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No. 47 THE CLEMENTS LIBRARY ASSOCIATES spring-summer 2017

THE BITTER, ENDURING LEGACY OF IN AMERICA

In August 1791 the slaves of the plantations on the northern plain of St. Domingue (Haiti) rose up and took revenge on their masters. The prosperity of France’s richest colony had been enabled by a culture of wealthy planters, often-brutal overseers, and a large labor force of enslaved Africans. This edifice came crashing down with the French Revolution. The slaves set the sugar plantations afire as seen here in a view to the eastward from the port city of Cap Français.

y the time early abolitionist rights and the reality of keeping others God through Moses, and approved by George Bourne wrote, “the in chains based on ethnicity, opponents Christ through his disciples,” he spoke detention of men in bondage and defenders of slavery battled in print for a significant number of antebellum indefinite, should receive unmitigat- to win adherents to their side of the white Americans. While the conclusion Bed execration” in 1834, slavery had struggle. For every John Woolman, of the Civil and the ratification of been part of the American scene for George Bourne or William Lloyd the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 more than two centuries. First in the Garrison in the antislavery camp, brought a legal resolution to the issue British colonies, beginning with the defenders of slavery like William of slavery in America, the unbridgeable importation of some twenty African Harper, James Henry Hammond and philosophical gap over “the peculiar captives to in 1619, and then Thomas Dew wrote passionately of slav- institution” and its legacy has influenced in the United States after the American ery as a positive social good and a main- society, and policy in the United Revolution, slavery had enormous stay of American economic prosperity. States to the present day. social, political and economic impact. When Hammond declared, “I firmly In this issue of The Quarto, our As Americans struggled with the stark believe that American slavery is not only curators provide glimpses of the divide between the rhetoric of individual not a sin, but especially commanded by Clements Library’s remarkable holdings of primary sources on American slavery. slavery are rich and compelling pictorial to do better. While reading the Library’s Associate Director and Map Curator sources for researchers in this field, as primary sources on slavery can be pain- Brian Dunnigan’s essay details the exis- Graphics Curator Clayton Lewis makes ful, it’s essential to understanding where tence of African American and Native clear in his illustrated essay. For space we’ve come from on race issues and to American enslavement in the Great reasons we did not focus attention in this realizing how far we still have to go. Lakes region during the eighteenth cen- issue on our holdings of books, pam- Here at the Clements we believe in the tury. Recent recipient of a U-M School phlets, and newspapers with slavery value of history to help build a better of Information graduate degree Noa content, but I can assure you that they future, the “applied history” approach Kasman, who for two years as a Joyce are both numerous and full of interesting that Benjamin Shambaugh and others Bonk Fellow has worked on digitizing material on all aspects of the subject. articulated a century ago during the our collections, writes about the fasci- I regard slavery and segregation Progressive era. “Where did we come nating information about slavery con- as regrettable proof that freedom and from” and “how did we get here” are tained in antiquarian maps, especially equality have always been elusive, important questions to pose in formulat- Edwin Hergesheimer’s 1861 Map shifting targets for Americans. Too ing answers to “where do we go from Showing the Distribution of the Slave often at various times in our history our here” and “how do we get there.” Population of the Southern States of noble, even inspiring words have led to Understanding the history of American the United States. Mary H. Parsons, action on behalf of some rather than all. slavery and its powerful effects on our longtime volunteer in the WLCL Although our lengthy individual and nation is a prime example of that reality, Manuscripts Division, uses an 1838 collective history of striving to build a and it’s one my WLCL colleagues and I letter from Nancy Adams in our Weld- better society on this continent merits are eager to help our researchers Grimké Papers as the basis for her evoc- genuine respect, our failure in many explore. ative article, “Documenting the cases to include large portions of our — J. Kevin Graffagnino Life of Nancy Adams, a Fugitive Slave.” population in the results requires honest Director Our photographic and other images of assessment and a renewed commitment

Page 2 The Quarto SLAVERY ON THE LAKES

ummer has come to Michigan and their populations. A panis woman to the Great Lakes that enfold the assisted trader Alexander Henry in evad- state’s two peninsulas. It is unlikely ing Ojibwa when they surprised that many of us have ever given much and captured Michilimackinac in 1763. Sthought to the practice of human slavery Many prosperous traders, such as John as a part of daily life here during the Askin, owned both panis and African eighteenth century. The seaward flow Americans. Askin held two black men, of the waters over Niagara Falls and Pompey and Jupiter, during his years at through the heart of New France (later Michilimackinac. Panis appear in a British Canada) passed colonial towns variety of contexts during the French and Native villages where one was régime, including the fur trade. In 1737 almost certain to encounter persons in for instance, Detroit traders Beaubien bondage. In later years the establish- and Germain obtained a congé (trading ment of the Northwest Territory and license) that recorded the names of their Upper and Lower Canada would end crew of voyageurs. The document listed the practice, but until that time slavery one of the four men as “Pierre Panis de was a fact of life. Nation.” Discovering details of slavery on The relative numbers of the two the Great Lakes is a bit more complicat- types of slaves is more difficult to deter- ed than it is farther to the south, where mine. Censuses taken at Detroit from the overwhelming majority of enslaved 1750 through 1782 distinguish only the persons were of African or part-African categories of female and male “slaves.” This detail from Francis Pfister’s 1771 descent. In the northern forests of the It appears that African slaves were found “Plan of Niagara” shows the garrison gar- Great Lakes and Laurentian region at Detroit at least by the late 1730s, and dens at upper right. Fences enclose pas- many slaves were Native Americans, merchant James Sterling held two black tures outside the fort where the Grahams’ people usually described under the men in 1764. As a general observation, panis girls cared for the family’s cow. generic term panis. This name is it seems likely that panis made up the generally supposed to be a corruption majority of the enslaved population dur- Lower Canada in 1791 abolished the of “Pawnee,” a nation residing on the ing the town’s early years, but the ratio enslavement of those born after that eastern Great Plains. Panis were gener- gradually shifted to reflect an increase in time in the British-controlled areas, but ally captives taken during the incessant the number of slaves of African descent. grandfathered those who were already conflict and raiding between Native Some of the growth probably reflects in bondage. Since the British occupied nations or between Native Americans slaves taken as booty during British and the Great Lakes posts for thirteen years and European colonists. Indian raids from Detroit against the after the Treaty of Paris ended the War The distinction between African Kentucky settlements during the War for Independence, this affected Detroit and panis slaves is often difficult to for Independence. Many were carried to and Michilimackinac. When the United discern. Surviving church records, Detroit by the British-allied Indians and States took possession of these places in such as the ledger of births, marriages, then traded or sold. The warriors who 1796, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and burials at Ste. Anne de Michili- accompanied Captain Henry Bird on his applied, and slavery was prohibited in mackinac, usually identify panis as successful raid against the Kentuckians the territory. During the decade after such, and occasionally note slaves of in 1780 presented him with a female 1800 and the formation of the Michigan African descent as well. Panis were slave named Esther to thank him for Territory in 1805, some Canadian slaves much in evidence—and in demand— his capable leadership. escaped bondage by crossing to the at the and fur-trading posts The slave population grew slowly United States, a reversal of the familiar scattered around the lakes. In 1768, at eighteenth-century Detroit—from practice of fugitive slaves following the for example, Surgeon John Graham and 33 in 1750 to 179 by 1782. Slaves North Star to freedom in Canada. his wife Isabella searched in vain for numbered 85 in 1773; 127 in 1778; 142 Slavery was a familiar and accepted domestic help among the wives of Fort in 1779; and 175 in 1780. The number practice in the Great Lakes region of the Niagara’s soldiers because most already of slave-holders increased as well, from eighteenth century. Enslaved Native worked for other officers. The solu- 25 in 1750, to 68 in 1779, to 91 in 1782. Americans and African Americans partic- tion? Dr. Graham resolved to go to No Detroit slave-owner of this period ipated in agriculture, the fur trade, and Detroit to purchase two young panis appears to have surpassed Charles domestic work and formed an important girls to assist his wife with household Gouin’s tally of 9 slaves in 1779. Most part of the community. chores and the care of their cow. held one or two with a slight majority — Brian Leigh Dunnigan Both Michilimackinac and Detroit of the slaves being women. Associate Director & Curator had substantial numbers of panis within The establishment of Upper and of Maps

The Quarto Page 3 MAPPING SLAVERY

ow did maps represent slavery in the antebellum United States? Enslaved persons made up 32% of the population of the South in 1860. HHistorian Susan Schulten, in her essay “The Cartography of Slavery and the Authority of Statistics,” examines the rise of statistical cartography as it related to slavery. She takes a special interest in a map shown in Francis Bicknell Carpenter’s 1864 painting “First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln.” Schulten identifies it as Edwin Hergesheimer’s Map Showing the Distribution of the Slave Population of the Southern States of the United States (1861) and claims that it was the first “effort” in America to graphically pres- ent the population density of slavery. As is the case with most of the maps noted in Schulten’s article, copies are in the Clements collection. Schulten argues that this map, through its focus on the percentage of enslaved persons in the southern states, established an important link between the “strength of the rebellion with the institution of slavery.” In a New Times blog post, Schulten maintains that it “reaffirmed the belief of many in the Union that secession was driven not by a notion of ‘state rights,’ but by the defense of a labor system.” American viewers could compare the “order of secession” of each state with its slave population and note that those with the highest percentage of slaves seceded first. Reading through Schulten’s essay and thinking about the theme of this issue of The Quarto, I wondered, “What maps does the Clements have in its rich collections that depict slavery in the United States? What narratives do Schulten’s article and the Clements collection tell?” Schulten examines statistical car- tography in the United States within larger European-influenced efforts to thematically depict information such as temperature, weather, and disease. Examples are in our collection, includ- Shading on the 1861 Hergesheimer map illustrates the heavy concentration of slaves in the ing French naturalist Marie Le Masson lower Mississippi Valley. The population of some counties was more than 90% enslaved le Golft’s early ethnographic map African Americans.

Page 4 The Quarto The cartouches of many eighteenth-century maps incorporate realistic scenes of colonial commerce. The Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia (1751–1755) pictures tobacco growers conversing while slaves load their product aboard ships bound for England.

Esquisse d’un tableau général du genre Census statistics began to appear on present census information in tables and humain of 1786. Ethnographic maps maps of America in the early nineteenth text alongside the maps. Other map- might be seen as a precursor to statisti- century following the first official U.S. makers experimented with incorporating cal maps like Hergesheimer’s in their count in 1790. Censuses before 1820 census information into the map itself. depiction of particular aspects of popu- gathered very basic information about Finley’s 1826 atlas includes colorful lations and human geography. Masson the population such as age and status as maps of the American states alongside le Golft’s double-hemisphere world free white men, free white females, or statistical tables “compiled from the lat- map, for example, charts the religions slaves. Schulten states that the census est authorities.” Finley’s “authorities” and the manners, colors, and forms of expanded after the 1820s with “the appear to include the censuses of 1790 peoples of the world. Ethnographic growing complexity of the economy, to 1820. Slave-holding states in the maps also appear in initial chapters of along with changing conceptions of the atlas have tables that list “Whites,” “F. some nineteenth-century atlases. public good and a rising interest in sta- Blacks” (not all states list free Blacks), Looking at the Clements’s map tistics as a scientific tool.” The 1820 “Slaves,” and “Total Population” of each holdings, graphic depictions of slavery census called for additional information county. Some newer states, like might be said to begin with cartouches. including the population’s participation Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Ohio, These decorative enclosures surround in agriculture, commerce, and manufac- and Indiana that first appeared in the the title or imprint, and those that are turing, the number of un-naturalized for- censuses of 1810 and 1820, do not have not allegorical often display caricatures eigners, the age of slaves, the number of tables but are accompanied instead by a or realistic scenes of enslaved Africans, free “colored” males and females, and short paragraph with the most recent Native peoples, or European colonists. the number of male and female slaves. information available about the state’s Realistic cartouches on maps of the Early efforts to utilize census data size, total population, free black popula- Americas began to appear in the late resulted in juxtaposition of statistical tion, slave population, and employment. seventeenth century. John Gerar information on maps. Anthony Finley’s Bradford’s atlas and Young and William De Brahm’s A Map of South A New American Atlas (1826) and T.G. Tanner’s maps drew on the 1830 census. Carolina (1757), Joshua Fry’s A Map Bradford’s An Illustrated Atlas (1838) Bradford’s includes similar statistical of the most Inhabited Part of Virginia and tourist pocket maps and travelers’ information presented in tabular form. (1755) and James Cook’s A Map of the guides such as J.H. Young’s The His tables are situated beside each state Province of South Carolina (1773) Tourist’s Pocket Map of the State of map within pages of descriptive text include cartouches with scenes of slaves Kentucky (1839) and Henry Schenck about the region. Young’s tourist map laboring in support of trade. Tanner’s The American Traveler (1839) includes general population information

The Quarto Page 5 Schulten’s larger argument, that maps produced prior to and during the reflected and shaped the political climate, public policy, and sectional tensions around slavery. The Langley, Reynolds, and Johnston maps take a special interest in geographically repre- senting slavery. It is worth considering that maps held a unique place for Americans in the nineteenth century. They were rela- tively cheap to produce and were widely distributed. Schulten suggests they were used by officials, published in newspa- pers, and even shown during protests. She references Lincoln’s annual message of 1862, which rhetorically drew on maps to compare the envisioned unity of the United States with their geographic unity on maps. A particularly humorous example of this kind of thinking and the importance of maps in both the Civil War and the imagination of the American people is captured in Filed in the Library’s William P. Fessenden Papers is a statistical map of ca. 1862 that an 1864 Currier and Ives print The True employs small rectangles, each representing one hundred slaves, to show the number per Issue, or, ‘That’s what’s the matter.’ county. The largest part of the enslaved population lived and worked along the Missouri In the print, George McClellan attempts River. to break up a fight between and Jefferson Davis over a large about each county in a table pasted into includes total population numbers for map of the United States. McClellan, the inside cover. Tanner’s statistical 1850 and 1858 and includes a count of Lincoln, and Davis reveal their ideolo- information is captured in one of the the total free persons, slaves, and popu- gies in speech balloons. McClellan first few sentences of descriptive text lation in 1860. says, “The Union must be preserved at about a state. His traveler’s guide lists Schulten’s article highlights several all hazards!” Lincoln states, “No peace the total and slave population of each maps of North America in the Clements without Abolition!” Davis warns, “No state. that reflect trends in thematic map-mak- peace without Separation!!” The map Belgian cartographer Philippe ing in the 1840s–1860s. J. & H.G. stands in for the territorial whole of the Vandermaelen’s 1827 map, Partie Langley’s Statistical Map of North United States and pokes fun at the three des Etats-Unis in his Atlas universel America (1841) draws on the 1840 characters’ priorities in the Civil War. de géographie physique, politique, census. Their map of the United States The public nature of map viewer- statistique et minéralogique, juxtaposes also incorporates census information. ship is perhaps best illustrated by a map of New Jersey, Delaware, Beneath the title are “Remarks” about Reynolds’s map. Schulten suggests Maryland, parts of the surrounding the “Number of Whites and Blacks in that it was actually a campaign map that Middle Atlantic states, and New the States in which Slavery is abolished” advocated William L. Dayton and John England with a table and text. Like and the “Number of Whites and Blacks C. Frémont as 1856 Republican vice Finley, Bradford, Young, and Tanner, in the Slave States.” Printed across the presidential and presidential nominees, Vandermaelen’s tables and text provide southern region is the label “SLAVE drawing heavily on the anxieties of descriptive information about the region STATES.” Northern Republicans following the based on census information from 1790 A decade later, William C. Reynolds’s Missouri Compromise’s overturn in through 1820. Notably, he also brings Reynolds’s Political Map of the United 1854. The map is flanked by inset por- population into the map itself by using States (1856) and W. & A.K. Johnston’s traits of Dayton and Frémont and patri- red bubbles to indicate the population of General Map of the United States (1857) otic imagery within a decorative border. each state. use color to distinguish slave from free From its title to the statistical informa- Atlases depicting census and popu- states. In Reynolds’s map, slave states tion around the map, it makes moral and lation information in this manner per- are colored black, free states are red, political statements about slave states sisted through the 1860s. Charles and territories are green. In W. & A.K. and “the territory open to slavery or Galusha Colby’s The World in Miniature Johnston’s Free Settled States the free freedom by the repeal of the Missouri (1861) includes a map of Louisiana with are colored dark green; “Territories” are Compromise.” In addition to the census an accompanying table containing popu- light green; “Slave importing states” are data typically included on early maps, lation information for each parish in light red, and “Slave exporting states” this example provides new details from 1850, 1858, and 1860. The table are dark red. These maps demonstrate the 1850 census and congressional and

Page 6 The Quarto electoral representation. All of the ing the map with the Union. each decade from 1790 to 1870. information is presented comparatively, The William P. Fessenden Papers Ultimately, the narrative of inviting the viewer to make statements include an example of a map that similar- Schulten’s article and the Clements col- and judgments about the South or ly uses the 1860 census to illustrate the lections suggests that maps and the cen- “Freedom vs. Slavery” in terms of density of the slave population. A View sus played important roles in allowing economics, geography, public services, of the Slave Population of the Several Americans to visualize the geographic, culture, and political power. Counties in Missouri (ca. 1862) repre- sociopolitical, economic, and moral Like maps, statistics themselves sents slaves both numerically and by issues associated with slavery prior to were political. Decisions about what “groups of squares” with each square and during the Civil War. Early maps information to include in the 1850 cen- representing a hundred individuals. This drew on census information to illustrate sus were shaped by the national climate map was enclosed in a letter of August the populations residing in particular and rising interests in abolition. 23, 1862, from Edwin Leigh to Senator states or regions. Some, like Young’s, Schulten explains how, approaching the William Fessenden, requesting his did not mention slavery at all in accom- 1850 census, Superintending Clerk of endorsement of a proposed pamphlet to panying statistical tables. It wasn’t until the U.S. Census Joseph Camp Griffith include the map. the 1850s that slavery, slave-holding, and Kennedy proposed collecting more Statistical mapping and graphic the slave trade became a central focus of detailed demographic information about depictions of density continued to be a specific maps. The rise of cartography slaves and slave owners. Schulten sug- popular method for representing census showing slavery and debates about what gests that Southern Democrats took information in the decades following the information the census should capture issue with the authority of the federal Civil War. In fact, Schulten suggests reflect connections Americans were mak- government to gather such information that the method “exploded” in populari- ing between slavery and geographic ten- and that the personhood implied by ty. Francis Amasa Walker, superinten- sions. As argued by Schulten, maps also demographic questions would “under- dent of the 1870 census, published the shaped the public sphere and imagina- mine” slaves’ “status as aggregate prop- first national Statistical Atlas of the tions of these tensions as mapmakers erty.” These debates directly shaped the United States in 1874. That work uses used the “authority” of statistics to inter- 1850 census as population numbers con- censuses to depict numerous facets of pret and present map-based visualizations tinued to be used to describe slaves in the population through “degrees” of of census information. lieu of more detailed information like density including “the proportion of the — Noa Kasman birthplace. colored to the aggregate population” and Joyce Bonk Assistant Schulten traces the rise of maps like the population of the United States in Hergesheimer’s to increased interests in the scientific authority of statistics and Anthony Finley’s “Map of North and South Carolina and Georgia” (Philadelphia, 1826). their utility in moral and political argu- ments. This was accompanied by an awareness of the ability to manipulate statistics to support particular arguments and ends. She suggests that attempts to scientifically apply statistics are reflect- ed in maps like Hergesheimer’s which deliberately utilized minimal political messaging in text and color. Hergesheimer’s map includes each county in the fifteen southern states. Those with above 0.1 % of slaves are shaded according to a key. The darkest have the highest proportion of slaves. The map is basically framed with text including a key to explain how the shades on the map correspond to slave population density, a table with 1860 census information that demonstrates how the percentages were calculated, a note from Kennedy attesting to the map’s accuracy, and a matter-of-fact title. Although the entire map is politi- cal in its focus on slavery and the “Southern States,” the most overtly political element is the statement at the very center of the map that it is ”sold for the benefit of the Sick and Wounded Soldiers of the U.S. Army,” thus align-

The Quarto Page 7 Documenting the Life of Nancy Adams, A FUGITIVE SLAVE

n 1939 the Clements uments Nancy Adams’s journey from the woods, “with no food but acorns Library acquired a collec- life as a slave in eastern Maryland, and no shelter but a large tree which tion of over 2,000 Weld- where she was born, married, and had had been blown up by the and Grimké family letters. One of three children; to her sale south to a cot- which we cut out with our own hands.” them had been written 101 years ton plantation; and her eventual escape. Doubting that he would ever recover earlier on March 30, 1838, by a fugitive According to Nancy’s letter, them, their master offered to sell them Islave named Nancy Adams. She was she was born in “the eastern part of cheaply to a neighbor named Jesse living in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and Maryland.” She married when she was Waters. Their mistress exacted assur- sent her letter to the abolitionist sisters about seventeen years old. She and her ances from Waters that Nancy and her Sarah and Angelina Grimké in care of husband had a son and a daughter before husband would be allowed to buy their fellow abolitionist Samuel Philbrick the mistress, “to whom we belonged,” own freedom; that their son would in Brookline, Massachusetts. Nancy urged them to hide from their master, become free when he reached the age of had met the Grimkés on their visit to who was planning to sell them to “the twenty-two: and their daughter when she Uxbridge in January of 1838 and was Spaniards” (perhaps in Florida, which was eighteen; and that any additional responding to their request that she write was in Spanish hands at that time). For children born to Nancy and her husband “an account of my life.” The letter doc- five months Nancy and her family hid in would be born free. Only then did the

The Travellers Tour Through the United States (1822) identifies places names mentioned in Nancy Adams’s 1838 letter. Each is marked with a white dot.

Page 8 The Quarto family come out of hiding. For awhile, (perhaps two or three years), their new master was “very kind to us.” They “worked nights for neighbors and so got considerable money . . . about 72 dollars.” But then one day Jesse Waters sent her husband on an errand to “Georgetown,” and while he was away sold Nancy and their children to men who “bound me and my children with ropes” and transported them by wagon to “New Market.” Several weeks later, they were put aboard a vessel bound for , “put down into the hole [sic: hold] where we staid three days and then stopped a short time but soon sailed again to Baltimore.” From Baltimore, they were taken by “lumber wagon” to the Ohio River and put aboard a “keel boat,” changing from one vessel to another as they traveled down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to Port Gibson, Mississippi. Her daughter died on the trip. Nancy and her two sons were sold to work on a large cotton plantation. She had never picked cotton before and suffered greatly. She describes the extremely brutal punishment inflicted upon one of her sons: “One time my son who was then about 19 years old went with my masters son in a boat on the Nancy Adams’s March 30, 1838, letter to the Grimké sisters began the search to trace her river and they were afraid that he was movements as both slave and fugitive. practicing to run away, so he was taken and received four hundred lashes, after separated when Nancy’s husband was even a small town in Massachusetts which he was salted and peppered.” sent on an errand to “Georgetown,” pos- that was originally named Norwich but A hole torn in Nancy’s letter makes it sibly the Georgetown area of Delaware. became Huntington in 1853. Norwich, unclear whether she worked on the cot- On the first leg of her journey, Nancy Connecticut, a bustling city located on ton plantation for twenty-three or thirty- and her children were taken to “New the Thames River, about eighty miles three years before being hired out to a Market,” which probably refers to East south of Uxbridge, was on a well-used man who “came north, and came to New Market, Maryland, located on the route, and may Norwich.” In Norwich she became a eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, west well have been the Norwich referred to fugitive slave, escaping and hiding out of Worcester County. From there she in Nancy’s letter. So, following Nancy’s in an ice house for two days until the was put on board a boat for Baltimore. trail involves trying to figure out which man who had brought her North had Nancy says that she and the children Norwich, which New Market, and which left town. She remained in Norwich for were taken from Baltimore to the Ohio Georgetown her letter refers to. twelve years. Learning that her master River, and traveled by boat down the Using the date on Nancy’s letter was coming to look for her, she moved Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, until she (1838) and the location from which it to Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The letter reached Port Gibson in Claiborne was written (Uxbridge, Massachusetts), ends with mention of her poor health County, Mississippi. From there she we attempted to document her life after and her thanks “for your present.” She went to work on a cotton plantation, 1838 and to use that information to does not say what that present was, only probably across the river in Louisiana. establish her approximate birthdate. that she “shall keep it to look at for your Later Nancy was taken “north” to The 1850 Federal Census of Uxbridge sakes for I never expect to wear it.” Norwich, where she escaped. She spent records Nancy Adams as seventy-eight The place names mentioned in about twelve years living as a fugitive years old, born in Maryland, and the Nancy’s letter help trace her travels from slave in Norwich before moving to head of a single-person household. She eastern Maryland to southwestern Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The question owned no real estate, and no occupation Mississippi. Jesse Waters, who sold her arises as to which Norwich she is refer- is given. The census indicates that she South, lived in the eastern part of ring. There is a Norwich, Connecticut; a could not read or write, so her letter Worcester County, Maryland, so her Norwich, Pennsylvania; a Norwich, may well have been written for her by journey started there. The family was ; a Norwich, Vermont; and Effingham L. Capron or one of the other

The Quarto Page 9 The labor of cotton-picking changed very little between the time Nancy Adams worked on a plantation in the early 1800s and this 1850s depiction of enslaved laborers on a plantation along the Mississippi River, from Henry Lewis’s Das Illustrirte Mississippithal (1854). abolitionists living in Uxbridge. A old almshouse cemetery. At first it poor health and doubting “I shall hardly Massachusetts State Census, taken five appeared that the graves, if marked at get up again.” This last line of her letter years later on July 14, 1855, again lists all, were identified by granite blocks or may help to date the severe injury to her Nancy Adams, now eighty-four years fieldstones, none of which bore a name. hip and pelvis noted when her skeleton old, as head of a single-person house- But, as excavations continued, pieces of was uncovered almost a century and a hold. Again, she is recorded as born a large carved marble headstone were half after she wrote her letter. in Maryland with no occupation listed. uncovered above the burial of an elderly Once the archaeologists had identi- Both censuses suggest a birthdate for woman. That woman was Nancy fied the grave of Nancy Adams, they Nancy of approximately 1771–1772. Adams. When the broken pieces of the were able to locate more information Massachusetts death records and news- gravestone were reassembled, the about her life in Uxbridge. One hundred paper obituaries provide a death date of inscription read: twenty-six years after her death, the June 6, 1859, but these two sources do memory of Nancy lived on in the local not agree on her age. The newspaper MRS. NANCY ADAMS, oral tradition. A man interviewed in obituaries read “In Uxbridge, June 6, A respectable colored 1985 told the archaeologists that his Nancy Adams, formerly a slave in woman father had purchased land, including the Louisiana, about 95.” At least two was born in Louisiana area of the burial ground, from a man newspapers carried her obituary, March 31, 1766 whose daughter, “Elizabeth Adams,” as well as the local Massachusetts Spy. [di]ed in Uxbri[dge] told him that the land included the grave The state death records give her age as [J]une [ ] of “a very lovely colored lady” who had “100 years, 3 months, & 6 days.” The once worked for her family. The 1850 obituaries give her birthdate as ca. 1764, She was buried in a hexagonal coffin Federal Census of Uxbridge lists an while the official death records place it made of pine and yellow poplar with Elizabeth S. Adams, born ca. 1841, as 1759. a single brass hinge. An examination as the elder daughter of Lyman and Yet one more source for Nancy of her skeleton revealed a fracture or Cynthia Adams. Perhaps Nancy took Adams’s birthdate came to light in a sur- severe dislocation of her left hip joint the surname Adams after working for prising way. In 1985 the right-of-way that was never correctly treated. The this family or one of the other Adams for a proposed relocation of a south- pelvis was misshapen and the thigh families living at Uxbridge at that time. bound lane of Rte. 146 near Uxbridge bones distorted and shortened. These Whoever erected her gravestone sought necessitated the excavation of what was were not recent injuries but had occurred to record more than the basic informa- rumored to have been an old Indian a good while before her death. They tion of birth and death dates. Prefacing burying ground. An archaeological team would have caused her to walk with a her name with “MRS.” acknowledged from Boston University soon discovered serious limp in her later years. Nancy that she had a husband and perhaps chil- what was in fact the town of Uxbridge’s Adams’s 1838 letter ends with her in dren though they were lost to her long

Page 10 The Quarto before she came to Uxbridge. Using the dictated by Nancy to accompany the gift phrase “a respectable colored woman” she had sent to him. So for a second conveys the dignity, respect, and esteem time Nancy Adams’s “voice” is heard: with which she was regarded in life. “A TOKEN OF GRATITUDE” The error in her birthplace is easily A short time since, I received the fol- understood, since she spent 23 (or 33) lowing note from Uxbridge, in this years of her life working as a slave in State, dictated by one, who to use her Louisiana. State and Federal census own affecting language, ‘was for forty data correctly list Maryland as her birth- years a slave.’ Forty years! what a place, and the newspaper obituaries cor- dreary waste of life! The note was rectly state that she was “formerly a accompanied by a basket, filled with slave in Louisiana,” not that she was a very liberal supply of excellent cake, born there. If the birthdate of 1766 on which, of course, was all the more Nancy’s gravestone is correct, she would acceptable, inasmuch as the donor says, have been 93 years old when it was ‘the work of her own hands and she died. the product of her own industry.’ The town of Uxbridge Selectmen Will Mr. Garrison accept the con- Records for the year 1859 shed some tents of this basket, as a mere token of light on the last year of Nancy’s life. the regard of Mrs. Nancy Adams, an John Berrigan, an Irish weaver, was aged woman, who was for forty years a paid for boarding Nancy Adams with slave? It is the work of her own hands, his family for awhile, but later the town and the product of her own industry. paid $1.50 for “removing” her to the She wishes it to be an expression, also, almshouse, where she died in June of of her deep interest in the great cause that year. The town paid $4.50 for her to which your life is devoted. She was coffin. It is unclear when the impressive separated from a kind and loving hus- carved marble headstone was placed band, and a dear son, who (for aught she over Nancy’s grave—or who placed it Buried fragments of a headstone led archae- knows) are yet toiling under the lash of there. It is possible that a member of ologists to identify Nancy Adams’s grave in the oppressor.” (The Liberator, July 17, the Lyman Adams family or an aboli- Uxbridge. Courtesy, Boston University. 1846, p. 3, col. 5) tionist friend paid to have the gravestone Nancy Adams was in her late sixties erected. include information that she probably or seventies when she wrote her One additional piece of information supplied, they might give a more accu- letter to the Grimkés. She lived in in Nancy Adams’s 1838 letter is that her rate estimate of her age than information Uxbridge for another twenty-one years, second master was named Jesse Waters. supplied by others after her death. dying there in 1859. Despite spending This proved helpful in narrowing the These censuses place her birthdate as ca. part of the last year of her life in the possible range of her birthdate. The 1770-1771. Nancy herself may not have almshouse, someone thought enough 1790 Federal Census of Worcester known the exact date of her birth. of her to erect a large, impressive, County, Maryland, shows that Jesse Using the information given in her letter and expensive marble headstone over Waters owned only one slave in 1790, and the documentary sources recently her grave. Nancy’s memory lived on, so Nancy and her three children had to located, narrows the range of her birth- orally passed down from generation to have been sold before the 1790 census date to between 1759 and 1769, but def- generation in Uxbridge. In the written was taken. Jesse Waters died the fol- initely no later than 1769. She would record, her name lives on in the pages lowing year, in 1791. The five different have been between ca. 89 and 100 years of ’s The documented sources for Nancy’s birth- old when she died. Liberator. A replica of Nancy Adams’s date fall into three categories: ca. 1770– Twice in the years between her original headstone now marks her grave 1771 (census data), ca. 1764–1766 1838 letter and her death in 1859, Nancy in a new cemetery, where she and thirty (obituary and gravestone), or 1759 Adams’s name appeared in print in other people found in the old almshouse (Massachusetts death records). Nancy’s William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper, cemetery were reburied. It is about half letter indicates she was approximately The Liberator. On October 25, 1839, a mile away from their original resting twenty-three years old when Jesse Nancy Adams was listed as one of the place. The cemetery is lined with lilac Waters sold her and her 3 children to thirty-two people from Uxbridge who bushes and enclosed by stone pillars slave dealers. Knowing Jesse Waters’s donated money to the Massachusetts connected with an iron chain. death date, and that Nancy and her chil- Anti-Slavery Society. Nancy donated Special thanks to archaeologist dren were not listed as his slaves in the 25¢. (Over half of the donations from Ricardo J. Elia and Boston University 1790 census, casts doubt on a 1770- Uxbridge were 25¢ or less). Almost for sharing information on Nancy 1771 birthdate, since it seems to place seven years later, on July 17, 1846, Adams. Nancy living with Jesse Waters several William Lloyd Garrison published the following twenty-line article concerning – Mary Hrones Parsons years after his death. On the other hand, Volunteer Researcher, because the censuses taken in 1850 and Nancy Adams, entitled “A TOKEN OF GRATITUDE.” It quotes, in full, a note Manuscripts Division 1855 (when Nancy was still alive),

The Quarto Page 11 SEEING SLAVERY

hroughout the history of enous people in the New World accom- color flooded American visual culture. American and Atlantic slav- panied early accounts of European With emancipation came a flood of ery, imagery played an active colonial rule. African slavery appears images of the newly freed. These ran a role in reporting the conditions of the later in travel narratives, on maps, and full spectrum of themes including por- Tinstitution and the human lives affected in reports on the development of natural traiture, anthropological analysis, and by it. Imagery also shaped public resources such as sugar, indigo, and caricature. After the war, sentimental response. Visual culture documented tobacco. As the anti-slavery movements images of placid plantation life with the practice, promoted its abolition, and gained traction in the late-eighteenth and contented slaves appeared in advertising prolonged the enslavement of millions early-nineteenth centuries, engraving, and popular prints, supporting the myth of individuals. Deliberately provocative lithography, and later photography of the “Lost Cause” of a Confederacy illustrations of atrocities roused anti- tugged at the conscience of an expand- unconcerned with defending slavery. slavery action, while placid plantation ing audience of the visually literate. The racist tropes of the nineteenth cen- scenes obscured the violence and nor- The phenomenal success of Harriet tury carried forth in the twentieth in malized the daily outrages of slavery. Beecher Stowe’s ’s Cabin motion pictures, television, and internet When studying the history of American triggered illustrated editions, stage pro- memes. Awareness of the origins and slavery it is important to consider that ductions, and countless broadsides, post- history of these images can be helpful in there are very few contemporary images ers, sheet music illustrations, and trade understanding how the threads of the that are neutral and do not in some way cards referencing Stowe’s novel and American story remain tangled in the represent an opinion on this divisive American slavery in general. At the chains of slavery. subject. same time, the rise of racial caricature — Clayton Lewis Images of the enslavement of indig- targeting both slaves and free people of Curator of Graphic Materials

One of the earliest depictions of slavery in the New World, this 1595 engraving accompanies the Theodor de Bry edition of Girolamo Benzoni’s Historia del mondo nuovo. It depicts mining operations in the Caribbean using forced labor. Benzoni’s tract drew on many sources beyond his personal experiences in the New World.

Page 12 The Quarto ABOVE: A series of prints illustrating stages in the production of sugar on Antigua was first published in the 1820s prior to emancipa- tion. The set was reissued in London in 1833 by the Infant School Society Depository and Ladies’ Society for Promoting the Early Education of Negro Children. Intended as a teaching aid, these images presented a relatively benign picture of slavery and reinforced the institution. Here, slaves plant sugar cane.

BELOW: A at Rio de Janeiro from Maria Graham’s Journal of a Voyage to Brazil, and Residence There, During Part of the Years 1821, 1822, 1823 (1824). The image provides a depiction of the normalization of cruelty as the young children being sold on the street go unnoticed by the well-dressed ladies on the balcony. A Frenchman and a black overseer in a “Liberty Cap” watch over the price haggling.

The Quarto Page 13 The brig Vigilante from Nantes, France, a vessel employed in the slave trade. Published by The Committee of the Religious Society of Friends in London, 1822. The numerous variations of the diagram are among the most provocative and familiar anti-slavery images ever produced. This example accompanied a pamphlet describing the capture of the Vigilante and five other French and Spanish vessels. Each had hundreds of enslaved Africans on board.

Page 14 The Quarto Wilson Chinn, a Branded Slave from Louisiana. Also exhibiting Instruments of used to punish Slaves. Carte de visite photograph by Myron Kimball. (1863). Emancipated slave Wilson Chinn demonstrates the torture devices he endured while in bondage. Chinn is seen in several mass-produced photographs circulated by northern anti-slavery societies. He also appeared in photos reading to emancipated children. Images like this example were collected as novelty items, displayed as conversation starters, and used as signals of anti-slavery principles. They often appear in albums alongside photos of fami- ly, friends, and public figures. The pro- ceeds from the sale of this carte de visite are stated to have benefited the education of emancipated children in the Military Department of The Gulf.

Page 15

Boston’s Columbian Centinel, 1807, Sept. 23, 30, October 7. A rare “objec- tive” portrayal of an American slave. In an era when most newspaper illus- trations were generic woodcuts, the consigner of this ad went to extraordi- nary expense to post his notice with a specific profile portrait, proba- bly based on a cut-paper silhouette. “Sancho” apparently emancipated him- self by escaping in 1807. His master, Winthrop Sargent (1753–1820), fought for the patriots in the American Revolution and served as Secretary of the Northwest Territory and Governor of the Mississippi Territory. Sancho “had learned the trade of a Barber and is in every respect a most accomplished servant for a gentleman or a family; was born and educated in his master’s house; endeared to him and his mis- tress and his own wife and children, as well as the numerous blacks of his Master’s Plantations, by long, affec- tionate and faithful services.”

PagePage 216 The Quarto General George Washington, the Father of our Country, enslaved hundreds at his Mount Vernon estate. This engraving reveals how he was perceived by our French allies through visual clues: his authority and power comes from documents—those of reconciliation with Britain shredded underfoot as he presents the viewer with The Declaration of Independence and the Treaty of Alliance with France. maps and communica- tions are piled on his table. His luxurious tent and powerful steed all speak to his status, as does the young African slave holding the reins, awaiting Le Général’s next command.

The Quarto PagePage 317

The Voyage of the Sable Venus, from Angola to the West Indies. This allegorical engraving representing the accompanies a poem in Bryan Edwards’s The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. It depicts an African woman coasting on a dolphin-drawn shell chariot, accompanied by Neptune bearing a British flag, Triton blowing on a conch shell, escorted by Amoretti. Void of any hint of the horrifically severe conditions of the , this cultural concoction mixes base sexual desire and hints of racial superiority with a composition borrowed from Botticelli, making for a vulgar, if not somewhat pornographic picture. Given the commonplace sexual exploitation of slave women, this image ranks among the most of a host of illustrations softening the cruelty of American slavery.

PagePage 182 The Quarto DEVELOPMENTS

hat a year it has “I can’t believe I never knew these rare mate- for a position in Minnesota. At the same time been. Events, rials were on campus.” These comments we are pleased to welcome four students (sup- tours, and lectures, oh my! The make us reflect on how best to fulfill our mis- ported by funding from the Office of the excitement of returning to campus and sion to educate and inform the public about Provost) who will undertake a variety of D.E.I welcoming students, faculty, friends, and the our extraordinary collections. One way we’ve projects involving digitizing, development of Wpublic to our new space has been our focus this been doing so is through streamlined commu- specialized finding aids, and conservation. past year. Sharing news of our acquisitions and nications. A new monthly e-newsletter fea- Greetings to Morgan Fenton, Allie Scholten, providing informative and engaging presenta- tures many of our accomplishments and Ellen Seidell, and Angelica Serna Jeri. tions continue to be a thrill, and the response activities, with details about new acquisitions, Graduate student Katie LaPlant will be pro- has been enthusiastic. volunteer and student highlights, and collab- cessing a significant addition to the David B. The Clements Library’s world-class collec- orative exhibit information shared with over Douglass Papers thanks to support from the tions and the building’s stunning architecture 5, 500 of our email friends. If you have not Upton Foundation. make us an attractive destination, as suggested yet subscribed and would like to be added to by our participation in two conferences this year. our email list to receive our newsletter and The Mystery Items In May, the American Historical Print Collectors other Clements Library updates, please con- Society’s annual meeting brought collectors, tact me. For our many Associates and visitors who puz- dealers, and colleagues from the Library We’re delighted to be welcoming ever- zled over the three items in the last exhibit case Company of Philadelphia and the American growing numbers of visitors, who remain an of “Out of the Ordinary: Gems & Oddities in Antiquarian Society to Ann Arbor. They visited integral part of the Clements community. the Clements Library,” we can now reveal their the University’s museums and libraries, listened Likewise, our Associates have increased in names and purposes. Beginning on the left, the to scholars in the field of print history, and spent numbers, especially students. We are grateful first object was an eprouvette or powder tester. a productive afternoon at the Clements viewing for this support and the confidence placed in To determine the quality and strength of a our magnificent holdings. Every corner of the us to provide rare and unique material for batch of gunpowder, a small amount is placed Avenir Foundation Room was filled with a smor- scholarly investigation. We’re excited to in the tiny vertical barrel, the muzzle of which gasbord of collections ranging from engravings continue our momentum by providing tours, is covered with a flap connected to the notched to daguerreotypes. Displays from our divisions exhibits, and lectures, all while working with and calibrated wheel. The flintlock on the side highlighted the breadth of our holdings and researchers who come to the Clements. is primed and, with a squeeze of the trigger, delighted our guests. This collegial exchange I’m sure those of you who have taken a the powder sample is ignited. The force of the of collections and ideas continued when we tour or attended an event have witnessed the explosion is conveyed to the calibrated wheel welcomed the Omonhundro Institute of Early Clements ’s passion and commitment. so the tester can measure the strength of the American History and Culture in mid-June. All of us are working to meet ambitious goals powder. The most imaginative guess on this Several attendees squeezed in some archival of building endowments, increasing our fel- (no doubt because of the serrated wheel, was research, and they’ll be joined by scholars from lowships, and attracting support for programs an “eighteenth-century pizza cutter!” across the world in mining our collections this like acquisition, conservation, and digitiza- The middle object was a photographer’s summer. tion. We invite you to join us in this exciting flash pistol, used before flashbulbs to light The bustle of preparing for conferences and rewarding endeavor. If you haven’t a scene. The final, right-hand item is called did not detract from our ongoing Events and toured the Clements, participated in a pro- a “sticking tommie,” a wrought iron candle Lecture Series. We brought prominent historians gram (a benefit for Associates only), or holder that can be hung or driven into and authors to speak on topics ranging attended a lecture, I hope you will consider a post to provide illumination. from the French influence in early Detroit to doing so in the upcoming year. the violence of the American Revolution. In — Anne Bennington-Helber 2017 Post-Doctoral total, we hosted ten lectures, a living history Development Generalist Fellows program (Plimoth Plantation), and our first We are pleased to announce the names and Michigan Map Society lecture. We look for- topics of research of four 2017 Post-Doctoral ward to planning another engaging series for Fellows. We look forward to welcoming these the fall and winter. advanced scholars during the coming months. Community engagement remains a priority at the Clements. In addition to our crowd- ANNOUNCEMENTS Dr. Todd Carmody of the Freiburg Institute pleasing lectures and events, we welcomed for Advanced Studies and Harvard University over 2,000 visitors to view exhibits in the is the first recipient of the newly established Avenir Foundation Room. Many also partici- Staff Movements Norton Strange Townshend Fellowship for pated in our popular Friday tours to learn more This summer we bid adieu to two members of his topic “In Spite of Handicaps: Uplift and about the history of the Clements. The senti- our staff and greet some new arrivals. Noa Rehabilitation in Postbellum America.” ments expressed by our visitors are revealing: Kasman, our Joyce Bonk Assistant, will com- Townshend Fellowships are provided for “I always wondered what was behind those plete her two years of digitizing collections. research into nineteenth-century Diversity, large doors;” “I never knew I could study here;” Receptionist Claire Milldrum plans to leave us

The Quarto PagePage 3 19 Clements Library Director J. Kevin Graffagnino This letterhead hails abolitionist newspaper- man (1801–1837), mur- Committee of Management dered by a pro-slavery mob in Alton, , Mark S. Schlissel, Chairman; November 7, 1837, as he defended his press. James L. Hilton; David B. Walters; J. Kevin From the Owen Lovejoy Papers. Graffagnino, Secretary

Clements Library Associates Board of Governors Bradley L. Thompson II, Chairman Equity, and Inclusion (D.E.I.) topics. Due Medicine, Meteorology, and the Cultivation John R. Axe, John L. Booth II, Judith K. Christie, to scheduling conflicts Dr. Carmody will of Place in the Antebellum Gulf South.” Duane N. Diedrich, Candace Dufek, William G. Earle, visit the Library in the spring of 2018. Paul Ganson, Robert N. Gordon, Helen C. Hall, Peter N. Heydon, Eliza Finkenstaedt Hillhouse, Joseph L. Brandon Layton, University of California, Hudson IV, Sally Kennedy, Joan Knoertzer, Thomas C. Prof. Kevin Kokomoor of Coastal Carolina Davis, for his dissertation, “Children of Two Liebman, Richard C. Marsh; Janet Mueller, University will receive a Howard H. Peckham Fires: Childhood, Diplomacy, and Change Dr. M. Haskell Newman, Drew Peslar, Richard Pohrt, Fellowship on Revolutionary America for Among the Choctaws and Chickasaws.” Anne Marie Schoonhoven, Martha R. Seger, Harold T. Shapiro, Arlene P. Shy, James P. Spica, Edward D. his topic, “Stories of Law and Justice on a Surovell, Benjamin Upton, Leonard A. Walle, Southern Frontier.” Loren Michael Mortimer, University of David B. Walters, Clarence Wolf, California, Davis, for his dissertation, “ ‘While J. Kevin Graffagnino, Secretary Prof. Allan Kulikoff of the University of the Mountains Remain and the Rivers Run’: Georgia has been awarded a Howard H. Indigenous Power and Presence in the St. Clements Library Associates Lawrence Borderlands, 1608–1847.” Honorary Board of Governors Peckham Fellowship on Revolutionary America Thomas Kingsley, Philip P. Mason, for his topic, “Violence, Wartime Devastation, Joanna Schoff, Margaret W. Winkelman, and the Origins of the American Republic.” Peter R. Pellizzarri, Harvard University, for his dissertation, “Empire Reformed: Clements Library Associates share an interest in Dr. Niccolo Valmori of Sciences Po, Reims Massachusetts, Jamaica, and the Remaking American history and a desire to ensure the continued of the British Empire, 1763–1775.” growth of the Library’s collections. Funds received from Campus, Reims, France, will receive an Earhart Associate memberships are used to purchase historical Fellowship on American History for his topic, materials. Annual Membership Contributions: Student “Trade, Finance, and Politics in the Atlantic Whitney Barlow Robles, Harvard University, $5, Donor $50, Associate $75, Patron $100, Fellow World During the Age of Revolution, 1763– for her dissertation, “Curious Species: The $250, Benefactor $500, Contributor $1000 and above. 1815.” Animals Who Made Natural History, 1700– Contributions are tax deductible in accordance with current federal and state law and may be made by 1820.” check or credit card. 2017 Price Fellows Franklin Sammons, University of California, Published by the Clements Library We are pleased to award ten Jacob M. Price Berkeley, for “The Long Life of Yazoo: Land, University of Michigan Visiting Research Fellowships for 2017. This Finance, and the Political Economy of 909 S. University Ave. • Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, support enables graduate students and junior Dispossession, 1789–1840.” phone: (734) 764-2347 • fax: (734) 647-0716 faculty to travel to Ann Arbor to consult the Internet: http://www.clements.umich.edu Brian Leigh Dunnigan, Editor, [email protected] resources of the Clements Library. The recipi- Andrew Zonderman, Emory University, Kathleen Horn, Designer, Blue Skies Studio ents come to us with a wide variety of topics, for his dissertation, “Embracing Empire: and the Library has committed at least three of Eighteenth-Century German Migrants and the Regents of the University our Price Fellowships to D.E.I. topics. Development of the British Imperial System.” Michael J. Behm, Grand Blanc; Mark J. Bernstein, Ann Arbor; Shauna Ryder Diggs, Grosse Pointe; Denise Nicolas Bell-Romero, University of Cambridge, Ilitch, Bingham Farms; Andrea Fischer Newman, Ann Arbor; Andrew C. Richner, Grosse Pointe Park; Ron for his dissertation, “The Creation of Loyalism Weiser, Ann Arbor; Katherine E. White, Ann Arbor; in Revolutionary Virginia, 1768–1789.” CALENDAR OF EVENTS Mark S. Schlissel, ex officio April 28, 2017 – October 27, 1817: Exhibit, Margaret L. Herdeck, Trinity College Dublin, “Mapping in the Enlightenment: Science, Nondiscrimination Policy Statement Innovation, and the Public Sphere.” Fridays, The University of Michigan, as an equal opportunity/affirmative action for her dissertation, “Befriending Catholics, employer, complies with all applicable federal and state regarding Risking Empire: The Québec Act of 1774.” 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. nondiscrimination and affirmative action. The University of Michigan is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all persons and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, marital status, Lindsay Keiter, Colonial Williamsburg October 3, 2017: – Clements Library Associates sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, disability, reli- gion, height, weight, or veteran status in employment, educational pro- Foundation, for “Uniting Interests: Love, Board of Governors Meeting, 10 a.m. grams and activities, and admissions. Inquiries or complaints may be addressed to the Senior Director for Institutional Equity, and Title IX/ Money, and the Law in American Marriage, Section 504/ADA Coordinator, Office of Institutional Equity, 2072 1750–1860.” November 3, 2017 – April 27, 2018: Exhibit: Administrative Services Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1432, 734-763-0235, TTY 734-647-1388. For other University of Michigan “The Pioneer Americanists: Early Collectors, information call 734-764-1817. Elaine LaFay, University of Pennsylvania, Dealers, and Bibliographers.” Fridays, 10:00 for her dissertation, “Atmospheric Bodies: a.m. to 4:00 p.m.

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