. 186 3- 1909-1911 Yunan Boykotu………………………………………190 4- 1913-1914 Rumlara Karşı Boykot……………………………….206 G- İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE FENER RUM PATRİKHANESİ….………………………………………………………..214 IX III – İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ’NİN NÜFUS VE İSKAN POLİTİKALARI VE RUMLAR ……………..................................................224 A- BALKAN SAVAŞLARININ SONUÇLARI.............................................224 1- Balkan Savaşları Sonrası Yaşanan Göçler ve Demografik Yapıdaki Değişiklikler ………………………............................................224 2- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Nüfus ve İskan Politikası ..........225 3- İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Temel Politikasında Yaşanan Değişiklikler …………......................................................................228 B- BALKAN SAVAŞLARI SONRASI OSMANLI DEVLETİ-YUNANİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİ ....................................................................................................232 1- Adalar Meselesi ……………………...........................................232 2- Yunanistan’da Kalan Müslüman Azınlığa Karşı Yapılan Baskılar……………....................................................................237 C- TRAKYA’DAN YUNANİSTAN’A RUM GÖÇÜ....................................242 1- Trakya’da Rum Göçünün Başlaması……………………………242 2- Osmanlı Hükümeti Tarafından Trakya’daki Rum Göçü Karşısında Alınan Önlemler…………………………………………………….248 3- Trakya’daki Rum Göçünün Osmanlı Basınındaki Yansımaları…258 D- RUM GÖÇÜNÜN ANADOLU’YA YAYILMASI...................................261 1- Batı Anadolu’dan Yunanistan’a Rum Göçü……………………..261 2- Dahiliye Nazırı Talat Bey’in Batı Anadolu Gezisi…………...….267 3- Batı Anadolu’daki Rum Göçü Karşısında Osmanlı Hükümeti’nin Tutumu ………………………..……………………………………275 X E- MUHTELİT MÜBADELE KOMİSYONU’NUN KURULMASI VE ÇALIŞMALARI ............................................................................................286 1- Nüfus Mübadelesi Konusunda Osmanlı – Yunan Anlaşması......286 2- Muhtelit Mübadele Komisyonunun Çalışmaları..........................295 3- I. Dünya Savaşı’nın Başlaması ve Nüfus Mübadelesinin Sonuçsuz Kalması ……………………………………………………………..305 F- RUM GÖÇÜNÜN TOPLUMSAL VE EKONOMİK SONUÇLARI……………...………………………………………………..311 1- Rum Göçü ve Emval-i Metruke Sorunu………………………….311 2- Rum Göçünün Toplumsal ve Siyasal Sonuçları………………….316 XI KISALTMALAR a.g.e. : Adı geçen eser a.g.m. : Adı geçen makale a.g.t. : Adı geçen tez
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