DOCSLIB.ORG

Browntail Moth and the Big Itch: Public Health Implications and Management of an Invasive Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Browntail Moth and the Big Itch: Public Health Implications and Management of an Invasive Species Browntail Moth and the Big Itch: Public Health Implications and Management of an Invasive Species July 22, 2021 Jill H. Colvin, MD, FAAD MDFMR Dermatology photo credits: Jon Karnes, MD Thomas E. Klepach, PhD Assistant Professor of Biology, Colby College Ward 3 City Councilor, Waterville, Maine Financial disclosure statement Jill H Colvin MD and Thomas E. Klepach, PhD do not have a financial interest/arrangement or affiliation with any organizations that could be perceived as a conflict of interest in the context of this presentation. OBJECTIVES • Identify: • Impacts of browntail moth (BTM) infestation on humans and the environment • Review: • Presentation and treatment of BTM dermatoses • Biology of the BTM • Population trends of the BTM • BTM mitigation strategies JUNE 2021, AUGUSTA, MAINE PERVASIVE! COMPLICATIONS OF INVASIVE BROWNTAIL MOTH SOCIAL MEDIA RADIO ARBORISTS PHARMACY NEWSPAPERS FRIENDS COLLEAGUES HEALTH CARE FAMILY TEXTS TOURISM PATIENTS MAINE.GOV SELF REALTY PHONE CALLS ACTIVISM TREES SOCIAL MEDIA IMPACT: TOURISM, REAL ESTATE, DAILY LIFE Maine.gov Maine.gov Photo credit: Jon Karnes, MD Photo credit: Robert Kenney, DO BTM: Risk to Human Health Mediated by: Toxic hairs on caterpillars, female moths, environment Direct contact Airborne Damage skin, eye, airway in multiple ways Mechanical: Barbs on hair Chemical: toxin Irritant Allergen One report of Death – 1914: ”severe internal poisoning caused by inhaling the hairs” Definitions Lepidopterism is the term for cutaneous and systemic reactions that result from contact with larvae (ie, caterpillars) or adult forms of moths and butterflies (order, Lepidoptera). Erucism (from Latin "eruca," caterpillar) is also used to refer to reactions from contact with caterpillars. photo credit: Jon Karnes, MD “The BTM, its caterpillar and their rash” Clinical and Experimental Dermatology (1979), Cicely P. Blair, Oldchurch Hospital, Essex, England 36 patients, 4 – 76 years old • “Not all patients knew they had been in contact w/ caterpillars but knew that there were caterpillars in vicinity.” • The vicinities were examined to confirm presence. Interval between exposure and symptoms: 8 – 12 hours • Except for one patient w/“blotchy erythema” few minutes post exposure Symptoms: itching > > soreness • peaks during first 24 hours, resolves over 10 days Associated findings: • Conjunctivitis (2 patients) resolved within 5 weeks • Malaise thought due to antihistamines or lack of sleep (3 patients) Photo credit: Jon Karnes, MD • Rhinitis ? Due to seasonal allergies as prick test was negative to caterpillar molt (1 patient) • Dry cough x 1 week coincidental with rash (1 patient) • Secondary impetigo (1 patient) BTM Rash: • Neck, wrists and forearms > other noncovered areas • Day 1 – 3: 3 – 5 mm red maculo-papules which may be tinged with orange centrally • Sometimes had vesicle or pustule • Lesions were larger and could be linear if direct caterpillar contact occurred • Resolved within 10 days • Though can last longer, typically via re-exposure. • “One patient and the eruption for 4 months and had burned his duvet and was on the point of destroying his Siamese cat before establishing BTM as etiology.” Photo credit: Jon Karnes, MD Investigative Studies of the Dermatitis Caused by the Larva of the BTM Arch. Derm. Res. (1976) deJong, et. al., Dept. Derm., State University Groningen (The Netherlands) Hypothesis: Inflammatory reactions due to at least two effects • Mechanical trauma from the barbed setae (hairs) • Toxic actions of water-soluble substances associated with setae Histopathology of skin after nettling hairs into skin (39 biopsies) • Untreated hairs > trauma to skin than heat treated hairs Scanning Electron Microscopy of Setae (hairs) • Tapering hollow microcapillaries which are open at both ends • May serve as microneedles which liberate irritant substances • Mechanical and toxic effects Caterpillars and Moths Dermatologic Therapy, 2009 Eric W. Hossler, Dept. Derm. Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA “Therapy remains largely empiric; to my knowledge there have been no controlled therapeutic trials for lepidopterism.” • “Home remedies can help with symptoms.” • RX approaches for BTM contact dermatitis can help, but not as reliably as we expect for classic allergic contact dermatitis • Topical steroids • Prednisone tapers Treatment Strategies Remove offending hairs from skin • Duct tape or other adhesive • Immediate washing with soap and water • Shower not tub bath • Change and launder clothing • Remove jewelry and watches in anticipation of swelling Relieve symptoms of itch • Camphor, menthol, pramoxine, cool packs, witch hazel, topical diphenhydramine Reduce inflammatory reaction • Topical steroids • Systemic steroids • prednisone 1 mg/kg/day tapered over 2 – 3 weeks • IM Triamcinolone 40 mg • Systemic antihistamines: variably helpful • Topical aspirin reduced histamine induced itch in one study Prevention/avoiding exposure • Protective clothing, mask, do yard work on wet days • Dry clothes inside not outside on a line If you are having trouble breathing, swallowing, or have swelling of your mouth tongue, or throat, call 911. RareRare systemicsystemic riskrisk fromfrom BTM:BTM: PulmonaryPulmonary ? AnaphylacticAnaphylactic OneOne reportedreported deathdeath inin thethe earlyearly 1900s1900s afterafter BTMBTM setaesetae inhalationinhalation Photo credit: Jon Karnes, MD State Resources • Maine.gov • 211, text 898211 • ME Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry ME Forest Service Entomologists + U Maine Track spread Investigate causes Evaluate management strategies https://www.centralmaine.com/2021/06/02/waterville-council-exploring-ways-to-mitigate-browntail-moth-infestation-in-the-city/ Browntail Moth: Public Health implications & Management Dr. Thomas Klepach, PhD, Assistant Professor Biology Department Colby College, Waterville City Council Ward 3 Representative Seals of The City of Waterville and Colby University in 1896 when BTM Were First Reported in the US Browntail Moth: Public Health implications & Management Dr. Thomas Klepach, PhD, Assistant Professor Biology Department Colby College, Waterville City Council Ward 3 Representative Objectives: • Biology • Pathogenesis • History • Causative and Mitigating Factors in Outbreaks • Management Strategies & Policy Recommendations Euproctis: genus of >650 named moths native to eastern hemisphere 1. E. similis - Goldtail moth or Swan moth (Eurasia, Ural Mountains etc.) 2. E. edwardsi – Mistletoe browntail moth (Australia) A half dozen species 3. E. bipunctapex –Tussock moth (Singapore, Thailand) from this genus are a 4. E. flava – Asian mulberry tussock moth (Japan, China) health hazard to 5. E. pseudoconspersa – Japanese tea tussock moth (Japan) humans and animals. 1 2 3 4 5 Euproctis: genus of >650 named moths native to eastern hemisphere 1. E. similis - Goldtail moth or Swan moth (Eurasia, Ural Mountains etc.) 2. E. edwardsi – Mistletoe browntail moth (Australia) A half dozen species 3. E. bipunctapex –Tussock moth (Singapore, Thailand) from this genus are a 4. E. flava – Asian mulberry tussock moth (Japan, China) health hazard to 5. E. pseudoconspersa – Japanese tea tussock moth (Japan) humans and animals. 1 2 3 4 5 Part of the family Lymantriidae that includes the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), another non-native urticarial moth. Euproctis: genus of >650 named moths native to eastern hemisphere 1. E. similis - Goldtail moth or Swan moth (Eurasia, Ural Mountains etc.) 2. E. edwardsi – Mistletoe browntail moth (Australia) A half dozen species 3. E. bipunctapex –Tussock moth (Singapore, Thailand) from this genus are a 4. E. flava – Asian mulberry tussock moth (Japan, China) health hazard to 5. E. pseudoconspersa – Japanese tea tussock moth (Japan) humans and animals. 1 2 3 4 5 6. E. chrysorrhea – European browntail moth (Eurasia, Maine) Ecologically unannealed xenobiotic species with few native biological controls that poses a direct human health threat. 6 Female Brown-tail Moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) Alvesgaspar, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5027960 Brown-tail Moth Life Cycle Diapausal Overview: Terminology larvae (nesting) Larvae – caterpillars Pupae – cocoon phase Imago – adult moth Diapause – nesting caterpillars Gregarious – feeding together Dispersive – feeding separately Instar – larval moult Setae – invertebrate “hair” Brown-tail Moth Life Cycle Diapausal E. Chrysorrhoea spends 9 months in a larvae (nesting) larval (caterpillar) form. Brown-tail Moth Life Cycle Diapausal E. Chrysorrhoea spends 9 months in a larvae (nesting) larval (caterpillar) form. Only 3 feeding months in Maine. Brown-tail Moth Life Cycle Diapausal E. Chrysorrhoea spends 9 months in a larvae (nesting) larval (caterpillar) form. Only 3 feeding months in Maine. Peak hair exposure is in late spring and summer Brown-tail Moth Life Cycle Egg Female Brown-tail Moth oviposting. The eggs are hidden under the brown, felt-like covering. Aug. – Sept. Egg masses contain 200 to 400 eggs. When the larvae hatch they feed for a short time before building their winter nests Prefer non-current-year-defoliated trees for laying eggs. Brown-tail Moth Life Cycle Egg Brown-tail moth egg mass develops over roughly 1 month. Aug. – Sept. Egg masses contain 200 to 400 eggs. When the larvae hatch they feed for a short time before building their winter nests Brown-tail Moth Life Cycle Egg Brown-tail moth caterpillars emerging from the egg mass. Aug. – Sept. Egg masses contain 200 to 400 eggs. When the larvae hatch they
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A European Species for the Biological Control of Invasive Swallow-Worts (Vincetoxicum Spp.) in North America
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 1-8-2014 HYPENA OPULENTA (EREBIDAE): A EUROPEAN SPECIES FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE SWALLOW-WORTS (VINCETOXICUM SPP.) IN NORTH AMERICA Jim Young United States of America Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Aaron S. Weed Dartmouth College, Hanover, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Young, Jim and Weed, Aaron S., "HYPENA OPULENTA (EREBIDAE): A EUROPEAN SPECIES FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE SWALLOW-WORTS (VINCETOXICUM SPP.) IN NORTH AMERICA" (2014). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 2339. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/2339 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 162 162 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS ’ S OCIETY Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 68(3), 2014, 162 –166 HYPENA OPULENTA (EREBIDAE): A EUROPEAN SPECIES FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE SWALLOW-WORTS ( VINCETOXICUM SPP.) IN NORTH AMERICA JIM YOUNG , P HD. United States of America Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2400 Broening Hwy. Ste 102, Baltimore, MD 21124. [email protected] AND AARON S. W EED Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, [email protected] ABSTRACT.
    [Show full text]
  • United States National Museum Bulletin 276
    ,*f»W*»"*^W»i;|. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MUSEUM O F NATURAL HISTORY UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 276 A Revision of the Genus Malacosoma Hlibner in North America (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): Systematics, Biology, Immatures, and Parasites FREDERICK W. STEHR and EDWIN F. COOK SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1968 PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The scientific publications of the United States National Museum include two series. Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National Museum Bulletin. In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts in the field of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the various subjects. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume. In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902, papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. This work forms number 276 of the Bulletin series.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawk Moths of North America Is Richly Illustrated with Larval Images and Contains an Abundance of Life History Information
    08 caterpillars EUSA/pp244-273 3/9/05 6:37 PM Page 244 244 TULIP-TREE MOTH CECROPIA MOTH 245 Callosamia angulifera Hyalophora cecropia RECOGNITION Frosted green with shiny yellow, orange, and blue knobs over top and sides of body. RECOGNITION Much like preceding but paler or Dorsal knobs on T2, T3, and A1 somewhat globular and waxier in color with pale stripe running below set with black spinules. Paired knobs on A2–A7 more spiracles on A1–A10 and black dots on abdomen cylindrical, yellow; knob over A8 unpaired and rounded. lacking contrasting pale rings. Yellow abdominal Larva to 10cm. Caterpillars of larch-feeding Columbia tubercle over A8 short, less than twice as high as broad. Silkmoth (Hyalophora columbia) have yellow-white to Larva to 6cm. Sweetbay Silkmoth (Callosamia securifera) yellow-pink instead of bright yellow knobs over dorsum similar in appearance but a specialist on sweet bay. Its of abdomen and knobs along sides tend to be more white than blue (as in Cecropia) and are yellow abdominal tubercle over A8 is nearly three times as set in black bases (see page 246). long as wide and the red knobs over thorax are cylindrical (see page 246). OCCURRENCE Urban and suburban yards and lots, orchards, fencerows, woodlands, OCCURRENCE Woodlands and forests from Michigan, southern Ontario, and and forests from Canada south to Florida and central Texas. One generation with mature Massachusetts to northern Florida and Mississippi. One principal generation northward; caterpillars from late June through August over most of range. two broods in South with mature caterpillars from early June onward.
    [Show full text]
  • Implicating an Introduced Generalist Parasitoid in the Invasive Browntail Moth’S Enigmatic Demise
    Ecology, 87(10), 2006, pp. 2664–2672 Ó 2006 by the Ecological Society of America IMPLICATING AN INTRODUCED GENERALIST PARASITOID IN THE INVASIVE BROWNTAIL MOTH’S ENIGMATIC DEMISE 1,3 2 1 JOSEPH S. ELKINTON, DYLAN PARRY, AND GEORGE H. BOETTNER 1Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Science and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 USA 2College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210 USA Abstract. Recent attention has focused on the harmful effects of introduced biological control agents on nontarget species. The parasitoid Compsilura concinnata is a notable example of such biological control gone wrong. Introduced in 1906 primarily for control of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, this tachinid fly now attacks more than 180 species of native Lepidoptera in North America. While it did not prevent outbreaks or spread of gypsy moth, we present reanalyzed historical data and experimental findings suggesting that parasitism by C. concinnata is the cause of the enigmatic near-extirpation of another of North America’s most successful invaders, the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea). From a range of ;160 000 km2 a century ago, browntail moth (BTM) populations currently exist only in two spatially restricted coastal enclaves, where they have persisted for decades. We experimentally established BTM populations within this area and found that they were largely free of mortality caused by C. concinnata. Experimental populations of BTM at inland sites outside of the currently occupied coastal enclaves were decimated by C. concinnata, a result consistent with our reanalysis of historical data on C.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts and Options for Biodiversity-Oriented Land Managers
    GYPSY MOTH (LYMANTRIA DISPAR): IMPACTS AND OPTIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY-ORIENTED LAND MANAGERS May 2004 NatureServe is a non-profit organization providing the scientific knowledge that forms the basis for effective conservation action. A NatureServe Technical Report Citation: Schweitzer, Dale F. 2004. Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar): Impacts and Options for Biodiversity- Oriented Land Managers. 59 pages. NatureServe: Arlington, Virginia. © 2004 NatureServe NatureServe 1101 Wilson Blvd., 15th Floor Arlington, VA 22209 www.natureserve.org Author’s Contact Information: Dr. Dale Schweitzer Terrestrial Invertebrate Zoologist NatureServe 1761 Main Street Port Norris, NJ 08349 856-785-2470 Email: [email protected] NatureServe Gypsy Moth: Impacts and Options for Biodiversity-Oriented Land Managers 2 Acknowledgments Richard Reardon (United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV), Kevin Thorpe (Agricultural Research Service, Insect Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD) and William Carothers (Forest Service Forest Protection, Asheville, NC) for technical review. Sandra Fosbroke (Forest Service Information Management Group, Morgantown, WV) provided many helpful editorial comments. The author also wishes to commend the Forest Service for funding so much important research and technology development into the impacts of gypsy moth and its control on non-target organisms and for encouraging development of more benign control technologies like Gypchek. Many, but by no means all, Forest Service-funded studies are cited in this document, including Peacock et al. (1998), Wagner et al. (1996), and many of the studies cited from Linda Butler and Ann Hajek. Many other studies in the late 1980s and 1990s had USDA Forest Service funding from the Appalachian Gypsy Moth Integrated Pest Management Project (AIPM).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2. the Effects of Compsilura Concinnata, an Introduced Generalist Tachinid, on Non-Target Species in North America: a Cautionary Tale
    ASSESSING HOST RANGES OF PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS _________________________________ CHAPTER 2. THE EFFECTS OF COMPSILURA CONCINNATA, AN INTRODUCED GENERALIST TACHINID, ON NON-TARGET SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA: A CAUTIONARY TALE J. S. Elkinton and G. H. Boettner Deptartment of Plant, Soil and Insect Science: Division of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA [email protected] INTRODUCTION Classical biological control has long been a principal weapon in the worldwide effort to com- bat the devastating effects of invasive species. Classical biological control involves locating natural enemies of invasive species in their native range and releasing them in the newly invaded habi- tat. The premise of classical biological control is that invasive species out-compete native spe- cies and become major pest problems in large part because they have become isolated from the suite of natural enemies that keep them in check in their native habitat. There have been many successes worldwide in the classical biological control of both invasive weeds and invasive arthropods. The advantages of classical biological control over any other approach are obvi- ous and well known: the control exerted is typically permanent; it requires little or no further intervention; it is thus highly cost effective compared to mechanical removal or use of chemical pesticides, which must typically be applied repeatedly and are often infeasible in forests or other natural habitats. Classical biological control of invasive weeds has had a long history of evaluating the host range of candidates for introduction. The obvious reason is that herbivorous natural enemies might become important pests of agricultural crops or other beneficial plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Cecropia Moth, Cecropia Silk Moth, Robin Moth, Hyalophora Cecropia Linnaeus (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Saturniinae: Attacini)1 Geoffrey R
    EENY 478 Cecropia Moth, Cecropia Silk Moth, Robin Moth, Hyalophora cecropia Linnaeus (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Saturniinae: Attacini)1 Geoffrey R. Gallice2 Introduction The cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia Linnaeus, is among the most spectacular of the North American Lepidoptera. It is a member of the Saturniidae, a family of moths prized by collectors and nature lovers alike for their large size and extremely showy appearance. Adults are occasionally seen attracted to lights during spring and early summer, a common habit of many moths. It is unclear exactly why these insects visit lights, although a number of theories exist. One such theory posits that artificial lights interfere with the moths’ internal Figure 1. Adult female cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia Linnaeus, navigational equipment. Moths, and indeed many other laying eggs on host plant. Credits: David Britton. Used with permission. night-flying insects, use light from the moon to find their way in the dark of night. Since the moon is effectively cecropia (Linnaeus, 1758) at optical infinity, its distant rays enter the moth’s eye in diana (Castiglioni, 1790) parallel, making it an extremely useful navigational tool. A macula (Reiff, 1911) moth is confused as it approaches an artificial point source uhlerii (Polacek, 1928) of light, such as a street lamp, and may often fly in circles in obscura (Sageder, 1933) a constant attempt to maintain a direct flight path. albofasciata (Sageder, 1933) (from Heppner 2003) Synonymy Hyalophora Duncan, 1841 Distribution Samia. - auct. (not Hübner, [1819]) The range of Hyalophora cecropia is from Nova Scotia in Platyysamia Grote, 1865 eastern Canada and Maine, south to Florida, and west to the Canadian and U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Insects by Bob Banks #1 Aphids They Come in Green, Black, Brown, Pink and Invisible
    Tree Insects By Bob Banks #1 Aphids They come in green, black, brown, pink and invisible. Called plant lice. Attacks any trees especially fruit trees. Sucks the sap on phloem and causes dieback black sooty mold and its frass (honeydew) attracts ants. Can be controlled with insecticides, strong water jets or natural enemies like lady bugs or wasps. #2 Bagworm Called case moths as they leave cases at the base of trees. They extend head from case to eat leaves. Defoliates trees especially evergreens usually at the ends of branches. Control with picking off cases, insecticides and attracting birds with baths, or nesting material like sparrows. #3 Black Turpentine Beetle Bore into stressed or damaged pines and red spruce in the South. Attacks the phloem layer and may cause death. Young bores holes in the bark and may cause blue stain fungus. Removal of infected trees and clearing of underbrush may control spread. #4 conifer sawfly • Defoliation by sawflies is sporadic, Most all of the sawflies feed on old and current year foliage at some point in their development. enables them to saw little slits in the needles • Pine trees • Sawfly adults resemble large house flies but are actually broadwaisted wasps. #5 eastern tent caterpillar • Defoliation of trees, building of unsightly silken nests in trees, and wandering caterpillars crawling • found on wild cherry, apple, and crabapple, but may be found on hawthorn, maple, cherry, peach, pear and plum • The larvae are hairy caterpillars, black with a white stripe down the back, brown and yellow lines along the sides, #6 fall webworm • consecutive defoliations can cause dieback in the crown, and may contribute to the death of weak, declining trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Behavior of Lycorma Delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and Response on Feeding Stimulants of Some Plants
    1 Feeding Behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and Response on Feeding Stimulants of Some Plants Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 48(4): 467~477 (2009) Jeong-Eun Lee, Sang-Rae Moon, Hee-Geun Ahn, Sun-Ran Cho, Jeong-Oh Yang, Changmann Yoon, and Gil-Hah Kim *Translated by Jungkun Kim (Pennsylvania State University) Sept. 2016 *See original document for figures, tables, and literature cited Lycorma delicatula was not an insect that was widely known to people a few years ago. However, it started to draw attention when a big population of Lycorma delicatula appeared in Seoul and the Gyeonggi area in 2006. After 2006, its population steadily grew, causing damage all around the nation (KFRI, 2007; Han et al., 2008; Park et al., 2009). Lycorma delicatula horrifies people because it lives as a group. Lycorma delicatula also sucks the sap out of branches, leaving honeydew on leaves, hindering plants from photosynthesizing, and causing sooty mold disease. When sooty mold disease is serious, plants wither and die. Lycorma delicatula was first discovered in Korea by Doi in 1932. Lycorma delicatula usually lives in sub-tropical areas like China and Southeastern Asia, but it started to live in South Korea in 2006, after coming into Korea through China (Han et al., 2008). 41 plant species, including 38 species of trees like tree of heaven, chinaberry tree, picramnia tree, parthenocissus tricuspidata, wild korean berry, grapevine, and 3 species of herb plants are reported as a host plants of Lycorma delicatula (Park et al., 2009). Control of Lycorma delicatula is needed because of recent damage caused by major outbreaks of Lycorma delicatula.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control ASSESSING HOST RANGES FOR PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS USED FOR CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: A GUIDE TO BEST PRACTICE R. G. Van Driesche, T. Murray, and R. Reardon (Eds.) Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2004-03 Department of Service September 2004 Agriculture he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photo: Syngaster lepidus Brullè—Timothy Paine, University of California, Riverside. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Moths: Pollinators of the Night Shift by Adria Henderson
    Moths: Pollinators of the Night Shift by Adria Henderson For years, the humble moth has existed in the shadows behind the spectacular and well-loved butterfly, forever compared to its beautiful lepidoptera cousin. Recently, there’s been a change in mindset towards these nocturnal flying insects with several articles expounding the virtues of this nighttime pollinator and its importance in the ecology of the backyard garden. As adults, moths are an essential food source for many animal species including birds such as martins, flycatchers, whippoorwills, bats, toads, and other small vertebrates. And moth caterpillars are extremely important as food for most of our baby songbirds including chickadees, nuthatches, bluebirds, and the rose breasted grosbeak. As entomologist Doug Tallamy, author of Bringing Nature Home and Nature’s Best Hope says, “Caterpillars are like the bread of the diet of baby birds. They’re a staple.” Moths are not only valued as an essential food source for other species but like bats are nocturnal pollinators. Planting pale or white fragrant flowers, flowers that open late afternoon or night, grow in clusters, provide easy landing platforms, and are ample nectar producers such as morning glory, heliotrope, four o'clocks, monarda, tiarella and oenothera, will attract pollinating moths to your nighttime garden. An interesting factoid: While most pollinators travel about to different gardens, moths may live their entire lives in one garden. But for all their beneficial garden work, they’ve been generally considered pests of the night sky, relegated to electric moth zappers engulfing them in shots of flame or sprayed with insecticide as they gather around outdoor light fixtures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Myrmecaelurus Trigrammus PALL. (Myrmeleonidae)
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Monografien Entomologie Neuroptera Jahr/Year: 1984 Band/Volume: MEN1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Popov Alexi Artikel/Article: The Development of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus PALL. (Myrmeleonidae). 249-251 Progress in World's Neuropterology. Gepp X, H. Aspöck & H. Holzet ed, 265 pp^ 1984, Graz. The Development of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus Pall. (Myrmeleonidae) By Alexi POPOV (Sofia) The attention of naturalists has been attracted by the highly intriguing mode of life and behaviour of Myrmeleonid larvae for over 200 years. However, most of the information on the development of Myrmeleonidae refers to the two Middle European species Myrmeleon formicarius L. and Euroleon nostras FOURCR., without even touching on all developmental stages. Scanty and insufficient data exist only on certain Mediterranean and some Non-Euro- pean species. The largest Neuropterous family with none less than 2000 species appears as a field least studied from the point of view of bionomy. Therefore the results of a rearing of larvae of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus are of some interest. Studies of the larvae and the deve- lopment of this species have been carried out by REDTENBACHER (1884), DOFLEIN (1921) and BRTEK (1961). The larvae of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus were found on May 22nd 1968 at an altitude of 250 m on the steep left slope off the Struma River, in the Kresna gorge, Southwest Bulgaria. The slope is chiefly covered with single Juniperus excelsa trees, a few deciduous shrubs (predo- minately Paliurus aculeatus and dry herbaceous vegetation. Pits of antlions were found in the course of six hours of searching along the slope only under one of the oldest Juniperus with thick and rather low boughs which protect the pits from showers without blocking the sun's rays to reach the soil until late in the afternoon.
    [Show full text]