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Cephalopoda of the North Atlantic: the Family RICHARD E. TOUNG A Monograph of the LYDE F. E. ROPER ^ r 7 l r ' 1 Cephalopoda of the North Atlantic: The Family SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 5 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 5 Richard E. Young A Monograph of the and Clyde F. E. Roper ^ 1 1 -• r •» Cephalopoda ot the North Atlantic: The Family Cycloteuthidae SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smith- sonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. Each publication is distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, institutes, and interested specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution Contribution No. 1005 from the Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Miami, and Paper No. 64 from the Dana Oceanographical Collections Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1969 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 40 cents (paper cover) ABSTRACT A new family of oegopsid cephalopods, Cycloteuthidae, is erected as a result of the elevation of Naef's subfamily Cycloteuthinae. Cycloteuthis sirventi Joubin, 1919, is redescribed based on new material from the Atlantic Ocean. A new genus, Discoteuthis, and two new species, D. discus and D. laciniosa, are described from the Atlantic Ocean. Larvae of C. sirventi and D. laciniosa are described. The distributions of the species of cycloteuthids in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are presented. The relationships of the family, genera, and species are discussed. Among the cephalopods captured during the 1964 pared by Miss Constance Stolen, to whom we are cruise of the University of Miami, Institute of Marine greatly indebted. The work was supported primarily Sciences' RV John Elliot Pillsbury to the Gulf of by research grants (GB-3808, GB-2204, GB-5729Y) Guinea, one specimen presented a particular problem from the National Science Foundation and the Na- in identification even at the familial level. The speci- tional Geographic Society-University of Miami Deep- men bore some resemblance to Joubin's poorly known Sea Biology Program. Cycloteuthis sirventi on which no additional material DEFINITIONS.—The following definitions are has been reported since the original description of the designed for the Cycloteuthidae and do not necessarily species in 1919. A search through the extensive cepha- apply to other groups. lopod collections at the Institute of Marine Sciences Mantle length (ML): The length of the mantle measured yielded a number of specimens that included not only along the dorsal midline from the free anterior margin the new form, but also Cycloteuthis sirventi. A study to the extreme posterior tip of the body. In the Cyclo- of these specimens, which are primarily from collec- teuthidae, therefore, the mantle length is equal to the tions of IMS vessels and the RV Dana Expeditions, pen length. Tail: The posterior extension of the body beyond the point revealed that the species represented by the Gulf of where the posterior margin of the fins turns abruptly Guinea specimen indeed showed relationship with posteriorly near the mantle. Cycloteuthis sirventi but was generically distinct from Fin length (FL) : The length from the anterior extension of it. After further investigation, a second new species the fin lobes to the extreme posterior tip of the body, was discovered to be referable to the new genus, Dis- measured along the middorsal line of the mantle. coteuthis. The present material of Cycloteuthis and Discoteuthis, although not great in volume, has pro- Historical Resume vided sound information to confirm that these genera Joubin (1919) described a new genus and species, form a taxonomic unit sufficiently distinct from other Cycloteuthis sirventi, and indicated that it was closely oegopsid familial groups to necessitate the erection of related to Lycoteuthis diadema; he placed these two a separate family, the Cycloteuthidae. genera in a new family, the Parateuthidae, which he The coauthors wish to thank M. R. Clarke for the loan of a Discovery specimen, E. Bertelsen for the Dana considered to be intermediate between the Eno- material, and G. E. Maul for the Madeira specimens. ploteuthidae and the Histioteuthidae. Since a familial The remaining specimens were taken on the Institute name must be based on the name of the type genus, of Marine Sciences' research vessels Pillsbury and Joubin's name is invalid. Independently, Thiele (1921) Gerda and during Ocean Acre cruises. We are also erected the genus Paratcuthis based on a larval grateful to G. L. Voss for his support and for his com- oegopsid captured in the Antarctic Ocean (he did not ments on the manuscript. The illustrations were pre- assign it any oegopsid family) ; this genus, however, has no connection with Joubin's Parateuthidae. Naef Richard E. Young, Institute of Marine Sciences, University (1922, p. 298) recognized that Joubin's family was not of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149. Clyde F. E. Roper, Division of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. a natural grouping and transferred Lycoteuthis to the 20560. Enoploteuthidae and Cycloteuthis to the Onychoteu- 1 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY thidae. Shortly afterward, Naef (1923, p. 312) estab- Genus Cycloteuthis Joubin, 1919 lished for Cyloteuthis a separate subfamily, the Cycloteuthis Joubin, 1919, p. 1.—Naef, 1922, p. 298; 1923, Cycloteuthinae. He also indicated (p. 266) that pp. 266, 809.—Thiele, 1935, p. 965. Cyloteuthis, although an onychoteuthid, shares charac- DIAGNOSIS.—Tail present; gladius only slightly ters with the Enoploteuthidae. thickened; conus hollow, elongate; suckers in a trans- Joubin (1924) repeated his earlier description and verse series on manus nearly equal in size; large photo- retained the position of Cycloteuthis in his Parateu- phore on ink sac; a series of small photophores on eye; thidae, apparently unaware of Naefs changes and fins large but not equal to the mantle length in adults. Thiele's description of Parateuthis. TYPE-SPECIES.—Cycloteuthis sirventi Joubin, 1919- Although Grimpe (1925) listed Cycloteuthis in the By monotypy. Onychoteuthidae, he did not maintain Naefs sub- family and stated that the position of the genus was still Cycloteuthis sirventi Joubin, 1919 uncertain. PLATES 1; 2; 7E, F, H, K ; 8c, F ; 9c—u Thiele (1935) gave a brief diagnosis of the genus Cycloteuthis sirventi Joubin, 1919, p. l.figs. 1-2.—Naef, 1923, and included it in the Onychoteuthidae, apparently p. 312.—Joubin, 1924, p. 53, pi. 7: figs. 3-6; pi. 8: figs. also rejecting Naefs subfamily. 1_11.—Grimpe, 1925, pp. 96, 103.—Thiele, 1935, p. Clarke (1966) resurrected Joubin's invalid family, 965.—Clarke, 1966, p. 161. Parateuthidae, in which he placed four unrelated DESCRIPTION.—The redescription of Cycloteuthis genera, including Cycloteuthis; he gave no explana- sirventi is based primarily on the male specimen with tion for this unwarranted action. a ML of 42 mm (Gerda 212). A clear indication is given when other specimens are discussed. Table 1 lists the measurements of available specimens. Family CYCLOTEUTHIDAE Naef, 1923 The mantle is conical and tapers posteriorly to a PARATEUTHIDAE Joubin, 1919, p. 2 [in part; refers to sharp point (Plates 1A, 2C-D) . The mantle wall is thin Cycloteuthis only]. and invaded by gelatinous connective tissue between the CYCLOTEUTHINAE Naef, 1923, p. 312. inner and outer layers of muscle. Posteriorly the mus- DIAGNOSIS.—Buccal connectives attach to ventral cular portion of the mantle terminates in advance of borders of arms IV; arms with biserial suckers; tentac- the posterior margin of the fins at the beginning of the ular club with tetraserial suckers; club compact, ex- conus of the pen. In the largest specimen the mantle panded with well-defined manus and dactylus, ill-de- width is about one-third of the mantle length. The fined carpus; funnel locking-cartilage subtriangular; mantle
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