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Forest Landscape Restoration for Asia-Pacific Forests Forest Landscape Restoration for Asia-Pacific Forests Copyright © FAO and RECOFTC, 2016 Bangkok, Thailand

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Forest Landscape Restoration for Asia-Pacific Forests Forest Landscape Restoration for Asia-Pacific Forests Copyright © FAO and RECOFTC, 2016 Bangkok, Thailand Forest landscape restoration for Asia-Pacific forests Forest landscape restoration for Asia-Pacific forests Copyright © FAO and RECOFTC, 2016 Bangkok, Thailand ISBN 978-92-5-109094-7 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests, concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or RECOFTC in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO or RECOFTC. FAO and RECOFTC encourage the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO and RECOFTC as the source and copyright holders is given and that FAO’s and RECOFTC’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao. org/contact-us/license-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO Web site (www. fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications- [email protected]. RECOFTC imformation products are available on the RECOFTC website (www.recoftc.org). Citation: FAO/RECOFTC. 2016. Forest landscape restoration in Asia-Pacific forests, by Appanah, S. (ed.). Bangkok, Thailand. Layout and cover design: Subantita Suwan Photo caption: The mountains of Nan province, Thailand Cover photo by RECOFTC Thailand Country Program Forest landscape restoration for Asia-Pacific forests Editor: Simmathiri Appanah Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forest Bangkok, 2016 Contents 1. Foreword vi 2. Acknowledgements vii 3. Forest landscape restoration for Asia-Pacific forests: a synthesis 1 4. Country Studies a. China 37 b. Indonesia 53 c. Myanmar 79 d. Nepal 103 e. Philippines 125 f. Thailand 149 g. Viet Nam 167 Foreword Forests, from whichever viewpoint we hold, are part of a nation’s capital. Seeing the forest land going barren and existing forests becoming degraded is clearly a huge loss. The loss is expressed in manifold ways: loss of timber wealth, loss of live- lihoods for forest-dependent people, loss of environmental services that includes climate mitigation, and a loss for all the plants and animals inhabiting them. Besides all these, there is also the loss of the scenic beauty they have always provided for mankind. This has become the reality for forests in the Asia-Pacific region – deforestation has resulted in huge tracts of wasteland, and extensive areas of standing forests are degraded to a point where their value as forests may be uncertain. Of course foresters have worked hard at rebuilding them – in fact such endeavours represent the beginning of scientific forest management in the region. While notable successes are seen with the rebuilding of extensive monoculture plantations in the region, there still remain huge areas needing further attention. On-site efforts to restore forests are continuously being undertaken, but their results are frequently dismal. Increasingly we are beginning to realize that more holistic approaches are needed. With natural re- sources, the thinking these days is to examine the issues from a landscape level. This encompasses not only attention to the physical and biological aspects, but also including the affected people playing a role in the solution. And with forestry, we are looking at Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR). The FLR approach, which is still in its nascent stages of development, is rapidly gaining attention as a more appropriate way to restore both degraded forests as well as the surrounding degraded landscape. The great value of this approach is that it integrates forest restoration actions with the desirable objectives of the landscape, and it is undertaken with the full par- ticipation of the people who will have a role in the management of the restored areas over the longer term. So, FLR brings together social, environmental and economic considerations in restoring the forests and lands, converse to just restoring an isolated patch of forest without taking into consideration the people in the area. With people having no stake in the forest, the long-term success of the restoration work is not assured. In this last decade, global campaigns for planting trees are being announced frequently, such as the Bonn Challenge to restore 150 million hectares, and APEC’s announcement to boost their forest area by 20 million hectares. These announce- ments have also pointed out the value in adopting the principles of FLR, particularly the value of regaining ecological integ- rity and enhancing human well-being in the process of restoring degraded forests and deforested lands. While FLR is being advocated as the way forward with forest restoration, unfortunately the approach is hardly known in the region. Both FAO and RECOFTC recognize the challenges Asia-Pacific forests are facing, and consider FLR to have the desirable attributes for bringing back the forests while simultaneously meeting the people’s needs. With this in view, the two organizations proposed this multi-country study on forest restoration and how FLR can be implemented in the Asia-Pacific region. In this respect, we would like to first of all congratulate the authors of this study for their excellent contributions. Likewise, our thanks to all those who contributed to shepherding this work to fruition, as well the numerous reviewers and editors whose efforts have vastly improved the final product. It is hoped that FAO and RECOFTC will continue to work in jointly promoting FLR approaches in the region for a greener Asia-Pacific, where forestry will play a greater role in enhancing the livelihoods of its people, and contribute to mitigating climate change. Kundhavi Kadiresan Tint Lwin Thaung Assistant Director-General Executive Director FAO Regional Representative for RECOFTC – The Center for Asia and the Pacific People and Forests vi Acknowledgements The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests would like to acknowledge the contributions made by many individuals in the preparation and publication of Forest Landscape Restoration for Asia-Pacific Region. The main synthesis was produced by Simmathiri Appanah. The country studies were undertaken by: Yuanchang Lu, Xianzhao Liu, Jun Jinag and Tingting Li (China); Ani Adiwinata Nawir, Petrus Gunarso, Harry Santoso, Julmansyah and M. Ridha Hakim (Indonesia); Ba Kaung (Myanmar); Prayag Raj Tamrakar and Bernhard Mohns (Nepal); Ernie S. Guiang and Rudy Aragon (The Philippines); Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, Pimonrat Tiansawat and Alice Sharp (Thailand); and Phan Minh Sang (Viet Nam). Prior to starting the work, several experts offered various technical viewpoints during a workshop held in conjunction with the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, Rotorua, New Zealand. This study received guidance from the suggestions of the experts, and the authors would like to thank the following, in alphabetical order: Unna Chockalingam, Patrick Dugan, Don Gilmour, Andrew Ingles and David Lamb. This report further benefitted from the comments and suggestions for revision from a number of reviewers. The authors are especially grateful to the following individuals for their valuable reviews and suggestions: David Lamb, Patrick Durst, Tint Lwin Thaung, Cesar Sabogal, David Gritten, Bernhard Mohns, Julian Atkinson and Kenichi Shono. The final product owes much to the special efforts of the language editor Robin Leslie. The heavy task of coordinating the entire process fell on the shoulders of Julian Atkinson. The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to them both. vii Acronyms and abbreviations 5MHRP 5-Million Hectares Reforestation Programme (Viet Nam) AAC Annual allowable cut ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ADB Asian Development Bank AFoCo ASEAN-Korea Forest Cooperation ANR Assisted natural regeneration APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APFNet Asia Pacific Network for Forest Rehabilitation and Sustainable Forest Management ARDC Agriculture and Rural Development Corporation (Myanmar) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CADT Certificate of ancestral domain title (Philippines) CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBFM Community-based forest management CBFMA Community-based forest management agreement CBNRM Community-based natural resource management CBO Community-based organization CDM Clean Development Mechanism CF Community forest CFI Community Forestry Instructions (Myanmar) CFUG Community forest user group CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered
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