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Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives

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Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects and Preservation Guidelines on the Production International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives Internationale Vereinigung der Schall- und audiovisuellen Archive Association Internationale d’Archives Sonores et Audiovisuelles Asociacion´ Internacional de Archivos Sonoros y Audiovisuales Technical Committee Standards Recommended, Practices and Strategies Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects IASA-TC04 Second Edition IASA-TC04 Second Edition http://www.iasa-web.org Translation sponsor Gold sponsor Silver sponsor Transfer. Preserve. Relive. Customise your archive. Bronze sponsors International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives Internationale Vereinigung der Schall- und audiovisuellen Archive Association Internationale d’Archives Sonores et Audiovisuelles Asociacion´ Internacional de Archivos Sonoros y Audiovisuales Technical Committee Standards Recommended, Practices and Strategies Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects IASA-TC04 Second Edition Edited by Kevin Bradley Contributing authors Kevin Bradley, National Library of Australia, President IASA and Vice Chair IASA TC; Mike Casey, Indiana University; Stefano S. Cavaglieri, Fonoteca Nazionale Svizzera; Chris Clark, British Library (BL); Matthew Davies, National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA); Jouni Frilander, Finnish Broadcasting Company; Lars Gaustad, National Library of Norway and Chair IASA TC; Ian Gilmour, NFSA; Albrecht Häfner, Südwestrudfunk, Germany; Franz Lechleitner, Phonogrammarchiv of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OAW); Guy Maréchal, PROSIP; Michel Merten, Memnon; Greg Moss, NFSA; Will Prentice, BL; Dietrich Schüller, OAW; Lloyd Stickells and Nadia Wallaszkovits, OAW. Reviewed by the IASA Technical Committee which included at the time (in addition to those above) Tommy Sjöberg, Folkmusikens Hus, Sweden; Bruce Gordon, Harvard University; Bronwyn Officer, National Library of New Zealand; Stig L. Molneryd, The National Archive of Recorded Sound and Moving Images, Sweden; George Boston; Drago Kunej, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Nigel Bewley, BL; Jean-Marc Fontaine, Laboratoire d’Acoustique Musicale; Chris Lacinak; Gilles St. Laurent, Library and Archives, Canada; and Xavier Sené, Bibliothèque Nationale de France. © International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA) 2009 Translation not permissible without consent from IASA Executive Board Published by the International Association of Sound and Audio Visual Archives C/O Secretary-General: Ilse Assmann Media Libraries South African Broadcasting Corporation PO Box 931, 2006 Auckland Park South Africa 1st Edition Published 2004 2nd Edition Published 2009 IASA TC-04 Guidelines in the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects: standards, recommended practices, and strategies: 2nd edition/ edited by Kevin Bradley This publication provides guidance to audiovisual archivists on a professional approach to the production and preservation of digital audio objects Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-91-976192-2-6 1. Sound - Recording and reproducing - Digital techniques - Standards. 2. Sound recordings - Preservation - Standards. 3. Digital media - Preservation - Standards. I. Kevin Bradley II. International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA) Technical Committee Printed by Goanna Print © International Association of Sound and Audio Visual Archives (IASA) 2009 Translation is not permitted without the consent of the IASA Executive Board and may only be undertaken in accordance with the Guidelines & Policy Statement, Translation of Publications Guidelines, Guidelines for the Translation of IASA Publications & Workflow for Translations http://www.iasa-web.org/translation.asp This publication is approved by the Sub-Committee on Technology of the Memory of the World Programme of UNESCO Contents Preface to the Second Edition. .2 Introduction to the First Edition. 4 Chapter 1: Background. .6 Chapter 2: Key Digital Principles. .8 Chapter 3: Metadata. 12 Chapter 4: Unique and Persistent Identifiers. 28 Chapter 5: Signal Extraction from Original Carriers. 31 Chapter 6: Preservation Target Formats and Systems . 90 Chapter 7: Small Scale Approaches to Digital Storage Systems. 118 Chapter 8: Optical discs. 126 Chapter 9: Partnerships, Project Planning and Resources. 138 References. .143 Preface to the Second Edition The process of debating the principles which underpin the work of sound preservation, and then discussing, codifying and documenting the practices that we as professional sound archivists use and recommend, is to necessarily identify the strengths and weaknesses in our everyday work. When the first version/edition of TC-04 Guidelines in the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects was completed and printed in 2004 there was, in spite of our pride in that previous publication, little doubt amongst the IASA Technical Committee that a second edition would be necessary to address those areas that we knew we would need to be working on. In the intervening four years we as a committee have grown, extending our knowledge and expertise in many areas, and helped to develop the standards and systems which implement sustainable work and preservation practices. This second edition is the beneficiary of that work, and it contains much that is vital in the evolving field of sustainable sound preservation by digital means. Though we have incorporated much new information, and refined some of the fundamental chapters, the advice provided in the second edition does not stand in opposition to that provided in the first. The IASA- TC 04 Guidelines in the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects is informed by IASA-TC 03 The Safeguarding of the Audio Heritage: Ethics, Principles and Preservation Strategy. A revised version of TC 03 was published in 2006 which took account of new developments in digital audio archiving, and of the much more practical role of TC 04. TC 03 2006 concentrates on the principles and supersedes the earlier versions, and these guidelines are the practical embodiment of the principles. The major amendments in this second edition of TC 04 can be found in the chapters dealing with the digital repositories and architectures. Chapter 3, Metadata, has been extensively enlarged and provides significant and detailed advice on approaches to the management of data and metadata orf the purposes of preservation, reformatting, analysis, discovery and use. The chapter ranges widely across the subject area from schemas through to structures to manage and exchange the content and considers the major building blocks of data dictionaries, schemas, ontologies, and encodings. The sibling to this is Chapter 4, Unique and Persistent identifiers, and it provides guidance on naming and numbering of files and digital works. The new section included as Chapter 6 Preservation Target Formats and Systems, is structured around the functional categories identified in the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS): Ingest, Archival Storage, Preservation Planning, Administration and Data Management, and Access, and each of the subsequent Sections deals with each subject area. The use of this conceptual model in organising the book has two important consequences: Firstly, it uses the same functional categories as the architectural design of the major repository and data management systems, which means it has real world relevance. Secondly, identifying separate and abstracted components of a digital preservation strategy allows the archivist to make decisions about various parts of the process, rather than trying to solve and implement the monolithic whole. Chapter 9, Partnerships, Project Planning and Resources, is an entirely new chapter, and provides advice on the issues to consider if a collection manager decides to outsource all or part of the processes involved in the preservation of the audio collections. Chapter 7, Small Scale Approaches to Digital Storage Systems, considers how to build a low cost digital management system which, while limited in scope, still adheres to the principles and quality measures identified in chapter 6. Chapter 8 revisits the risks associated with optical disc storage and makes recommendations as to their management, while suggesting the advice in chapters 6 and 7 may be more useful in the long term management of digital content. Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects 2 Preface to the Second Edition Chapter 5, Signal Extraction from Original Carriers, was one of the most practical and informed components of the first edition, and it remains a source of practical knowledge, and information on standards and advice. As part of the review process the chapters on signal extraction have been refined, and extra useful advice has been added. An extra section, 5.7 Field Recording Technologies and Archival Approaches, has been added, and it addresses the question of how to create a sound recording in the field for which the content is intended for long term archival storage. Chapter 2, Key Digital Principles, adheres to the same standards expressed in the earlier edition. There is, however, more explanatory detail, and technical information, particularly regarding the digital conversion processes, has been provided in more precise and standard language. TC 04 represents a considerable effort and commitment from the IASA Technical
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