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Knowledge, Identity and the Colonizing Structure the Case of the Oromo in East and Northeast Africa Gemetchu Megerssa Ruda Ph.D

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Knowledge, Identity and the Colonizing Structure the Case of the Oromo in East and Northeast Africa Gemetchu Megerssa Ruda Ph.D KNOWLEDGE, IDENTITY AND THE COLONIZING STRUCTURE THE CASE OF THE OROMO IN EAST AND NORTHEAST AFRICA GEMETCHU MEGERSSA RUDA PH.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES 1993 BIEL. LO4DEt 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to my supervisor, Dr. Paul Spencer. I began receiving his intellectual support from the early stage of this thesis, when the core was originally submitted to the department of Anthropology and Sociology of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) as an M.A. dissertation. He has unfailingly continued to guide me through all my post-graduate work, advising me on my M.Phil. research report and on this Ph.D. thesis. Throughout my years of study at SOAS, Dr. Spencer provided an in- depth evaluation of my work at the different levels of development of my ideas as they began to take shape and be formulated. Thanks also go to all my instructors in social anthropology, all of whom have contributed in one way or another to my intellectual development. I am indebted to Dr. Moses Gollola under whom I did an under-graduate course in history at the University of Eastern Africa in Kenya. Dr. Otieno Munala also greatly influenced my outlook with the exhilarating lectures he gave on the philosophy of communication and on inter-cultural communication at the United States International University in Kenya. Dr. Ibrahim Sahaladin of the Department of Sociology at the American University in Cairo also contributed to and influenced my views on ethnic relations through the courses he taught on ethnic relations in the Arab world. Perhaps before anyone else, my wife, Dr. Aneesa Kassam, provided the intellectual companionship and stimulus for my work. We have collaborated in a number of research projects based at the National Museums of Kenya, many of which led to joint publications. These included studies in ethno-hotany, ethno-ornithology and the study of material culture among the Oromo of Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. I have greatly benefited from her insights into the Oromo language and culture. Without her mediation, the writing of this thesis in English would have been extremely difficult. Above all, she gave me the moral and emotional support I needed to sustain me pyschologically throughout the writing of this thesis. z Reverend Lambert Bartels encouraged my passionate interest in the culture of my own people and set me on the path to anthropology. I am grateful to both him and Dr. Paul Baxter for the great kindness they showed me as a person and for their deep friendship and concern during my long years of study. I am also grateful to the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC) for the financial support they made available to me for the transcription of the interviews I recorded with experts of the Oromo traditional knowledge. The writing of my thesis would not have been possible without the generous financial assistance of the Hugh Pilkington Charitable Trust, which sponsored my post-graduate studies. I am deeply indebted to the Board of Trustees and to their families for their constant moral support and encouragement in my work. Many more people than can be named have contributed to the realisation of this thesis. This is obvious from the account given in chapter three of the thesis. I would nevertheless like to express my deepest gratitude to all those great intellectuals and teachers who have so patiently and diligently taught me the ancient wisdom of my own culture and have passed on to me some of their learning. In particular, I would like to reiterate my thanks to the two Booran Oromo oral historians and specialists of the traditional Oromo law, Bule Guyyo and Dahassa Guyyo who were my mentors in Kenya; and to the late Jimmale Diimaa in Ethiopia, the Macha Oromo elder who first taught me about the concept of a yaana in an organised manner. They assumed and perpetuated the vital role played in the education begun by my grandfather. Ruda Kura. My thanks also goes to my friend Dominic Rayner, who gave me his time whenever I needed to discuss some of the intracultural communication issues. This gave me the 3 chance to test my African ideas against the ideas of a person with a European background. Last, but not least, I would like to thank the members of the Jirmmaa Kinnato family, and especially the late Abdullahi Jirmma, for the long hours I spent with him discussing and debating the issues we had learnt together, for the role he played in the maturation of my ideas and for the steadfast and dedicated friendship he provided me at all times and in all things. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS PAGE Acknowledgment .2 Tableof Content.......................................................................... 5 Listof Figures and Maps...............................................................13 Abstract...................................................................................14 Preface....................................................................................15 PART I CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION........................................................................19 Knowledge...............................................................................20 TheColonizing Structure...............................................................24 CHAPTER TWO TheSetting...............................................................................27 TheOromo People..........................................................................27 TheName Oromo...........................................................................27 ConceptualDivision of The Oromo People..............................................28 TheBooran and The Barentu..............................................................29 TheBooran and The Gabarro............................................................... TheBooran: Medium of Primary Focus..................................................32 TheLand of The Oromo.....................................................................15 5 Environmental zones .17 Baddaa.......................................................................... Bada-dare.......................................................................18 Gammoojji......................................................................18 Seasons......................................................................................... Birraa.............................................................................19 Bona.............................................................................40 Abraasaa.........................................................................42 Ganna............................................................................44 TheOromo Economy..........................................................................45 TheOromo Concept of Work..................................................45 TheModes of Subsistence......................................................46 ThePastoral Economy...........................................................47 CHAPTER THREE ResearchMethodology .....................................................................S2 The Transmission of Knowledge in Oromo Oral Tradition...................52 TheQuest for the Oromo Concept of Ayaana....................................S9 Teachersand Informants........................................................................66 DibaahaaChalaasaa..............................................................................66 Gaaddise...........................................................................................69 JimmaaleDiimaa..................................................................................7 1 BuleGuyyo.......................................................................................74 6 Dabassaa Guyyo .82 Differencesbetween Bule Guyyo and Dahassa Guyyo......................................87 PART TWO CHAPTER FOUR Remarkson the Literatur Reviewed...................................................91 Ayaanathe Oromo View-point.................................................................96 Ayaana and the Traditional Oromo View of Creation and Time.............................96 TheOrigin of Ayaana and/or Time.............................................................97 Definitionand Meaning..........................................................................99 The Patterns of Behaviour of the Twenty-seven Ayaana...................................101 Lummassa..........................................................................101 Gidaadda...........................................................................102 Ruuda...............................................................................102 Arrerii...............................................................................104 Addulaa.............................................................................104 Garba...............................................................................105 Bitaa................................................................................105 Sorssa..............................................................................106 Aiggajima..........................................................................106 Arba................................................................................106 Walla...............................................................................107 Bassaa..............................................................................107
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