URBAN .PERI URBAN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IWRM APPROACH.

. 'Principa r, Raj, India 'Joint secre ipur, Raj, India 2Professor,- so ilaipur, itaj, India

ABSTRACT urban slums, expected to grow to 2 billion by 2030 and 3 billion by 2050. This "growth is Integrated Water Resources Management taking place without the corresponding ability approach as basis for all development of many cities in the developing world to strategies result in healthy development of expand public provision of basic urban and peri-urban areas. The paper services"(Rees J.A,2006). presents the case study of eco-technological In India,there is significant increase in the peri restoration of Ahar River , Udaipur, India. The urban areas in the last 10-15 years. As per the restoration projed, implemented with capacity Planning Commission of India report, in the building and active participation of all year 2001, India's urban population, living in stakeholder groups, is an example of "IWRM approximately 5,200 urban agglomerations, in practice" for sustainable planning and was about 285 million. ln 2011, it has development of urban and peri urban areas. increased to almost 400 millions, and projections are that by 2030, out of a total INTRODUCTION population of 1.4 billion, over 600 million people are likely to be living in urban areas. Urbanization has adversely affected the water, The number of towns in lndia has increased food and ecological security in urban and peri from 5,161 in 2001 to 7,935 in 201'l; but out of urban areas. The process of town planning is this as much as 3,894 are 'census' towns. usually devoid of reliable and true topographic, The 'census' towns are agglomerations that hydrologic, hydro-geologic, social and have emerged in rural and peri-urban areas, economic ground surveys. The practice so far with densification of populations, that do not is to rely on primary data using them without have an urban governance structure or verification for the so called perspective requisite urban infrastructure of water, planning's. The "selective and convenient" sanitation, roads and other basic urban stakeholder groups are just consulted in order amenities. The infrastructure of lndia's present to meet the mandatory formality of involving peri - urban regions is very poor. Sewage, the people. The fact is that this is also just water, sanitation, roads, and housing are consultation whereas the process should be of woefully inadequate for their inhabitants. The 'Participation". This is the reason that urban worst affeded are the poor families in both and peri urban areas are not being grown as urban and peri-urban areas.( place for healthy living and sustainable http ://planni ngcom mission. nic. i n/). The country development, The topography, lakes, water do not have facilities for treatment and bodies, and other ecological spaces are not disposal of sewage. Class I and Class ll cities, made the basis of planning. There is no altogether generate 38,255 MLD of sewage integration of various Governmental Policies, and treatment facility is available only for 11, Legislations, and Schemes in the process of 787 MLD leaving a gap of 26,468 MLD (69%). planning. The IWRM approach is an effective This situation is resulting to water pollution in tool for integrated, holistic, inclusive and the recipient water bodies. (CPCB,2011), sustainable development. severely damaging health and hygiene fabric essential for sustainable development. The world today is increasingly urbanised world. At present approximately 50% of the IWRM AND URBAN WATER AND world's population inhabit urban areas. By SANITATION SERVICES 2025 it is expected that an extra 2 billion As defined by The Global Water Partnership, people will have been added to the urban process "promotes the population, bringing it to 5 billion or over 60% IWRM is a that coordinated development and management of of the total . Crucially, 95o/o of this increase is water, land and related resources, in order to likely to occur in the developing countries and maximize the resultant economic and social a significant proportion will end up living in welfare in an equitable manner without of India, after assessing the work done at compromising the sustainability of vital Udaipur ; and other similar projects , has ecosystems". IWRM is not an instant magic proposed to work on application of 'ln-situ bullet, a general panacea, for all watel sewage treatment with bioremediation problems. Rather it is a problem solving technology' which is relatively cost-effective approach which explicitly recognises the and offers simpler solution to Municipalities. complexity and multi-faceted nature of water In-situ treatment (lST) in drain does not problems, the diversity of stakeholder and envisage any major modification of the drain. disciplinary perspectives and the implications Such treatment is simple and easy-to-operate. of human and physical sYstem Microbial consortia used in the treatment, interdependencies .(Rees J. A.,2006) degrade sewage in flowing conditions without diverting the flow and no additional requirement of land or electrical Power. Cost- The four foundation pillars of IWRM are Good effective and the bioremediation of sewage is Governance, Enabling Environment, Eco accomplished with consortia of beneficial Technologies and Stakeholders Participation. bactefla isolated from the native site. The This further include watershed and sector consortia of beneficial bacteria are cultured in based land use planning of existing towns and bulk and applied to the flowing sewage for their peripheral areas; eco-technological further treatment. In Initial process, the management and operation of existing water microbes are activated and multiply in resources involving structural and non- presence or absence of oxygen as applicable, structural measures .(Mehta A.et al ,2011) and food available in form of organic matter present in sewage During the inoculation NEED OF ECO TECHNOLOGY period, intensive dosing is done and after stabilization of the treatment, normal dosing is The microbial dosing is done as per The lndia's 27.8Vo urban population is applied. requirement assessed in terms of organic distributed in more than 5100 towns and over (i.e. The activated 380 larger urban agglomerations. With content of sewage BOD). microbes consume organic mass and utilize migration of people from rural and tribal areas from sewage for their growth and has increased pressure on sanitation and the nutrients multiplication and thus enhances the cleaning other civic facilities .The natural process of of wastewater. The anaerobic as well as using living machine-biological action biodegradation facultative bacteria play a vital role in does not need electricity at all. systems sewage without causing any have clear treatment of Hence, eco-technologies a odour. In the process of energy intensive conventional release of foul advantage over pollutants like BOD, COD, TSS' technologies as far as the treatment, and sophisticated and toxic chemicals are of greenhouse gases (GHGs) TDS, .heavy metals non-generation reduced. Due to the action of dominant is concerned. Carbon deposition in the form of microbial consortia, the harmful pathogenic vegetation is a fitting option that offers the bacteria like E.coli, etc are suppressed or potential to function as a carbon sink, which is from the treated waste water. The possible case of conventional eliminated not in the water drains were designed for at lesser investments and operational storm systems runoff/ or draining storm water out Ecotechnology functional disposing costs. is a town during rainy season to avoid the serves to fulfill man's of city/ knowledge that floods. Due to lack of sewerage system, environmental needs for survival with minimal wastewater is discharged into these binds and subtly domestic ecological disruption. lt Thus, these drains leverage their open storm water drains. manages natural forces to into sewage carrying the "ecology of have been converted favorable effects. lt is The human population residing along knowledge and techniques" and the drains. or nearby such drains are exposed to the filthy "knowledge and techniques of ecology" that unhygienic environment and besides structures and processes of odor, and understand the potential contaminate interrelationships of becoming threat to interactions and The existing sewage treatment Ecological groundwater. ecosystems and societies. plants conventional systems are are based on engineering and ecotechnologies high construction cost, and abilities of which involves dependent on the self-designing operation and maintenance. natural forces.(Joshi S.et al skilled ecosystems and (cPC8,2011) 2013). The ecotechnologies are primarily in situ bio remediation and bio manipulation process GREEN BRIDGE TECHNOLOGY Therefore, the Central Pollution Control Board Green Bridge technology uses filtration and alkalinity indicate the worst state of Udai Sagar purification power of biologically originated reservoir. Eutrophication, which denotes cellulosic / fibrous material in combination with nutrient and productivity status of a lake, is a sand and gravels, root systems of green plants serious problem in Udaisagar Lake. (Mehta A. and sunlight . The cellulosic / fibrous materials 2009). like coconut coir or dried water hyacinth or The bacteriological status of the lake aquatic grasses are compacted and woven to and river is a matter of seriOus concern as form a bridge / porous wall like structure the MPN values were greater than 2400 strengthened by stones and sand. All the Nos./100 ml for total and feacal coliforms. floatable and suspended solids are trapped in Further, occurrence of streptococci, this biological bridge and the turbidity of citrobader, strepto faecalis, ova of ascaris, floring water is reduced substantially. The cysts of E. histolytica, Giardia and Trichuria green plants growing there help in absorption trichuria are also there. All the above of soluble substances including heavy metals. parameters indicate an alarming situation of The increase in dissolved oxygen; and contamination. The ground water along the 21 decrease in BOD and COD regenerate the Km streach was highly polluted and aquatic life and improve the water quality and contaminated. Even the tube-well water was hence the entire eco system. full of froth. Villagers pump the waste water flowing into Ahar River to irrigate the crop and thus vegetables and grains produced are full CASE STUDY OF AHAR RIVER UDAIPUR of contamination. (Mehta A.,2009) INDIA

The revival of dead river to a living water STAKEHOLDER'S EDUCATION AND channel through traditional wisdom; green PARTICIPATION technology; and active participation of all stakeholders- civil society groups ,village The main issue was to involve the councils, industrial organizations and community and industrial organizations governmental agencies is first example of located around the river course and to educate field implementation of the concepts of them on personal, organizational and integrated water resources community hygiene. The NGO Jheel management(IwRM) and integrated lake Sanrakshan Samiti ( Lake Conservation basin management(ILBM) . Society) with other NGO groups like Dr M S Ahar river , which witnessed great Mehta Memorial Trust, Sewa Mandir, Vidya civilization some 4000 years back; and is in Bhawan, Chandpol Nagrik Samiti, Jwala the fifth order drainage system of holy river Sansthan , Maharana of Mewar Cheritable Ganges now carries entire domestic and Foundation etc conducted number of meetings industrial waste water of Udaipur which varies with the community and industries. lt educated between 100 to 150 million liter per day, the people on hygiene and citizens role, around 10% of this quantity is industrial responsibility and initiative needed to tackle untreated effluents. The high biochemical and solve the water pollution problems; oxygen demand values i.e BOD and COD maintaining and protecting urban and peri- indicates that it is totally devoid of oxygen urban green spaces; and on IWRM approach and hence any aquatic life .The non perennial in general. The The up hill task of cleaning of river is nothing but a sewer drain for almost 8 water hyacinth, removal of polythene from the months in a year, and a flowing river in just river bed was solved by the public groups. The four months of monsoon, that too if the s construction of the WBM road to carry catchment of the river receives good rainfall in construction material at site was done by monsoon months. The waste water eventually Urban lmprovement Trust, Udaipur. The seed arcumulate and pollute the downstream money for the project was donated by Singhal Udaisagar Lake. The Ahar also known as Foundation. The project committee ,led by river Berach passes through the city and it's Udaipur Chamber of Commerce and Industry village, semi urban suburbs, carries entire ,collected donations from Hindustan Zinc Ltd., domestic and industrial waste water of RSMML & Maharana of Mewar Charitable Udaipur. The waste water enters into Foundation, public trusts, organizations, Udaisagar and is causing severe ecological industries and from individuals to execute the problems. Udai Sagar is the most polluted lake project.This process continued for almost four since it receives the entire untreated domestic months and the installation of green bridges and industrial waste water of Udaipur through started in December 2009 at Sukha Naka end Ahar river .The high values of TDS, COD, and of Ahar river, point the from where the river before and after of the green bridges showed enters into Udaisagar lake. great improvement within one month of the installation of green bridge system. The TREATMENT SCHEME dissolved oxygen increased up to eight and BOD and COD reduced by 70o/o. The treatment scheme is comprised of 6 Green Bridges (2 pancholi Near Bhoion Ki CONCLUSION Village & 4 Before Sukha Naka Bridge) .The green bridges are of varying length say 12 to 14 meter, depending on the width of river . The shape is trapezoidal and three limbs have a loose stone wall of width 4 meter at base and 2 meter at top. Two screens made up of MS with anti-corrosive painting are installed upstream of four bridges at Sukha Naka and two bridges at Bhoion Ki pancholi, to check the floating material. The river banks are strengthened by.planting trees & shrubs those are also major component in treatment of REFERENCES waste water.The vegetation not only helps in treatment of waste water but improves the Reed,J.A.,Urban Water and Sanitation green space landscape of the area. Services : An IWRM Approach ,20O6,GWP Publication, ISBN 91 -85321 -64-8,Sweden. THE METAMORPHOSIS The results started coming within one month of http://planningcommission. nic. in/. the installation process and is still water hyacinth, Anonymous,2O11, Insitu Bio- remediation for , and floating Treatment of Sanrage Drains Joining River un rays and air Ganga- Performance Evaluation of . The bio culture Techniques and Development of Guidelines of green bridges further helped and thus muck and Protocols. http ://cpcb. ni c.i n/n g deposited at the bottom of the river started rba/aboutprojectinsitu. pdf . releasing the gases like methane and carbon Joshi point dioxide. The muck totally devoid of oxygen S. et al. ,Pollution: and Non-point then became oxygenated and erupted but Source Low-Cost Treatment www.tandfon li from the surface of water in the form of ne. com/doi/pdf/1 0. 1 08 1 /E-E EM- volcano This process of black flower 120048272. formation occurred at various locations. The smell started disappearing and aerobic Mehta A. et al., 2011,Capacity Buiding Manual conditions started setting up. The volume of on Integrated waster resources Management, froth at river falls has reduced to great extent. www.c1ap- And the real changes occurred and were visible. Avifauna(kingfisher, pheasant tailed jackana ,purple moor hen, egret, lesser cormorant, wood diuck,davchick,etc),started Mehta A.,2009, Ecotechnological Management converging at the treatment location. The and Operation of Selected Surface Water transparency of flowing waste water increased Reservoirs of Upper Berach basin India, and number of trails, of white colour, Unpublished M.E. Thesis,MPUAT, Udaipur. increasing against the flow of water developed. These were symptoms of generation of phytoplankton. The next development was generation of zooplankton microorganism in different pockets of florruing water , imparting red colour. The whole animal life regenerated including fishes, water snakes, tortoises etc, the villagers started fishing there. The quality of well water around the river course improved. Even cattle started drinking the flowing water. The physical, chemical and biological examination of water