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University of Huddersfield Repository Turley, Emma ‘It started when I barked once when I was licking his boots!’: A phenomenological study of the experience of bondage, discipline, dominance & submission, and sadism & masochism (BDSM) Original Citation Turley, Emma (2011) ‘It started when I barked once when I was licking his boots!’: A phenomenological study of the experience of bondage, discipline, dominance & submission, and sadism & masochism (BDSM). Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/13206/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. 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For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ ‘It started when I barked once when I was licking his boots!’: A phenomenological study of the experience of bondage, discipline, dominance & submission, and sadism & masochism (BDSM) Volume I of II EMMA LOUISE TURLEY A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield December 2011 Acknowledgements When I began this work, I could never have envisaged how difficult it would be. I am certain that this thesis would not be finished if it wasn’t for the support of my family, friends and colleagues. Nain, I am indebted to you. Your unwavering love and support throughout my life cannot ever be repaid or rewarded highly enough. You always encouraged me to be all I could be, your belief conquered my doubt, and it is because of your sacrifices that I’m the person I am today. No words can express my eternal gratitude. Ceri, it is rare that people find their soulmate, I’m lucky I did. You have endured so much during the production of this thesis, for that I apologise. Thank you for your patience, support and encouragement, especially during those very bleak moments. Thanks for making me laugh. Caru ti. My family; Dan, Abbey, Laura, William, Elizabeth, Jean & Mark, Ian & Linda, my parents; Martin & Sonya and step-parents; Jeff & Helen – thanks for understanding why I couldn’t come and visit so much. I’ll have more time now. Professor Nigel King, you have been amazing throughout this process. Thank you so much for your guidance and support, which went above and beyond the remit of a Director of Studies. I am in awe of your ability as a phenomenological psychologist. Thanks for believing in me. Dr Surya Monro, thank you for joining this project so late in the day. I’m glad you did. Your kind words of encouragement and empathy helped me to get through these last months. Your work is inspirational. Dr Trevor Butt, thanks for sticking with me for so long. Your constructive comments were invaluable. You made supervision a pleasure. Ross and Chris, my best friends, I can simply thank you. You have helped me so much in many ways. You have listened to me, discussed with me, danced with me, and laughed with me. Your friendship means everything to me. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the people who took part in this study. Thank you for giving up your time and for sharing your experiences with me. 2 Abstract The research presented in this thesis aims to explore the lived experience of participating in consensual bondage, discipline, dominance & submission and sadism & masochism (BDSM). Traditionally, psychologists have researched this phenomenon from an external perspective, conceptualising it as pathological. By employing a phenomenological approach, I aim to understand this multifaceted phenomenon from the inside, by listening to the voices of those who engage in BDSM. The research is separated into two stages. For the first stage of empirical work I interviewed five practitioners of consensual BDSM about their experiences. This stage was designed to be particularly broad and exploratory with the aim of understanding more about the subcultures associated with BDSM, and also to inform the second, more focused stage of research. The findings were analysed using the descriptive phenomenological approach. The subsequent stage involved interviews with nine practitioners; including four that were previously interviewed for stage one. The aim here was to elucidate the specific constituents of BDSM that held erotic significance for participants. The template approach was utilised as the method of analysis. The complexity of BDSM is illustrated by the subtle variations in the erotic scripts of participants. The co-creation of fantasy was of central importance to the experience, as were measures employed in order to maintain the fantasy and ensure its success. The notion of authenticity was fundamental to the experience, which ensured all participants were invested in the erotic scene and allowed immersion into the bubble of fantasy and the exclusion of the ‘real’ world. A sense of care, trust and partnership were vital in order to achieve the erotic atmosphere, concepts that appear contrary to the kinds of sexual activities involved. This research presents an exciting account of the lived experience of BDSM, illuminating the erotic diversities and nuances related to this phenomenon. It is also the aim that this research contributes to the increasing body of work that investigates and reports BDSM from non-pathologising perspectives. 3 Disseminated findings Papers Turley, E.L., King, N. & Butt, T. (2011). ‘It started when I barked once when I was licking his boots!’: a descriptive phenomenological study of the everyday experience of BDSM. Psychology & Sexuality, 2 (2), 123-136. Presentations Turley, E.L. (September 2011). Using phenomenology as a methodological approach. Department of Speech Pathology & Therapy Seminar Series. Manchester Metropolitan University. Turley, E.L. (July 2010). A descriptive phenomenological analysis of the experience of BDSM. Research Institute for Health & Social Change Annual Conference. Manchester Metropolitan University. Poster presentations Turley, E.L. (July 2011). The social world of BDSM: A descriptive phenomenological study. Understanding Social Worlds Conference. University of Huddersfield. Turley, E.L. (July 2009). The social world of BDSM: A phenomenological investigation. BPS North East of England Branch Conference, Sheffield. [Poster Session 1st Prize.] Turley, E.L. (June 2009). Researching BDSM. Postgraduate Research Conference. School of Human & Health Sciences. University of Huddersfield. 4 Glossary of Terms BDSM Bondage, discipline, dominance & submission, sadism & masochism SM, S/M Sadomasochism D/s, D&s Dominance & submission B&D Bondage & discipline Top A partner that is in charge of a scene Bottom A partner that has relinquished control during a scene EPE Erotic power exchange Vanilla Non-BDSM sex and/or sexual practices SSC Safe, sane & consensual RACK Risk aware consensual kink Switch An individual who enjoys assuming both the dominant and submissive sexual role Munch An informal social gathering of BDSM practitioners 24/7 A full time erotic power exchange relationship 5 Contents of Thesis Volume One Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................13 1.1 My interest in BDSM ..................................................................................14 1.2 Defining BDSM ...........................................................................................16 1.3 Pathologising Perspectives ......................................................................19 1.4 The Current Study ......................................................................................20 1.5 Thesis Structure .........................................................................................21 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................24 2.1 Foundations of Contemporary Understandings of Sexuality ..................25 2.2 BDSM as Pathology .....................................................................................31 2.3 Feminism & BDSM .......................................................................................35 2.4 Reconceptualising BDSM ...........................................................................37 2.4.1 Early Voices ...................................................................................................37 2.5 Sexual Stories ..............................................................................................39 2.6 Current Research .........................................................................................41 2.7 Rationale for the Current Study .................................................................51 2.8 Research Objectives ...................................................................................52 2.9 Summary ......................................................................................................52