DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of the Accessory Muscles in the Flexor Compartment of the Forearm Anatomy Section

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of the Accessory Muscles in the Flexor Compartment of the Forearm Anatomy Section Original Article ID: JCDR/2012/4144:2114 A Study of the Accessory Muscles in the Flexor Compartment of the Forearm Anatomy Section UMAPATHY SEMBIAN, SRIMATHI T., MUHIL M., NALINA KUMARI S.D., THIRUMALAIKOLUNDU SUBRAMANIAN ABSTRACT surgical scars, and congenital deformities and partially amput­ Aim: To ascertain the prevalence of the accessory muscles in ated limbs were excluded from our study. the flexor (anterior) compartment of the forearm. Methods: During the routine undergraduate dissection, we A wide array of the supernumerary muscles has been described studied the muscular pattern in all the upper limbs. in the anatomical, surgical and radiological literatures. After making an incision in the skin, the superficial fascia and In a vast majority of the cases, the accessory muscles are asympt­ the deep fascia were reflected, thus exposing the flexor muscle omatic and they represent incidental findings at surgery or imaging. compartment. A thorough investigation was carried out to verify all the two layers of muscles, both the superficial layer and the Hence, this study was taken up to access the occurrence of the deep layer. accessory muscles in the flexor compartment of the forearm. The investigation included the questions (a) whether the muscles Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted for that compartment were present or not (absence), and if in the Department of Anatomy, Chennai Medical College Hospital present its both proximal and distal attachments, (b) if there is any and Research Centre, Trichy and in the Sri Ramachandra acessory muscles present, its attachments. University, Chennai, India. Results: In our study, we found that only in two different limbs, This study was conducted from 2006 to 2012 for a period of unilaterally, there was a presence of (a) an Additional Head of seven years in the Department of Anatomy. the Flexor Pollicis Longus (AHFPL­Gantzer’s muscle) and in a During the routine cadaveric dissection for undergraduate another limb (b) an Accessory Palmaris Longus was found and teaching in one hundred cadavers for a period of seven years, both belonged to the male sex. we studied the presence of abnormal variations in the muscular Conclusion: Only 2% of the limbs in our study exhibited an pattern of the anterior compartment of the forearm. abnormal pattern of the muscles. All the upper limbs were dis­articulated and were tagged for This study will supplement our knowledge on the possible their respective sexes and numbers. variations of the muscles in this region, which would be useful Among the 100 cadavers, 90 belonged to the male sex, whereas for hand surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, general surgeons, 10 belonged to the female sex. In a total of 200 upper limbs: 100 physicians and plastic surgeons, as it would probably compress limbs to the right side and 100 limbs to the left side. the neuro­ vascular bundle because of its close relationship, Upper limbs which exhibited fractures both pre mortem as leading to both vascular and neural symptoms. well post mortem, those with an obscuring pathology, previous Key Words: Gantzer’s muscle (AHFPL), Carpel tunnel syndrome, Accessory Palmaris Longus, Guyon’s canal INTRODUCTION are noted and the occurrence of an additional muscle is very A wide array of supernumerary and accessory musculature has uncommon. been described in the anatomical, surgical and radiological In case of the Carpel Tunnel Syndrome, it is said to be because of literatures. In most of the cases, the accessory muscles are the inflammation with subsequent oedema, which leads to com- asymptomatic and they are found incidentally during surgery or pression in the carpel tunnel, but in certain cases, these accessory imaging. However, in some cases, the accessory muscles may muscles can also produce the Carpel Tunnel Syndrome due to produce clinical symptoms due to the compression of the neuro overcrowding in the fibro osseus tunnels. vascular structures, especially in the fibro osseus tunnels. Hence, this study was taken to rule out the prevalence of the In some cases, if an obvious cause of the neurological symptoms muscles which are encountered in our population. is not evident, the recognition and the careful evaluation of the accessory muscles may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of these AIM cases. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of the Variations in the extensor compartment of the forearm are quite accessory muscles in the flexor compartment of forearm to help common. However, in the flexor compartment, not many variations the physicians, the general surgeons and the hand surgeons, to 564 Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2012 May (Suppl-2), Vol-6(4): 564-567 www.jcdr.net Umapathy Sembian et al., A Study of the Accessory Muscles in the Flexor Compartment of the Forearm keep this in mind for the diagnosis as well as for the treatment of If any abnormality was found in the muscular pattern, it was such conditions, which involves compression of the neuro vascular recorded in detail and photographed. structures. OBSERVATION MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study, we came across two variations of accessory muscles The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, in two different limbs unilaterally, which belonged to the male sex. Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Trichy (a) AHFPL-Additional Head of the Flexor Pollicis Longus and in the Department of Anatomy, Sri Ramachandra University, (GANTZER’S muscle) on the left side forearm, (unilateral) of a Chennai, India. male cadaver. This study was done from 2006-2012, for a total of seven years, (b) An Accessory Palmaris longus on the right side forearm and it consisted of 100 cadavers which were used for the routine (unilateral) of a male cadaver. undergraduate teaching program. The GANTZER’S muscle ( AHFPL) originated from the undersurface All the cadavers belonged to the adult category and they were of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscle, just distal to its origin without any obvious pathological deformities. The cadavers were from the medial epicondyle. On further dissection, the accessory preserved by the injection of formalin based preservative (10% belly was found to run downwards to the medial aspect of the formalin) and they were stored in tanks. Before taking photographs, Flexor Poliicis Longus tendon proper for its insertion at the junction the dissected region was rinsed with water. between the proximal and the middle thirds of the forearm. From all the cadavers, the upper limbs on both the sides were dis- The accessory Palmaris Longus originated from different areas, articulated after the dissection, with the subsequent tagging of sex namely few fibers from the deep fascia of the forearm, passing and the identification number for that particular cadaver from which through the GUYON’S canal over the ulnar vessels and the nerves the limb was disarticulated. and merging with the hypothenar muscles, few fibres from the Both the sexes were included in our study. There were 90 male tendon of the Palmaris Longus proper and at last, few fibres from cadavers and 10 female cadavers. The disarticulated limbs were in the flexor retinaculum. a total of 200 (100-right side and 100-left side). The tendon of the accessory Palmaris longus muscle got inserted Meticulous care was taken to exclude the limbs which exhibited into the medial epicondyle. obscuring pathologies, fractures (both pre- and post-mortem), de- formities, congenital anomalies and previous surgery in this region DISCUSSION and amputations. In the forearm, the muscles can be classified into a superficial set of muscles and a deep set of muscles. METHODS The superficial set of the muscles are the Pronator teres (PT), the The dissections were carried out in all the limbs on the right and left Flexor carpi radialis (FCR), the Palmaris longus (PL), the Flexor sides as per the instructions which were given by Cunningham’s digitorum superficialis (FDS) and the Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU). The Manual of Practical Anatomy. deep set of the muscles are the Flexor digitorum profundus(FDP), The skin was reflected to expose the superficial fascia, and it was the Flexor pollicis longus(FPL) and the Pronator quadrates(PQ). examined for its contents: cutaneous nerves and vessels and if The Flexor pollicis longus is one of the deep flexors of the forearm any abnormality was noted, it was recorded in detail. Then the and it originates from the grooved anterior surface of the radius superficial fascia was incised and it was reflected to expose the and from the adjacent interosseous membrane and gets inserted deep fascia. Then the deep fascia was incised and it was reflected into the base of the distal phalanx of thumb [1]. to expose the muscles of the superficial compartment of the fore arm. It has been noted that it can arise from the lateral border of the All the muscles were examined for their presence, position, and Gantzer’s muscle (AHFPL), Carpel tunnel syndrome, Accessory Palmaris Longus, Guyon’s canal cor onoid process or from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Key Words: their attachments, and then the superficial compartment was cut This variable slip of the muscle is called as the GANTZER’S to expose the deep compartment muscles; again, the routine muscle [2]. investigation was carried out. [Table/Fig-1,2,3]: AHFPL (Gantzer’s muscle) Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research.2012 May (Suppl-2), Vol-6(4): 564-567 565 Umapathy Sembian et al., A Study of the Accessory Muscles in the Flexor Compartment of the Forearm www.jcdr.net [Table/Fig-4,5,6]: ACCESSORY Palmaris longus The prevalence of the Gantzer’s muscle has been noted to be We would like to conclude that the chances for AIN to get entrapped around 50-60% by Al-Quattan [3],and Oh [4].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Chondrocoracoideus Muscle: a Rare Anatomical Variant of the Pectoral Area
    Case report Acta Medica Academica 2017;46(2):155-161 DOI: 10.5644/ama2006-124.200 The chondrocoracoideus muscle: A rare anatomical variant of the pectoral area Dionysios Venieratos1, Alexandros Samolis1, Maria Piagkou1, Stergios Douvetzemis1, Alexandrina Kourotzoglou1, Kontantinos Natsis2 1Department of Anatomy, School of Objective. The study adds important information regarding the de- Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, scriptive anatomy of a very rarely reported unilateral chondrocora- National and Kapodistrian University of coideus muscle (of Wood). Additionally it highlights the concomitant Athens, Greece, 2Department of Anatomy muscular and neural alterations. Case report. The current case pres- and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine ents the occurrence of a chondrocoracoideus muscle situated left-sid- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle ed, as an extension of the abdominal portion of the pectoralis major University of Thessaloniki, Greece muscle (PM). The chondrocoracoideus coexisted with a contralateral atypical PM, partially blended with the clavicular fibers of the deltoid Correspondence: muscle. There was an accessory head of the biceps brachii while the [email protected] palmaris longus was absent on the right side of a 78-year-old Greek Tel.: + 302 10 746 2427 male cadaver. Conclusion. The above mentioned muscular abnor- Fax.: + 302 10 746 2398 malities are shown as disturbances of embryological pectoral muscle Received: 16 April 2017 development, and their documentation is essential in order to increase Accepted: 12
    [Show full text]
  • An Unusual Variation of Abductor Digiti Minimi Manus and Its Clinical Significance
    IJAE Vol. 123, n. 3: 189-193, 2018 ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY Research Article - Human Anatomy Case Report An unusual variation of abductor digiti minimi manus and its clinical significance Álvaro R. Teixeira*, Albino J. Fonseca, Márcio A. Babinski, Lucas A.S. Pires, Carlos A.A. Chagas Anatomy Laboratory, Morphology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract The abductor digiti minimi manus muscle usually has two heads and two insertions, often close to each other. Accessory bellies of this muscle have been vastly described in anatomy text- books. During routine dissection of an adult male cadaver left forearm and hand we observed a rare variation of this muscle, in which there was an accessory muscle band which originated from the palmaris longus muscle tendon and traversed through the Guyon’s canal, an ana- tomical tunnel that is occupied by the ulnar nerve and artery. This type of anatomic variation is often associated with ulnar tunnel syndrome, in which the accessory belly is the source of a neurovascular compression causing pain, weakness of the muscles in the hand, and loss of motor and sensitive functions. Key words Anatomic variation, autopsy, cadaver, Guyon syndrome, ulnar nerve compression. Introduction The abductor digiti minimi muscle (ADMM) is one of the most variables muscles that form the hypothenar eminence and its usual origins are: the pisiform bone, the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, and the pisohamate ligament. Its tendon usually divides into two (sometimes three) slips that insert onto the ulnar side of the fifth finger proximal phalanx, additionally, the muscle emits thin aponeurotic fibers to the meta- carpophalangeal joint of the fifth finger.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Study of an Undescribed Additional Head of Quadriceps Femoris – a Cadaveric and Radiological Study
    Morphological Study of an Undescribed Additional Head of Quadriceps Femoris – A Cadaveric and Radiological Study Dissertation submitted for M.D Anatomy Degree Branch XXIII Examination, The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University Chennai, Tamil Nadu. May – 2019 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “Morphological study of an undescribed additional head of Quadriceps femoris – a cadaveric and radiological study” is a bonafide research work done by me under the supervision of Dr. Suganthy., Professor of Anatomy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the MD Anatomy Branch XXIII examination of the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai to be held in May 2019. Name: Dr. J P Femina Sam MD Anatomy CERTIFICATE This is to certify that “Morphological study of an undescribed additional head of Quadriceps femoris – a cadaveric and radiological study” is a bonafide work of Dr. Femina Sam in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the M.D Anatomy Branch XXIII examination of The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University to be held in May 2019. Dr. J. Suganthy, M.S, D.N.B, Ph.D Professor and Head Department of Anatomy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that “Morphological study of an undescribed additional head of Quadriceps femoris – a cadaveric and radiological study” is a bonafide work of Dr. Femina Sam in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the M.D Anatomy Branch XXIII examination of The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University to be held in May 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • “A Study on Accessory Muscle of Flexor Compartment of Forearm”
    IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 17, Issue 5 Ver. 8 (May. 2018), PP 18-21 www.iosrjournals.org “A Study on Accessory Muscle of Flexor Compartment of Forearm” Dr.V.Bangarayya1, Dr. P. Surya Venkata Narayana2 , Dr.T.Jayachandra Pillai3, Dr.K. Deva Priyanka4 . 1Assistant professor, Dept. of Anatomy,S.V.Medical college ,Tirupati,A.P,India,NTR UHS 2Assistant professor, Dept. of Anatomy,S.V.Medical college ,Tirupati,A.P,India,NTR UHS 3Professor, Dept. of Anatomy,S.V.Medical college ,Tirupati,A.P,India,NTR UHS. 4 Senior resident, Dept. of Anatomy,S.V.Medical college ,Tirupati,A.P,India,NTR UHS Corresponding Author : Dr. P. Surya Venkata Narayana ABSTRACT: During routine anatomical dissections, the presence of the accessory muscle in the flexor aspect of the forearm was noted . This accessory muscle presents an intimate relationship with the median nerve. This variation may be clinically important because symptoms of median nerve compression arising from similar variations are often confused with more common causes, such as radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome . The muscular variations of upper limb are common. Methods: During routine dissection classes to undergraduate medical students, we came across additional muscle bellies in the flexor compartment of forearm arising from the under surface of flexor digitorum superficialis(FDS) and inserted to flexor pollicis longus (FPL) separately. Origin, insertion, nerve supply and its relation was noted . Results: presence of accessory muscles(Ganzters muscle) was noted. KEYWORDS: flexor digitorum superficialis(FDS), Flexor pollicis longus(FPL), Median nerve, accessory muscle, Gantzers muscles,Anterior interosseous nerve(AIN).
    [Show full text]
  • The Co-Existence of the Gastrocnemius Tertius and Accessory Soleus Muscles
    CASE REPORT Basic Medical Sciences http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2011.26.10.1378 • J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26: 1378-1381 The Co-existence of the Gastrocnemius Tertius and Accessory Soleus Muscles Fatos Belgin Yildirim1, Levent Sarikcioglu1 A bilateral gastrocnemius tertius muscle and a unilateral accessory soleus muscle were and Koh Nakajima2 encountered during the routine educational dissection studies. The right gastrocnemius tertius muscle consisted of one belly, but the left one of two bellies. On the left side, the 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; 2Department of superficial belly of the gastrocnemius tertius muscle had its origin from an area just above Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Showa University, the tendon of the plantaris muscle, the deep belly from the tendon of the plantaris muscle. Japan The accessory soleus muscle originated from the posteromedial aspect of the tibia and soleal line of the tibia and inserted to the medial surface of the calcaneus. On the right Received: 18 May 2011 Accepted: 17 August 2011 side, the gastrocnemius tertius muscle had its origin from the lateral condyle of the femur, and inserted to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The co-existence of both Address for Correspondence: gastrocnemius tertius and accessory soleus muscle has not, to our knowledge, been Levent Sarikcioglu previously reported. Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 07070 Antalya, Turkey Tel: 90 242 2496952, Fax: 90 242 2274495 Key Words: Accessory Soleus; Gastrocnemius Tertius; Variation; Calcaneus; Co-existence E-mail: [email protected] This study was supported by Akdeniz University Research Fund (project number: 2004.05.0103.235).
    [Show full text]
  • An Accessory Muscle of the Thoracic Wall
    eISSN 1308-4038 International Journal of Anatomical Variations (2009) 2: 93–95 Case Report An accessory muscle of the thoracic wall Published online August 24th, 2009 © http://www.ijav.org Michelle A. HARDY ABSTRACT Philip A. FABRIZIO In addition to identifying a pectoralis quartus muscle variation, an additional variation of the anterior thoracic wall that has not been reported in the literature was found in a 60-year-old male cadaver. The accessory muscle originated from the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique and inserted on the fascia overlying the coracobrachialis muscle. Additionally, the co-existence of an accessory muscle and pectoralis quartus has not Georgia State University, Division of Physical Therapy, Atlanta, GA, USA. been previously described. The current findings and the clinical significance are discussed as a single muscle variation and as two muscle variations in combination. © IJAV. 2009; 2: 93–95. Dr. Philip Fabrizio, PT, DPT, MS Georgia State University Division of Physical Therapy P.O. Box 4019 Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA. +1 404 413-1264 [email protected] Received April 29th, 2009; accepted August 21st, 2009 Key words [pectoralis major muscle] [pectoralis quartus] [pectoral variation] [accessory muscle] [thoracic wall] Introduction deep surface faced anterior at the most distal point of Customary dissection in the Physical Therapy Anatomy the muscle (Figure 1). The innervation of the accessory Laboratory yielded a unilateral left-sided pectoral muscle was demonstrated as being provided by two variation in a single cadaver. The cadaver was a 60-year- branches of the medial pectoral nerve that pierced old Caucasian male. The variant included two separate the pectoralis minor to enter the accessory muscle thoracic wall muscles between the pectoralis major and approximately at the midpoint (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Accessory Muscles of the Anterior Thoracic Wall and Axilla. Cadaveric
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Foliaprovided Morphol. by Via Medica Journals Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 606–616 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0005 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2019 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 journals.viamedica.pl Accessory muscles of the anterior thoracic wall and axilla. Cadaveric, surgical and radiological incidence and clinical significance during breast and axillary surgery S. Douvetzemis1, K. Natsis2, M. Piagkou1, M. Kostares1, T. Demesticha1, T. Troupis1 1Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 2Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece [Received: 9 December 2018; Accepted: 23 December 2018] Background: The present study aims to summarise the accessory muscles of the anterior thoracic wall and axilla that can be encountered during breast and axillary surgery and record their incidence and clinical significance. Moreover, the laterality of the atypical muscles is highlighted and possible gender dimorphism is referred. Accessory anterior thoracic wall muscles include: Langer’s axillary arch, sternalis muscle, chondrocoracoideus, chondroepitrochlearis, chondrofascialis, pectoralis minimus, pectoralis quartus and pectoralis intermedius. Materials and methods: The anatomical, surgical and radiological literature has been reviewed and an anatomical study on 48 Greek adult cadavers was performed. Results: Literature review revealed the existence of accessory muscles of the anterior thoracic wall and axilla that have a significant incidence that can be considered high and may, therefore, have clinical significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Sternalis -An Accessory Muscle of Thoracic Wall Anatomy Section
    DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2018/35951.11861 Case Report Sternalis -An Accessory Muscle of Thoracic Wall Anatomy Section VIRENDRA BUDHIRAJA1, SWATI BANSAL2, RAKHI RASTOGI3, SHVETA SWAMI4, RIMPI GUPTA5 ABSTRACT Sternalis muscle is an anatomical aberration among the muscle group of anterior chest wall. This accessory muscle was discovered bilaterally in a 40-year-old female cadaver. The muscle which emanated from the external oblique aponeurosis was fleshy throughout its extent except at the ends where it was aponeurotic. At the sternal angle, the muscle displayed inverted “V” shaped configuration and merged with the opposite pectoralis major muscle. It is clinically very important in female patients as compared to male patients because of mammary gland surgeries, lymph node irradiation, postoperatively can be confused with recurrence etc. The present case endeavors to discuss the anatomical, embryological and clinical relevance of a rare accessory muscle of the anterior chest wall. Keywords: Aberrant, Aponeurotic, Pectoral CASE REPORT its caudal to cranial attachment and the breadth was 2.5 cm. It During routine cadaveric dissection, as a part of anatomy teaching was of regular flame shape with its longitudinal and a parasternal for MBBS students, in a 45-year-old female cadaver we found an course. It was difficult to show the innervation source of Sternalis accessory muscle called sternalis, superficial to pectoralis major muscle in this cadaver, as during separation of the lateral margins on both sides of pectoral region after removing mammary gland. of muscle, the twigs from the pectoral nerve, which could be easily It presents a slightly oblique orientation with respect to the sternal be confused with the connective tissue, were almost removed or margin.
    [Show full text]
  • A Report on the Accessory Head of Flexor Pollicis Longus and Variations of Forearm Musculature
    Case report http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.103616 A report on the accessory head of Flexor Pollicis Longus and Variations of Forearm Musculature HAFEZ, S. A.1,2,3* 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA 2Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA 3Department of Anatomy and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: Gantzer’s muscle has drawn attention from several authors owing to the possibility of interosseous nerve compression. This is a report of an accessory head of flexor pollicis longus (FPL, a variant of Gantzer’s muscle) and a review of the variations of all muscles of the forearm. Materials and Methods: An accessory head of FPL was discovered in both the right and left antebrachial regions during a cadaver dissection. The muscle was dissected and photographed. Results: The anatomical variation I report is a slender conical muscle joining the FPL. Its origin merged with fibers of the flexor digitorum superficialis. It inserted into the upper part of the middle third of the forearm by joining the medial tendinous part of the FPL; this join was by means of a short cylindrical tendon. The reported muscle was innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve, which was seen to be present posterolateral to the muscle in both forearms. Conclusion: The described muscle might cause pressure problems to the underlying structures especially the anterior interosseous nerve.
    [Show full text]
  • Cells of Visceral Smooth Muscles
    J. Smooth Muscle Res. (2012) 48 (4): 65–95 65 Review Cells of visceral smooth muscles Giorgio GABELLA1 1University College London, U.K. Received July 9, 2012; Accepted July 23, 2012 1. Introduction 2. Different types of muscle cells 3. Visceral muscle cells 4. Musculature of ileum 5. Ileal circular muscle as a tissue 6. Quantitative data on muscle structure 7. Innervation of ileal musculature 8. Variation in muscle innervation 9. Detrusor muscle of bladder 10. Innervation of rat bladder detrusor 11. Glial cells in detrusor muscle 12. Non-muscle cells in detrusor muscle 13. Nerve endings in ileal musculature 14. Non-muscle cells in ileal musculature 15. Non-muscle cells in ileal musculature 16. Other visceral muscles 17. Conclusions References 1. Introduction There is an astonishing variety of smooth muscles in the wall of viscera and vessels and in other organs; a list touches on every part of the body, with the exception of the central nervous system (Table 1). As to the size of smooth muscles, the upper limit is related to the body size of the animal, and so the range in the volume, say, of the myometrium or the media of the aorta, from a shrew to a whale, is im- mense, even when the muscle serves a similar function. The lower limit in size is a single muscle cell, Correspondence to: Dr Giorgio Gabella, MD DSc, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK e-mail: [email protected] An essay on the fine structure of the visceral musculature and the cells found in it.
    [Show full text]
  • Accessory Soleus Muscle in an Athlete. Presentation of a Case and a Literature Review
    Document downloaded from http://www.apunts.org, day 28/05/2015. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. Apunts Med Esport. 2015;50(186):79---82 www.apunts/org CLINICAL CASE Accessory soleus muscle in an athlete. Presentation of a case and a literature review a,∗ a b Francisco J. Rubio , Luis Franco , Manuel J. Montero , a a Paola Ugarte , Alfredo Valero a Médico Adjunto, Unitat Medicina de l’Esport, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain b Médico Adjunto Radiologia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain Received 10 September 2014; accepted 2 January 2015 Available online 16 February 2015 KEYWORDS Abstract The incidence of an accessory soleus muscle, according to autopsy studies, ranged Accessory soleus from 0.5 to 6.0% of the population. muscle; The typical presentation is a soft mass in the posteromedial distal third of the leg, which Anatomical variation; increases in size with physical activity, especially plantar flexion. It is accompanied by pain Magnetic resonance with exercise in 67% of reported cases. imaging The treatment of choice is conservative, but when it causes compartment syndrome, fas- ciotomy should be performed. If a patient has symptoms of claudication or nerve compression, a complete excision of the muscle is required. We report the case of an athlete who had a symptomatic accessory soleus muscle, which was studied by standard X-ray, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). © 2014 Consell Català de l’Esport. Generalitat de Catalunya. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.
    [Show full text]